Microsporidiosis

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Microsporidiosis
SpecialtyInfectious diseases Edit this on Wikidata

Microsporidiosis is an opportunistic intestinal infection that causes

immunocompromised individuals (HIV, for example). It results from different species of microsporidia, a group of microbial (unicellular) fungi.[1]

In HIV infected individuals, microsporidiosis generally occurs when CD4+ T cell counts fall below 150.

Microsporidia have emerged with significant mortality risk in

fungi,[3] or a sister group to fungi.[4]
The most common causes of microsporidiosis is Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis.

Cause

At least 15 microsporidian species have been recognized[5] as human pathogens, spread across nine genera:

The primary causes are Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis.[6]

Life cycle

Life cycle of the various organisms that cause microsporidiosis.

(Coded to image at right).

  1. The infective form of microsporidia is the resistant spore and it can survive for an extended period of time in the environment.
  2. The spore extrudes its polar tubule and infects the host cell.
  3. The spore injects the infective
    eukaryotic
    host cell through the polar tubule.
  4. Inside the cell, the sporoplasm undergoes extensive multiplication either by
    schizogony
    (multiple fission).
  5. This development can occur either in direct contact with the host cell
    sporogony
    to mature spores.
  6. During sporogony, a thick wall is formed around the spore, which provides resistance to adverse environmental conditions. When the spores increase in number and completely fill the host cell cytoplasm, the cell membrane is disrupted and releases the spores to the surroundings.
  7. These free mature spores can infect new cells thus continuing the cycle.

Diagnosis

The best option for diagnosis is using PCR.[citation needed]

Diagnosis with Microsporidia can be done through gram-positive, acid-fast spores in stool and biopsy material with morphologic demonstration of the organism. Initial detection through light microscopic examination of tissue sections, stools, duodenal aspirates, nasal discharges, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and conjunctival smears.[7] Definitive diagnosis can also be achieved through fluorescein-tagged antibody immunofluorescence or electron microscopy,[7] and species identification can be done through PCR.[8]

Classification

Although it is classified as a

mycosis,[9] however, they are highly divergent and rapidly evolving.[10][11][12]

Treatment

Fumagillin has been used in the treatment.[6][13] Another agent used is albendazole.[14]

Because of its severe mortality risk in immunocompromised individuals, two main agents are used: Albendazole, which inhibits tubulin, and Fumagillin, which inhibits methionine aminopeptidase type two.[15]

References

  1. ^ "Microsporidiosis: Parasitic Infections: Merck Manual Home Health Handbook".
  2. ^ Didier ES, Maddry JA, Brindley PJ, Stovall ME, Didier PJ. Therapeutic strategies for human microsporidia infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2005 Jun;3(3):419-34. doi: 10.1586/14787210.3.3.419. PMID: 15954858.
  3. S2CID 4686378
    .
  4. ISBN 978-2-9555841-0-1
    .
  5. ^ "CDC - DPDx - Microsporidiosis". www.cdc.gov. 2017-12-29. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
  6. ^
    S2CID 205423324
    .
  7. ^ a b Weber R, Bryan RT, Schwartz DA, Owen RL. Human microsporidial infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1994 Oct;7(4):426-61. doi: 10.1128/cmr.7.4.426. PMID: 7834600; PMCID: PMC358336.
  8. ^ Kock NP, Petersen H, Fenner T, Sobottka I, Schmetz C, Deplazes P, Pieniazek NJ, Albrecht H, Schottelius J. Species-specific identification of microsporidia in stool and intestinal biopsy specimens by the polymerase chain reaction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997 May;16(5):369-76. doi: 10.1007/BF01726365. PMID: 9228477.
  9. ^ Microsporidiosis at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  10. PMID 15777637
    .
  11. PMID 10666703
    .
  12. PMID 19779558
    .
  13. PMID 12075057
    .
  14. S2CID 42354627
    .
  15. ^ Han B, Weiss LM. Therapeutic targets for the treatment of microsporidiosis in humans. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2018 Nov;22(11):903-915. doi: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1538360. Epub 2018 Nov 1. PMID: 30336698; PMCID: PMC6300147.

External links

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