Mid-Atlantic accent

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This article is about the cultivated accent blending American and British English. For the native dialect of the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, see Philadelphia English.

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The Mid-Atlantic accent, or Transatlantic accent,

Second World War.[5] The Mid-Atlantic accent is not a native or regional accent; rather, according to voice and drama professor Dudley Knight, "its earliest advocates bragged that its chief quality was that no Americans actually spoke it unless educated to do so".[6]

A similar accent that resulted from different historical processes, Canadian dainty, was also known in Canada, existing for a century before waning in the 1950s.[7] More broadly, the term "mid-Atlantic accent" can also refer to any accent with a perceived mixture of American and British characteristics.[8][9][10]

Elite use

History

In the 19th century and into the early 20th century, formal

Sociolinguist William Labov et al. describe that such "r-less pronunciation, following Received Pronunciation, was taught as a model of correct, international English by schools of speech, acting, and elocution in the United States up to the end of World War II".[5]

Early recordings of prominent Americans born in the middle of the 19th century provide some insight into their adoption (or not) of a carefully employed non-rhotic Mid-Atlantic speaking style.

tapped r" at times when r is pronounced, often when between vowels.[12] This tapped articulation is additionally sometimes heard in recordings of Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley's successor from an affluent district of New York City, who used a cultivated non-rhotic accent but with the addition of the coil-curl merger once notably associated with New York accents.[12] His distant cousin Franklin D. Roosevelt also employed a non-rhotic Mid-Atlantic accent,[13]
though without the tapped r.

In and around

Locust Valley lockjaw" or "Larchmont lockjaw", named for the stereotypical clenching of the speaker's jaw muscles to achieve an exaggerated enunciation quality.[14] The related term "boarding-school lockjaw" has also been used to describe the accent once considered a characteristic of elite New England boarding-school culture.[14]

Vocal coach and scholar

né Tilley), teaching at Columbia University from 1918 to around the time of his death in 1935, introduced a version of the Mid-Atlantic accent that, for the first time, was standardized with an extreme and conscious level of phonetic consistency. Linguistic prescriptivists, Tilly and his adherents emphatically promoted their new Mid-Atlantic speech standard, which they called "World English". World English would eventually define the pronunciation of American classical actors for decades, though Tilly himself actually had no special interest in acting. Mostly attracting a following of English-language learners and New York City public-school teachers,[15] he was interested in popularizing his standard of a "proper" American pronunciation for teaching in public schools and using in one's public life:[16]

World English was a speech pattern that very specifically did not derive from any regional dialect pattern in England or America, although it clearly bears some resemblance to the speech patterns that were spoken in a few areas of New England, and a very considerable resemblance ... to the pattern in England which was becoming defined in the 1920s as "RP" or "Received Pronunciation". World English, then, was a creation of speech teachers, and boldly labeled as a class-based accent: the speech of persons variously described as "educated," "cultivated," or "cultured"; the speech of persons who moved in rarefied social or intellectual circles; and the speech of those who might aspire to do so.[17]

As a phonetically consistent version of Mid-Atlantic pronunciation, World English (known at the time by a variety of names) was advocated most strongly from the 1920s to the mid-1940s and was particularly embraced during this period in the Northeastern independent preparatory schools accessible to and supported by wealthy American families. However, the prestige of Mid-Atlantic accents had largely ended by 1950, presumably as a result of cultural and demographic changes in the United States in the aftermath of the Second World War.[18]

Example speakers

Wealthy or highly educated Americans known for being life-long speakers of a Mid-Atlantic accent include

independent boarding school Groton
in Massachusetts: Franklin Roosevelt, Harriman, Acheson, Alsop, and Auchincloss.

Examples of individuals described as having a cultivated New England accent or "

General American
one.

Excerpt of FDR's "Fear Itself" speech

U.S. President

Pearl Harbor speech, for example, in the phrase "naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan".[47]

Decline

After the accent's decline following the end of World War II, this American version of a "posh" accent has all but disappeared even among the American upper classes, as Americans have increasingly dissociated from the speaking styles of the East Coast elite;

2020 presidential debate in June 2019,[50][51][52] was widely discussed and sometimes described as a Mid-Atlantic accent.[53] An article from The Guardian, for example, stated that Williamson "speaks in a beguiling mid-Atlantic accent that makes her sound as if she has walked straight off the set of a Cary Grant movie."[54]

Theatrical and cinematic use

When the 20th century began, classical training for actors in the United States explicitly focused on imitating upper-class British accents onstage.

Carnegie Institute of Technology and, later, the Juilliard School.[6]

It is also possible that a clipped, nasal, "all-treble" acoustic quality sometimes associated with the Mid-Atlantic accent arose out of technological necessity in the earliest days of radio and sound film, which ineffectively reproduced natural human bass tones.[58] As used by actors, the Mid-Atlantic accent is also known by various other names, including American Theatre Standard or American stage speech.[55]

talkies beginning in the late 1920s. Hollywood studios encouraged actors to learn this accent into the 1940s.[49]
For instance, in the 1952 movie Singin' in the Rain, the Skinner-like elocution coach who entreats Lina Lamont to use "round tones" is attempting to teach her American stage speech.

Examples of actors known for publicly using this accent include Tyrone Power,[59] Bette Davis,[59] Katharine Hepburn,[60] Laird Cregar, Faye Dunaway, Vincent Price (who also went to school in Connecticut),[61][3] Christopher Plummer,[3] Sally Kellerman, Tammy Grimes,[62] and Westbrook Van Voorhis.[4] Cary Grant, who arrived in the United States from England aged 16,[63] had an accent that was often considered Mid-Atlantic, though with a more natural and unconscious mixture of both British and American features.[64] Roscoe Lee Browne, defying roles typically cast for black actors, also consistently spoke with a Mid-Atlantic accent.[65] Humorist Tom Lehrer lampooned this accent in a 1945 satirical tribute to his alma mater, Harvard University, called "Fight Fiercely, Harvard".[66] Actor and musical theatre performer Patrick Cassidy noted that his father, Jack Cassidy, used the Mid-Atlantic accent.[67]

Examples

Although it has disappeared as a standard of high society and high culture, the Transatlantic accent has still been heard in some media in the second half of the 20th century, or even more recently, for the sake of historical, humorous, or other stylistic reasons. Actors working this period who used the accent included Edward Herrmann,[68] Kelsey Grammer, and David Hyde Pierce:[69]

Phonology

The Mid-Atlantic accent was carefully taught as a model of "correct" English in American elocution classes,[5] and it was also taught for use in American theatre into the 1960s, after which it fell out of vogue.[77] It is still taught to actors for use in playing historical characters.[78]

A codified version of the Mid-Atlantic accent, American Theatre Standard, advocated by voice coaches like Edith Skinner ("Good Speech" as she called it) and Margaret Prendergast McLean, was once widely taught in acting schools of the early-mid-20th century.[79]

Vowels

English diaphoneme
 		Mid-Atlantic accent Example
According to Skinner[80] According to McLean[81] Franklin D. Roosevelt's realization[82]
Monophthongs
/æ/ [æ] [æ] trap
[æ̝] pan
/ɑː/ [a] [a], [ɑː][83] [a] bath
[æ̈] dance
[ɑː] [ɑə][82] father
/ɒ/ [ɒ] lot, top
[ɔə][82] cloth, gone
/ɔː/ [ɔː] all, taught, saw
/ɛ/ [e] [e̞] [ɛ] dress, met, bread
/ə/ [ə] about, syrup
[o] [o̞] no data obey, melody
/ɪ/ [ɪ] [ɪ] [ɪ̈] hit, skim, tip
[ɪ̞] response
/i/ city
/iː/ [iː] beam, fleet, chic
/ʌ/ [ɐ] [ʌ̈] bus, gus, coven
/ʊ/ [ʊ] book, put, would
/uː/ [uː] glue, dew
Diphthongs
/aɪ/ [aɪ] [äɪ] shine, try
bright, dice, pike, ride
/aʊ/ [ɑʊ] [ɑ̈ʊ] ouch, scout, now
/eɪ/ [eɪ] lake, paid, pain, rein
/ɔɪ/ [ɔɪ] boy, moist, choice
/oʊ/ [oʊ] [o̞ʊ] [ɔʊ] goat, oh, show
Vowels historically followed by /r/
/ɑːr/ [ɑə] [ɑː] [ɑə] car, dark, barn
/ɪər/ [ɪə] fear, peer, tier
/ɛər/ [ɛə] [ɛə~ɛː] [ɛə] fare, pair, rare
/ʊər/ [ʊə] sure, tour, pure
/ɔːr/ [ɔə] [ɔə~ɔː] [ɔə] torn, short, port
/ɜːr/ [ɜː~əː] burn, first, herd
/ər/ [ə] doctor, martyr, surprise
Mid-Atlantic monophthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt, from Urban (2021).[82] Here /ɑː/ includes the vowels of PALM and LOT and /ɔː/ includes the vowels of THOUGHT and CLOTH. The vowel /ɜː/ is pronounced as a rhotic vowel.The FLEECE, GOOSE, FOOT, THOUGHT and PALM vowels are pronounced like diphthongs, respectively [i̞i, u̟u, ʊɤ, ɔɐ, ɑɐ]
Mid-Atlantic closing diphthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt from Urban (2021).[82]
Mid-Atlantic centering diphthongs as pronounced by Franklin D. Roosevelt, from Urban (2021).[82]
  • Trap–bath split: The Mid-Atlantic accent commonly exhibits the TRAP-BATH split of RP. However, unlike in RP, the BATH vowel does not retract and merge with the back vowel of PALM. It is only lowered from the near-open vowel [æ] to the fully open vowel [a].
  • No
    /æ/ tensing: While most dialects of American English have the TRAP vowel tensed before nasals, the vowel is not particularly tensed in this environment in Mid-Atlantic accents.[56]
  • Father–bother variability: The "a" in father is unrounded, while the "bother" vowel may be rounded, like RP. Therefore, the father-bother distinction exists for some speakers, particularly those following the 20th-century American Theatre Standard in the vein of Skinner, but not necessarily in aristocratic speakers trained before that time or outside of the entertainment industry, like Franklin Roosevelt, who indeed shows a merger.[82] The bother vowel is also used in words like "watch" and "quad".[84]
  • No
    higher
    and longer than the former, like RP.
  • Lack of
    happy tensing: Like conservative RP, the vowel /i/ at the end of words such as "happy" [ˈhæpɪ] (listenⓘ), "Charlie", "sherry", "coffee" is not tensed and is thus pronounced with the SIT vowel [ɪ], rather than the SEAT vowel [iː].[56]
    This also extends to "i", "y", and sometimes "e", "ie", and "ee" in other positions in words. For example, the SIT vowel is used in "cities", "remark", "because", "serious", "variable".
  • No Canadian raising: Like RP, the diphthongs /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ do not undergo Canadian raising and are pronounced as [aɪ] and [ɑʊ], respectively, in all environments.
  • Back /oʊ/, /uː/, /aʊ/: The vowels /oʊ/, /uː/, /aʊ/ do not undergo advancing, being pronounced farther back as [oʊ], [uː] and [ɑʊ], respectively,[88] like in conservative and Northern varieties of American English; the latter two are also similar to conservative RP.
  • No weak vowel merger: The vowels in "Rosas" and "roses" are distinguished, with the former being pronounced as [ə] and the latter as either [ɪ] or [ɨ]. This is done in General American, as well,[89] but in the Mid-Atlantic accent, the same distinction means the retention of historic [ɪ] in weak preconsonantal positions (as in RP), so "rabbit" does not rhyme with "abbot".
  • Lack of mergers before /l/: Mergers before /l/, which are typical of several accents, both British and North American,[90][91][92] do not occur. For example, the vowels in "hull" and "bull" are kept distinct, the former as [ʌ] and the latter as [ʊ].
F1/F2 values of Franklin D. Roosevelt's Mid-Atlantic vowels in hertz according to Urban (2021).[82]
American, British and Mid-Atlantic low vowels comparison
KEYWORD US Mid-Atlantic UK
General American
 Boston Received Pronunciation
TRAP /æ/ /æ/ /æ/
BATH /a/~/æ/ /a/~/ɑ/~/æ/ /ɑ/
PALM /ɑ/ /a/ /ɑ/
LOT /ɒ/ /ɑ/~/ɒ/ /ɒ/
CLOTH /ɔ/~/ɑ/ /ɒ/~/ɔ/
THOUGHT /ɔ/

Vowels before /r/

In a Mid-Atlantic accent, the postvocalic /r/ is typically either

linking r's undergo liaison
.

When preceded by a long vowel, the /r/ is vocalized to [ə], commonly known as schwa, while the long vowel itself is laxed. However, when preceded by a short vowel, the /ə/ is elided. Therefore, tense and lax vowels before /r/ are typically only distinguished by the presence/absence of /ə/. The following distinctions are examples of this concept:

  • "Marry" is pronounced with a different vowel altogether. See further in the bullet list below.

Other distinctions before /r/ include the following:

  • Mary–marry–merry distinction: Like in RP, New York City, and Philadelphia, marry is pronounced as /æ/, which is distinct from the vowels of both Mary and merry.[56]
  • Cure–force–north distinction: The vowels in cure and force–north are distinguished, the former being realized as [ʊə] and the latter as [ɔə], like conservative RP.
  • Thought–force distinction: The vowels in thought and force–north are distinguished, the former being realized as [ɔː] and the latter as [ɔə]. Hence saw [sɔː], sauce [sɔːs] but sore/sour [sɔə], source [sɔəs].[95] This does not agree with /ɔː/ horse and /ɔə/ for hoarse in traditional Received Pronunciation, but it keeps the distinction observed in rhotic accents like General American.
  • Hurry–furry distinction: The vowels in hurry and furry are distinguished, with the former pronounced as /ʌ/ and the latter pronounced as /ɜː/. (listenⓘ)
  • Palm–start distinction: The vowels in palm and start are distinguished, the former being realized as [ɑː] and the latter as [ɑə]. Hence spa [spɑː], alms [ɑːmz] but spar [spɑə], arms [ɑəmz].[96] This keeps the distinction observed in rhotic accents like General American, but not made in RP.
  • Distinction of /ɒr/ and /ɔːr/.

Consonants

A table containing the consonant phonemes is given below:[79]

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m
n
 		ŋ
Stop
 		p b
t
d
 		k ɡ
Affricate
 		tʃ dʒ
Fricative
 		f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
Approximant
l
ɹ
 		j ʍ w

Other pronunciation patterns
Example Mid-Atlantic[56]
military -ary [əɹɪ]
bakery -ery
inventory -ory
Canterbury -bury [bəɹɪ]
blueberry -berry
testimony -mony [mənɪ]
innovative -ative [ətɪv ~ ˌeɪtɪv]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ A similar but unrelated feature occurred in RP. As one attempt of middle-class RP speakers to make themselves sound polished, words in the CLOTH set were shifted from the THOUGHT vowel back to the lot vowel.[87] Also see U and non-U English for details.
  2. ^ "The t after n is often silent in [regional] American pronunciation. Instead of saying internet [some] Americans will frequently say 'innernet.' This is fairly standard speech and is not considered overly casual or sloppy speech."[99]

Citations

  1. ^ Drum, Kevin (2011). "Oh, That Old-Timey Movie Accent!". Mother Jones.
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  5. ^ a b c Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), chpt. 7
  6. ^
    Hal Leonard Corporation
    . pp. 174–77.
  7. ^ "Some Canadians used to speak with a quasi-British accent called Canadian Dainty". CBC News, 1 July 2017.
  8. ^ "Mid-Atlantic definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com.
  9. ^ "mid-Atlantic (adjective) definition and synonyms – Macmillan Dictionary". www.macmillandictionary.com.
  10. ^ "mid-Atlantic accent – meaning of mid-Atlantic accent in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English – LDOCE". www.ldoceonline.com.
  11. ^ Knight, 1997, p. 159.
  12. ^ a b Metcalf, A. (2004). Presidential Voices. Speaking Styles from George Washington to George W. Bush. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 144–148.
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  14. ^ a b Safire, William (18 January 1987). "On Language". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
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  16. ^ Knight, 1997, p. 163.
  17. ^ Knight, 1997, p. 160.
  18. ^ a b Knight, 1997, p. 171.
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  25. ^ "Kate Hudson and Gigi Hadid Are All About These Customized Bags". The New York Observer. 17 May 2017. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.
  26. ^ Jacqueline Kennedy: First Lady of the New Frontier, Barbara A. Perry
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  95. ^ Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990), p. 125-126, 177–178.
  96. ^ Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990), p. 182.
  97. ^ Wells (1982), pp. 228–9.
  98. ^ Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990), pp. 194, 202, 250.
  99. ^ Mojsin, Lisa (2009), Mastering the American Accent, Barron's Education Series, Inc., p. 36.
  100. ^ Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990:336)
  101. ISBN 0-521-22919-7
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  103. ^ Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990), p. 247.
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  105. ^ Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990), p. 66.
  106. ^ Fletcher (2013), p. 339
  107. ^ Skinner, Monich & Mansell (1990), pp. 348–9.

General bibliography

Further reading

External links

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