Middle Persian literature

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
History of literature
by era
Ancient (corpora)
Bronze Age
Classical
Early medieval
Medieval by century
Early modern by century
Modern by century
Contemporary by century
 Literature portal

Middle Persian literature is the corpus of written works composed in

Iranian plateau. Middle Persian was the prestige dialect during the era of Sasanian dynasty
.

The rulers of the

Book Pahlavi script, are traditionally known as "Pahlavi literature". The earliest texts in Zoroastrian Middle Persian were probably written down in late Sassanid times (6th–7th centuries), although they represent the codification of earlier oral tradition.[1] However, most texts, including the Zend commentaries and translations of the Zoroastrian canon, date from the 9th to the 11th century, when Middle Persian had long ceased to be a spoken language, so they reflect the state of affairs in living Middle Persian only indirectly. The surviving manuscripts are usually 14th-century copies.[2]

Other, less abundantly attested varieties of Middle Persian literature include the 'Manichaean Middle Persian' corpus, used for a sizable amount of

Turfan (in present-day China) and even localities in Southern India.[3]

Subgroups

"Pahlavi" literature

"Pahlavi literature traditionally defines the writings of the Zoroastrians in the Middle Persian language and Book Pahlavi script which were compiled in the 9th and the 10th centuries CE."[4]

The literary corpus in Middle Persian in

Book Pahlavi
consists of:

  • translations and commentaries (zand) of the Avesta.
  • other exegetical compositions on religious subjects.
  • compositions on non-religious subjects.

These divisions are not mutually exclusive. Several different literary genres are represented in Pahlavi literature.

Zand texts

The zand corpus include exegetical glosses, paraphrases, commentaries and translations of the Avesta's texts. Although such exegetical commentaries also exist in other languages (including Avestan itself), the Middle Persian zand is the only to survive fully, and is for this reason regarded as 'the' zand.[5]

With the notable exception of the Yashts, almost all surviving Avestan texts have their Middle Persian zand, which in some manuscripts appear alongside (or interleaved with) the text being glossed. These glosses and commentaries were not intended for use as theological texts by themselves but for religious instruction of the (by then) non-Avestan-speaking public. In contrast, the Avestan language texts remained sacrosanct and continued to be recited in the Avestan language, which was considered a sacred language.

Other exegetical works

The corpus of medieval texts of Zoroastrian tradition include around 75 works, of which only a few are well known:

  • the Denkard, "Acts of Religion", is an encyclopedic compendium of Sassanid era beliefs and customs.
  • the Bundahishn, "Original Creation", is an important source of information on Zoroastrian cosmogony.
  • Manushchihr's Dadestan i Denig ("Religious Decisions") and Epistles
  • the Vichitakiha i Zatsparam, the "Treatises of Zatsparam", by Manushchihr's brother Zatsparam.
  • the Arda-Viraf Namag relates the dream-journey of a devout Zoroastrian (the 'Viraf' of the story) through the next world.
  • the Daedestan i Menog-i Khrad, "Judgments of the Spirit of Wisdom", is an andarz text (a class of Iranian wisdom literature) in which a figure named Danag (lit: "wise, knowing") participates in a question-and-answer dialog with Menog-i Khrad, the Spirit of Wisdom.
  • the Jamasp Namag, "Book of Jamaspi", also known as the Ayadgar i Jamaspig "(In) Memoriam of Jamasp", is a compendium of essential doctrine, together with basic myth, legend, history, and some pseudo-prophetic matters cast as a series of revelations by Jamasp through the model of a question-and-answer dialog with Vishtasp.
  • the Zand-i Wahman yasn is another pseudo-prophetic text, in this case cast as a question-and-answer dialog between Zoroaster and Ahura Mazda, in which the latter gives his prophet the ability to see into the future.
  • the
    Shikand-gumanic Vichar
    , a partly apologetic and partly polemic review of other religions.
  • the
    Shayast ne-shayast
    , "(on what is) Proper and Improper", a compilation of miscellaneous laws and customs regarding sin and impurity, with other memoranda about ceremonies and religious subjects in general.
  • the
    Zarathustra
    .
  • the Wizidagiha-i Zadspram, a text on the creation of the world, life of Zoroaster, and the eschatological end
Secular compositions

A manuscript known as the "miscellaneous codex" or MK (after Mihraban Kaykhusrow, the Indian Zoroastrian (Parsi) copyist who created it), dated to 1322 but containing older material, is the only surviving source of several secular Middle Persian works from the Sassanian period. Among the texts included in the unique MK are:

  • the Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan is a hagiography of Ardashir I, the founder of the Sassanid dynasty
  • the Ayadgar-i Zariran, the "Memorial or Zarer", is the only surviving specimen of Iranian epic poetry composed in Middle Persian.
  • the
    Shahrestaniha i Eranshahr
    , is a catalogue of the four regions of the Sassanid empire with mythical and/or historical stories related to their founding.
  • several andarz texts, the Iranian type of wisdom literature containing advice and injunctions for proper behavior.
  • the Wizarishn i Chatrang, "Explanation of Chess", also known as the Chatrang Namag, is a humorous story of how an Indian king sent a game of chess to the Sassanid court to test Iranian wits, in response to which a priest invented backgammon to challenge the Indian king.
  • the Drakht i Asurig, "the Assyrian tree", is an originally Parthian poem recast into Book Pahlavi but retaining many Parthian phrases and idioms.
  • the Abdih ud Sahigih i Sagistan is a description of the "Wonders and Remarkable Features of Sistan".
  • the Khusraw va Redag, "Khusraw and the Page", is an account of a conversation between the king and a young boy who would like to be a page. This work is a source of information on the sensual delights of the Sassanian court.
  • the Mah farvardin Ruz khordad is a book that described all the events which historically or mythically occurred on the 6th day of the Persian month of Farvardin.

Especially important to cultural and law historians is the Madayan i Hazar Dadestan, "Book of a Thousand Judgements", a 7th-century compilation of actual and hypothetical case histories collected from Sassanian court records and transcripts. Only a single manuscript of this unique text survives.

Scribes also created several glossaries for translating foreign languages. Of these, two have survived:

Several other works, now lost, are known of from references to them in other languages. Works of this group include:

Other works

References

  1. ^ Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 141. In Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum (ed. Rüdiger Schmidt).
  2. ^ "Linguist List - Description of Pehlevi". Detroit: Eastern Michigan University. 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2015-02-10.
  3. ^ Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. P. 138. In Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum (ed. Rüdiger Schmidt).
  4. ^ Cereti, C. G. (2009), "Middle Persian literature I: Pahlavi Literature", Encyclopedia Iranica, New York: iranicaonline.org, accessed August 2010
  5. ^ a b c Boyce, Mary (1984), Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism, Manchester UP.

Full texts

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Persian_literature&oldid=1219681315"