Jüz

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(Redirected from
Middle Juz
)
Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh hordes in the early 20th century; red represents the Senior zhuz, orange represents the Middle zhuz and green represents the Junior zhuz.

A jüź (also spelled zhuz;

Kypchak Plain area that covers much of the contemporary Kazakhstan. It represents the main tribal division within the ethnic group of the Kazakhs
.

  • The Senior jüz (Kazakh: ۇلى ٴجۇز, Ұлы Жүз, romanized: Ūly Jüz) covers territories of southern and southeastern Kazakhstan, northwestern China (Xinjiang) and parts of Uzbekistan.
  • The Middle jüz (Kazakh: ورتا ٴجۇز, Орта жүз, romanized: Orta Jüz) consists of six tribes, covering northern, central and eastern Kazakhstan.
  • The Junior jüz (Kazakh: كىشى ٴجۇز, Кіші жүз, romanized: Kışı Jüz)) consists of three tribes, covering western Kazakhstan and western Russia (Orenburg Oblast).

History

The earliest mention of the Kazakh jüz or hordes dates to the 17th century. Velyaminov Zernov (1919) believed that the division arose as a result of the capture of the important cities of

Yasi, and Sayram in 1598.[1]

Some researchers argued that the jüz in origin corresponded to tribal, military alliances of steppe nomads that emerged around the mid 16th century after the disintegration of the Kazakh Khanate. They played a role in regulating livestock, access to watering holes, pastures, and the sites of nomadic camps.[2]

Yuri Zuev[year needed] argued their territorial division comprises three ecological or topographic zones, the Senior jüz of the southern and southeastern steppe being set apart from the two other zones by Lake Balkhash
.

According to some researchers, Kazakhs was separated in the First Civil War. Tribes that recognized Buidash Khan formed Senior jüz. Tribes that recognized Togym Khan formed Middle jüz. Tribes that recognized Ahmed Khan formed Junior jüz.

According to Kazakh legends,[citation needed] the three jüz were the territorial inheritances of the three sons of the legendary founder-ancestor of the Kazakhs. The word jüz (жүз) also means "a hundred" in Kazakh.

Senior jüz

Ethnographic map of the Senior jüz in Kazakhstan in the early 20th century, following M. S. Mukanov (1991).[3]

Historically, the Senior jüz (

Chu River basins, in today's South-Eastern Kazakhstan and China's Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture (northern Xinjiang
). It was also called Üysin jüz.

The first record of the Senior jüz dates to 1748, due to a

Tatar emissary of the Tsaritsa who had been sent to the steppe to negotiate the submission of Abul Khair Khan in 1732. According to Nikolai Aristov,[citation needed
] the estimated population of the Senior jüz was about 550,000 people in the second half of the 19th century. The territory was conquered by the
Kokand Khanate in the 1820s, and by the Russian Empire
during the 1850s to 1860s.

Kazakhstan's ruling elite, including former president

Jambyl Jabayev
are representatives of the Senior jüz.

There have been several attempts to determine the exact names and nature of top-level clans throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, different studies created vastly different names and population numbers for the steppe clans. Generally accepted names of the first order Senior jüz tribes or clans are:[citation needed]

Khans

  • Kart-Abulkhayr Khan (1718–1730)
  • Zholbarys Khan (1730–1740)
  • Abulfeyz Khan (1740–1750)
  • Tole Biy (1750–1756)
  • Abylai Khan (1756–1771)
  • Abilpeyiz Khan (1771–1774)
  • Adil Khan (1774–1781)
  • Kasym Khan II (1806–1809)
  • Tokay Khan (1809–1826)

Middle jüz

Ethnographic map of the Middle or Orta zhuz in Kazakhstan in the early 20th century, following M. S. Mukanov (1991).[3]

The Middle jüz (Kazakh: Орта Жүз, romanized: Orta Jüz, ورتا ٴجۇز, also known as Arğın Jüz [Арғын Жүз]), occupies the eastern lands of the former Golden Horde, in central, northern and eastern Kazakhstan.

Some of Kazakhstan's famous poets and intellectuals were born in the Middle jüz territories, including

Alikhan Bokeikhanov
.

The Middle jüz consists of the following tribes:

Junior jüz

The Junior or Lesser jüz (

Nogai Khanate
in Western Kazakhstan.

They originate from the

Kazakh SSR was formed. Bukey Horde was positioned in its most remote, western part,[clarification needed] situated geographically in Europe
.

Historical leaders of Kazakh resistance against the Russian Empire associated with the Junior jüz include Isatay Taymanuly (Kazakh: Isatai Taimanūly, 1791–1838) and Makhambet Otemisuly (Kazakh: Mahambet Ötemisuly, 1803/4–1846).

The Junior jüz consisted of three groups, subdivided into clans:

  • Baiuly (Kazakh: Байұлы, romanized: Bayūlı, بايۇلى)
    • Adai (Kazakh: Адай, romanized: Aday, اداي)
    • Alasha (Kazakh: Алаша, romanized: Alaşa, الاشا)
    • Baibaqty (Kazakh: Байбақты, romanized: Baybaqtı, بايباقتى)
    • Berish (Kazakh: Беріш, romanized: Beriş, ء بەرىش)
    • Jappas (Kazakh: Жаппас, romanized: Jappas, جاپپاس)
    • Masqar (Kazakh: Масқар, romanized: Masqar, ماسقار)
    • Taz (Kazakh: Таз, romanized: Taz, تاز)
    • Tana (Kazakh: Тана, romanized: Tana, تانا)
    • Esentemir (Kazakh: Есентемір, romanized: Esentemir, ء ەسەنتەمىر)
    • Ysyq (Kazakh: Ысық, romanized: Isıq, ىسىق)
    • Qyzylqurt (Kazakh: Қызылқұрт, romanized: Qyzylqūrt, قىزىلقۇرت)
    • Sherkesh (Kazakh: Шеркеш, romanized: Şerkeş, شەركەش)
  • Alimuly (Kazakh: Әлімұлы, romanized: Älimūly, ء الىمۇلى)
    • Qarakesek (Kazakh: Қаракесек, romanized: Qarakesek, قاراكەسەك)
    • Qarasaqal (Kazakh: Қарасақал, romanized: Qarasaqal, قاراساقال)
    • Tortqara (Kazakh: Төртқара, romanized: Törtqara, ء تورتقارا)
    • Kete (Kazakh: Кете, romanized: Kete, كەتە)
    • Shomekei (Kazakh: Шөмекей, romanized: Şömekey, ء شومەكەي)
    • Shekti (Kazakh: Шекті, romanized: Şekti, ء شەكتى)
  • Jetyru (Kazakh: Жетіру, romanized: Jetiru, ء جەتىرۋ)
    • Tabyn (Kazakh: Табын, romanized: Tabın, تابىن)
    • Tama (Kazakh: Тама, romanized: Tama, تاما)
    • Kerderi (Kazakh: Кердері, romanized: Kerderi, ء كەردەرى)
    • Kerey (Kazakh: Керейіт, romanized: Kereit, كەرەيت)
    • Zhagalbaily (Kazakh: Жағалбайлы, romanized: Jağalbaylı, جاعالبايلى)
    • Telew (Kazakh: Телеу, romanized: Telew, تەلەۋ)
    • Ramadan (Kazakh: Рамадан, romanized: Ramadan, رامادان)

Fourth jüz

Various supposed fourth jüzes typically encompass members of other ethnic groups living in Kazakhstan, in particular

Koreans and Russians. This has been argued to create more national unity.[4][5][6]

Family in jüzes

In jüzes, a clear purpose of each son in the family is determined. According to the customs and traditions of the Kazakhs, different people were engaged in the upbringing of each son.

  • The eldest son went to be raised by his grandparents.
  • The youngest son stayed with his parents and subsequently pledged to help the whole family.
  • The middle son became a warrior. He was trained in swordsmanship, archery, etc.

To this day, knowledge of one's genealogical tree, including one's jüz, is considered a duty of every Kazakh.[7] Any relative who comes for help (even the most distant one) will definitely receive it.

See also

References

  1. ^ Velyaminov-Zernov, "Russia, Mongolia, China in the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries". Vol II. Baddeley (1919, MacMillan, London). Reprint – Burt Franklin, New York. 1963 p. 59.
  2. ^ Стешин, Дмитрий (20 January 2022). "Без этого не понять Казахстан: Что такое жузы и кто на самом деле устроил погромы". Komsomolskaya Pravda. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  3. ^ a b Муканов М. С., Этническая территория казахов в 18 – нач. 20 вв ("Ethnic territory of Kazakhs from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century"), Almaty, 1991.
  4. ^ Akhmetov, Albert (22 September 2017). "В Казахстане корейцев называют "четвертым жузом" – Президент Кореи". Kazinform (in Russian). Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  5. ^ Zhaksylyk Sabitov (2 June 2021). "Четвертый жуз Казахстана. Идентификация не казахского населения". Albom (in Russian). Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  6. ^ Троценко, Петр (16 Oct 2022). "Алексей Скалозубов, основатель курсов казахского языка: "Этнические русские — это как отдельный род в казахском обществе"". Azattyq. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  7. ^ Kanat, Tasibekov (24 October 2012). "Каждый казах должен знать свой род и жуз". Diapazon. Aktobe. p. Russian. Retrieved 9 July 2023.

Literature

External links