Middlesbrough
Middlesbrough | |
---|---|
Town | |
| |
Location within North Yorkshire | |
Population | |
• Borough (2022) | 148,285 |
• Built-up area (2021) | 148,215[1] |
OS grid reference | NZ495204 |
• London | 217 mi (349 km) S |
Unitary authority | |
Ceremonial county | |
Region | |
Country | England |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Areas of the town | |
Post town | MIDDLESBROUGH |
Postcode district | TS1 – TS9 |
Dialling code | 01642 |
Police | Cleveland |
Fire | Cleveland |
Ambulance | North East |
UK Parliament | |
Website | middlesbrough |
Middlesbrough (
A hamlet surrounded by rural farmland, until the
Part of Yorkshire since before the
History
Monks and lords
Middlesbrough started as a
In 686, a monastic cell was consecrated by
After the
Coal and docks
In 1801, Middlesbrough was a small farming
Through the company, the investors set about a new coal port development (designed by
The port was linked to the S&DR on 27 December 1830 via a branch that extended to an area just north of the current Middlesbrough railway station.[16]
The success of the port meant it soon became overwhelmed by the volume of imports and exports, and in 1839 work started on a dock to the east of Middlesbrough.[14] The first water for the dock was let in on 19 March 1842, the formal opening took place on 12 May 1842.
Iron, steel and ships
Iron dominated the Tees area since 1841 when
By 1851 Middlesbrough's population had grown from 40 people in 1829 to 7,600.[13] Pig iron production rose tenfold between 1851 and 1856 and by the mid-1870s Middlesbrough was producing one third of the entire nation's Pig Iron output. It was during this time Middlesbrough earned the nickname "Ironopolis".[18][19]
On 21 January 1853, Middlesbrough received its
In the latter half of the 19th century, Old Middlesbrough was starting to decline and was overshadowed by developments built around the new town hall, south of the original town hall.[21][22]
On 15 August 1867, a Reform Bill was passed, making Middlesbrough a new parliamentary borough, Bolckow was elected member for Middlesbrough the following year. In 1900,
The town's rapid expansion continued throughout the second half of the 19th century (fuelled by the iron and steel industry), the population reaching 90,000 by the dawn of the 20th century.[13]
Second World War
Middlesbrough was the first major British town and industrial target to be bombed during the
By the end of the war over 200 buildings had been damaged or destroyed within the Middlesbrough area. Areas of early and mid-Victorian housing were demolished and much of central Middlesbrough was redeveloped. Heavy industry was relocated to areas of land better suited to the needs of modern technology. Middlesbrough itself began to take on a completely different look.[25]
Post-war rebuild
Post war industrial to contemporary un-industrial Middlesbrough has changed the town, multiple buildings replaced and roads built. The A66 road was built through the town in the 1980s; Middlesbrough's Royal Exchange building was demolished to make way for the road.
Middlesbrough F.C.'s modern Riverside Stadium opened on 26 August 1995 next to Middlesbrough Dock. The club moved from their previous home in the town for 92 years, Ayresome Park.
The original St.Hilda's area of Middlesbrough, after decades of decline and clearance, was given a new name of Middlehaven in 1986 on investment proposals to build on the land.[26] Middlehaven has since had new buildings built there including Middlesbrough College and Middlesbrough FC's Riverside Stadium amongst others. Also situated at Middlehaven is the "Boho" zone, offering office space to the area's business and to attract new companies, and also "Bohouse", housing.[27][28] Some of the street names from the original grid-iron street plan of the town still exist in the area today.
The expansion of Middlesbrough southwards, eastwards and westwards continued throughout the 20th century absorbing villages such as Linthorpe, Acklam, Ormesby, Marton and Nunthorpe[13] and continues to the present day.
Governance
The local authority is Middlesbrough Council, a unitary authority. Middlesbrough also forms part of the Tees Valley Combined Authority.
Administrative history
Middlesbrough was historically a
After construction of the modern town began in 1830, there was a need for more urban forms of local government. In 1841 a body of improvement commissioners was set up covering the township of Middlesbrough and part of the township of Linthorpe.[32] The commissioners were superseded in 1853 when the same area was made a municipal borough. The borough boundaries were extended in 1858, 1866 and 1887.[33][34] When elected county councils were created in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888, Middlesbrough was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services and so it became a county borough, independent from the new North Riding County Council, whilst remaining part of the North Riding of Yorkshire for ceremonial purposes.[35]
By this time the borough covered the civil parish of Middlesbrough and parts of the parishes of Linthorpe (where the old township had been made a separate parish in 1866), Marton, Normanby, Ormesby and West Acklam. The Local Government Act 1894 said that parishes could no longer straddle borough boundaries, and so the parish of Middlesbrough was enlarged to cover the whole borough.[36][37]
The borough was further enlarged in 1913, taking in the rest of Linthorpe and the North Ormesby area from the parish of Ormesby.[38] In 1932 it gained West Acklam and smaller parts from other parishes when the Middlesbrough Rural District was abolished.[36]
In the latter half of the 20th century Middlesbrough was affected by three reforms: in
Constituencies
The
The Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland constituency is represented by Simon Clarke of the Conservative Party, who won the seat from Labour in the 2017 general election. Prior to Clarke's election, the seat had always been Labour since it was created in 1997.
Different constituencies have historically covered the town:
- Yorkshire, 1290–1832
- North Riding of Yorkshire, 1832–1885
- Middlesbrough, 1868–1918
- Cleveland, 1885–1918
- 1918–1974:
- From 1974:
- Cleveland and Whitby, until 1983
- Langbaurgh, until 1997
- Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland, current
- Middlesbrough, current
- Cleveland and Whitby, until 1983
Geography
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2022) |
Middlesbrough is south of the
Distance to other places
Place | Distance | Direction | Relation |
---|---|---|---|
London | 217 miles (349 km)[40] | South | England and the UK's capital city |
Edinburgh | 158 miles (254 km)[41] | North | Scotland's capital city |
York | 43 miles (69 km)[42] | South | Historic county town of Yorkshire |
Durham | 19 miles (31 km)[43] | North | Closest city |
Darlington | 13 miles (21 km)[44] | West | Teesdale |
Hartlepool | 8 miles (13 km)[45] | North | Teesdale |
Stockton | 3 miles (4.8 km)[46] | West | Teesdale |
The town centre is approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) from the coast, 7 miles (11 km) from
Areas
Middlesbrough is within the Teesside, which is centred around the River Tees; it includes nearby towns such as Stockton and Redcar. The following list shows the wards that correspond to the Middlesbrough built-up area ; those in bold have civil parishes.
Borough of Middlesbrough | ||
---|---|---|
Acklam and Kader | Ayresome (also includes Whinney Banks) | Berwick Hills and Pallister |
Brambles and Thorntree | Central | Coulby Newham |
Hemlington | Ladgate (Easterside, Saltersgill and Tollesby) | Linthorpe |
Longlands and Beechwood
|
Marton (east and west wards)
|
Newport |
North Ormesby | Nunthorpe | Park (includes Albert Park) |
Park End and Beckfield (includes Netherfields) | Stainton and Thornton | Trimdon |
Climate
Middlesbrough has an oceanic climate typical for the United Kingdom. Being sheltered from prevailing south-westerly winds by the Lake District and Pennines to the west, and the Cleveland Hills to the south, Middlesbrough is in one of the relatively dry parts of the country, receiving on average 574 millimetres (22.6 inches) of rain a year. Temperatures range from mild summer highs in July and August typically around 21 °C (70 °F), to winter lows in December and January falling to around 0 °C (32 °F).
Seasonal variations are small and both the mild summers and cool winters are far removed from the average climates of the latitude (54.5°N). This is mainly due to the British Isles being a relatively small land mass surrounded by water, the mild south-westerly Gulf Stream air that dominates the British Isles, and the propensity for cloud cover to limit temperature extremes. In nearby Scandinavia, more than ten latitudes farther north, there are coastal Bothnian climates with warmer summers than Middlesbrough; and winters in Middlesbrough can be less cold than those at lower latitudes in mainland Europe.
Climate data for Middlesbrough, England (1991–2010, Stockton-on-Tees Climate Station) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
7.9 (46.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
7.3 (45.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.1 (43.0) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.8 (51.4) |
13.6 (56.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.2 (50.4) |
6.7 (44.1) |
4.2 (39.6) |
9.5 (49.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) |
1.2 (34.2) |
2.1 (35.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
8.9 (48.0) |
10.9 (51.6) |
10.9 (51.6) |
8.8 (47.8) |
6.5 (43.7) |
3.5 (38.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
5.4 (41.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 40.2 (1.58) |
36.1 (1.42) |
34.0 (1.34) |
39.2 (1.54) |
42.0 (1.65) |
55.7 (2.19) |
59.1 (2.33) |
63.3 (2.49) |
52.3 (2.06) |
59.3 (2.33) |
62.8 (2.47) |
52.2 (2.06) |
596.2 (23.46) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 56.1 | 76.2 | 109.6 | 138.9 | 180.7 | 171.2 | 174.3 | 161.4 | 125.9 | 91.1 | 59.5 | 50.4 | 1,395.3 |
Source: UK Met Office[47] |
Economy
Middlesbrough has four shopping centres accessible from Linthorpe road:
The leisure part of Teesside Park is in the council area, including a cinema and bowling alley. Middlesbrough Leisure Park is located at the eastern edge of the town centre: it has restaurants, a cinema, a golf shop and a gym.
Industry
Industry in the town was once dominated by steelmaking, shipbuilding and chemical industries. Since the late 20th century and into the 21st century,[51][52] the demise of much of the heavy industry in the area, newer technologies (such as the digital sector) have emerged.[53]
Engineering
Middlesbrough also remains a stronghold for engineering based manufacturing and engineering contract service businesses. To help support this, the new TeesAMP advanced manufacturing park is designed to accommodate businesses associated with advanced manufacturing and emerging technologies.[54] Announced in September 2020, TeesAMP will be the location of the UK's first hydrogen transport centre.[55]
Port
Teesport, owned by PD Ports, is a major contributor to the economy of Middlesbrough and the port owners have their offices in the town. The port is 1 mile (2 km) from the North Sea and 4 miles (6 km) east of Middlesbrough, on the River Tees. In 2019 it handled over 4,350 vessels each year and around 27 million tonnes of cargo with the estate covering approximately 779 acres.[56] Steel, petrochemical, agribulks, manufacturing, engineering and high street commerce operations are all supported through Teesport, in addition to the renewable energy sector, in both production and assembly facilities.
Former
In 1875, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co opened the Cleveland Steelworks in Middlesbrough, beginning the transition from iron production to steel and, by the turn of the century, the area had become one of the major steel centres in the country and possibly the world. In 1900,
The steel components of the
Several large shipyards also lined the Tees, including the
The area is still home to the nearby large
Culture
Festivals and fairs
The Middlesbrough Mela is an annual, multi-cultural festival attracting an audience of up to 40,000 to enjoy a mix of live music, food, craft and fashion stalls. It began in Middlesbrough's Central Gardens, now Centre Square, and is either held there or in Albert Park.[59]
Theatres and music venues
Middlesbrough also has a healthy musical heritage. A number of bands and musicians hail from the area, including Paul Rodgers, Chris Rea, and Micky Moody.
The Middlesbrough Theatre (formerly the Little Theatre) is in the suburb of Linthorpe. It was designed by architects Elder & De Pierro[62] and was the first purpose designed theatre to be erected in post-war England when it was opened on 22 October 1957 by Sir John Gielgud.[63][64]
Art and galleries
The town has three art galleries. Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art, known locally as mima, is a purpose built contemporary art gallery which opened in January 2007. It replaced the Cleveland Gallery (closed 1999), and Cleveland Crafts Centre (closed 2003).
The Middlesbrough Art Weekender is a contemporary art festival organised by the Auxiliary that has been held in central Middlesbrough since 2017.[65] In 2019, it was held over the weekend of 26–29 September and included the works of artists such as Emily Hesse and Karina Smigla-Bobinski.[66] The Auxiliary Warehouse space, which was opened also as part of the 2019 Middlesbrough Art Weekender, is a recent addition to the contemporary art community.[67]
The Platform A Gallery is a contemporary art space at the end of platform 1 of Middlesbrough Railway Station.[68]
Cuisine
The Parmo originated in Middlesbrough. It consists of a breaded cutlet of meat with cheese and white sauce toppings. The parmo is widely available at takeaways in Middlesbrough.
Public services
Healthcare
The South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust has the James Cook University Hospital in the town. It adds to the economy through innovative projects; such as South Tees bio-incubator which acts as a launch-pad for research, innovation and collaboration between health, technology and science. It is a facility used by GlycoSeLect (UK) Ltd. as a client of the trust in strategic partnership with The Northern Health Science Alliance which has contributed £10.8 billion to the UK economy.[69]
There is also the Middlesbrough One Life Medical Centre and North Ormesby Health Village in town. Ramsey Health operate the private Tees Valley Hospital in Acklam.[72]
Police
Cleveland Police serve Middlesbrough out of their headquarters on Bridge Street West. The British Transport Police also maintain a presence at Middlesbrough Station.
Facilities
Parks
Albert Park was donated to the town by Henry Bolckow in 1866. It was formally opened by Prince Arthur on 11 August 1868, and consists of a 30-hectare (74-acre) site. The park underwent a considerable period of restoration from 2001 to 2004, during which a number of the park's landmarks saw either restoration or revival.
Stewart Park was donated to the people of Middlesbrough in 1928 by Councillor Thomas Dormand Stewart and encompasses Victorian stable buildings, lakes and animal pens. It is also home to the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum. During 2011 and 2012, the park underwent major refurbishment. It hosted the BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend in the summer of 2019.[73]
Libraries
There are multiple libraries serving Middlesbrough. A notable library is the Middlesbrough Central Carnegie library which dates from 1912.[74]
Landmarks
As of 2022[update] there are 129 listed buildings in the council area. Acklam Hall is the only one at grade I,[75] and 11 are at grade II*,[76] including the town hall[76] and the Transporter Bridge.[77]
Buildings
The terraced Victorian streets surrounding the town centre are elements of Middlesbrough's social and historical identity, and the vast streets surrounding Parliament Road and Abingdon Road a reminder of the area's wealth and rapid growth during industrialisation.
The outer areas of the town have multiple country halls, most are of Victorian origin. Former halls include Marton Hall (on the grounds of Stewart Park), Gunnergate Hall (Coulby Newham), Tollesby Hall and Park End House.[78] They are multiple halls that are still in existence such as Newham Hall,[79] Nunthorpe Hall,[80] Grey Towers,[81] and Coulby Manor.[82] The oldest domestic building is Acklam Hall of 1678. Built by Sir William Hustler, it is also the only Grade I listed building in Midddlesbrough.[75][83] Within a mile of the council area there are Normanby Hall,[84] Upsall Hall[85] and the Grade I listed Ormesby Hall.[86]
The Dorman Long office on Zetland Road, constructed between 1881 and 1891, is the only commercial building ever designed by Philip Webb, the architect who worked for Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell.
Bridges
Via a 1907
The Tees Newport Bridge opened further up the river in 1934. Newport bridge still stands and is passable by traffic: it formerly lifted vertically in the centre.
Artworks
The
Near the town hall is the "Bottle of Notes", it was unveiled in 1993 and is the UK's only public sculpture by Claes Oldenburg, it is inspired by Captain James Cook.[93]
Transport
Air
Railway
The station is served by three
- Manchester Airport[98]
Other stations in Middlesbrough are
Trams
The town had electric tramway services between 1921 and 1934, operated by the Middlesbrough Corporation Tramways.[101]
Buses
Arriva North East and Stagecoach North East provide the majority of bus services in the area, with National Express and Megabus operating long-distance coach travel from Middlesbrough bus station.[102]
Road
Middlesbrough is served by a number of major roads:
- A19 (north–south) passes to the west of the town
- A66 (east–west) runs through the northern part of the town centre
- A171, A172 and A174 are other main routes linking the town.
The A19 / A66 major interchange lies just to the west of the town.
Paths
Several long-distance footpaths pass near to the town. Two paths from Cumbria are:
- Teesdale Way which goes through the town to South Gare (it is part of the E2 European long distance path)
- Robin Hood Bay via Great Broughton).
Two paths include Roseberry Topping:
- Cleveland Way, a national trail around the North York Moors between Helmsley and Filey
- White Rose Walk between the hill and Kilburn Horse.
A trial e-scooter hire system is operating in Middlesbrough during 2020.[104]
Education
Museums
The
The Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, which was opened on 28 October 1978 in celebration of the 250th anniversary of Captain James Cook's birth in nearby Marton.
Though just outside the boundary of Middlesbrough, within a joint preservation area with Redcar and Cleveland,
In July 2000 the Transporter Bridge Visitor Centre was opened to commemorate the building of the Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge.[105]
University
Teesside University traces back to 1930 at the opening of Constantine Technical College, located on Borough Road, in the town centre. The then college expanded through acquiring adjacent buildings, such as Middlesbrough High School, and by building Middlesbrough Tower. It became Teesside Polytechnic in 1969.[106]
In 1992, the polytechnic gained university status, becoming the University of Teesside. Extramural classes had previously been provided by the
The university is a major presence in the town. The university has 18,000 students, 2,400 staff and operates a £250,000,000 campus in Middlesbrough town-centre. The university campus has benefited from approx £250 million of investment in recent years, including the £30 million Campus Heart scheme.
Teesside University supports a total of 2,570 full-time jobs across the Tees Valley, North East and UK economies per annum. The university contributes additional wealth to the local, regional and national economies as measured by Gross Value Added (GVA). It is estimated this contributes a total of £124 million GVA per annum. The total direct, indirect and induced spending impacts associated with full-time international students and UK students from outside of the North East is approximately £18.9 million per annum. It is estimated this spending supports 158 full-time jobs per annum in Tees Valley and contributes additional wealth of £9.3 million per annum to the local economy.[112]
Current university departments include: business, arts-and-media, computing, health-and-life-sciences, Science-and-Engineering and Social-Sciences-and-Law. In addition to teaching computer animation and games design, it co-hosts the annual Animex International Festival of Animation and Computer Games. The university has links with James Cook University Hospital in the town.
Other institutions
The town's largest college is Middlesbrough College, with 16,000 students. Others include Trinity Catholic College in Saltersgill,[113] Macmillan Academy on Stockton Road and Askham Bryan College which has a site in Stewart Park.
The Northern School of Art (established in 1870) is also based in Middlesbrough, it has another site in Hartlepool. It is one of only four specialist art and design further education colleges in the United Kingdom.
Religion
Christianity
Denomination | Top tier | 2nd | 3rd | 4th |
---|---|---|---|---|
Church of England | Province of York | Diocese of York | Archdeaconry of Cleveland |
Deanery of Middlesbrough |
Roman Catholic |
Archdiocese of Liverpool |
Diocese of Middlesbrough | Northern Vicariate | |
Methodist | District of Darlington | Circuit of Middlesbrough and Eston |
The
Middlesbrough is the seat of the
Judaism
Ashkenazi Jews started to settle in Middlesbrough from 1862 and formed Middlesbrough Hebrew Congregation in 1870 with a synagogue in Hill Street. The synagogue moved to Brentnall Street in 1874 and then to a new building in Park Road South in 1938.[114]
Editions of the Jewish Year Book record the growth and decline of Middlesbrough's Jewish population. It was about 100 in 1896–97 and peaked at 750 in 1935. It then declined to 30 in 1998, in which year the synagogue in Park Road South was ceremonially closed.[114]
Islam
The
The first mosque was a house in Grange Road in 1962.[115] There are approximately seven mosques in Middlesbrough, the most prominent of which are the Al-Madina Jamia Mosque, on Waterloo Road, the Dar ul Islam Central Mosque, on Southfield Road, and the Abu Bakr Mosque & Community Centre,[116] which is currently temporary situated on Canon Park Way.
Sikhism
The Sikh community established its first gurdwara in Milton Street in 1967.[115] After a time in Southfield Road, the centre is now in Lorne Street and was opened in 1990.[115]
Hinduism
There is a Hindu Cultural Centre in Westbourne Grove, North Ormesby, which was opened in 1990.[115]
Media
Local news and television programmes are BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees, the local based-television station TalkTeesside also broadcast to the town. Television signals are received from the Bilsdale TV transmitter.[117]
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Tees which broadcast from its studios on Newport Road in the town, Heart North East, Hits Radio Teesside, Capital North East, Smooth North East, Greatest Hits Radio Teesside and CVFM Radio, a community based station. [118]
Middlesbrough is served by the local newspaper,
Television and filmography
Middlesbrough has featured in many television programmes, including The Fast Show, Inspector George Gently, Steel River Blues, Spender, Play for Today (The Black Stuff; latterly the drama Boys from the Blackstuff) and Auf Wiedersehen, Pet.[88]
Film director Ridley Scott is from the North East and based the opening shot of Blade Runner on the view of the old ICI plant at Wilton. He said: "There's a walk from Redcar … I'd cross a bridge at night, and walk above the steel works. So that's probably where the opening of Blade Runner comes from. It always seemed to be rather gloomy and raining, and I'd just think "God, this is beautiful." You can find beauty in everything, and so I think I found the beauty in that darkness." It has been claimed that the site was also considered as a shooting location for one of the films in Scott's Alien franchise.[120]
In the 2009 action thriller The Tournament Middlesbrough is that year's location where the assassins' competition is being held. In November 2009, the mima art gallery was used by the presenters of Top Gear as part of a challenge. The challenge was to see if car exhibits would be more popular than normal art.[121]
In 2010, filmmaker John Walsh made the satirical documentary ToryBoy The Movie about the 2010 general election in the Middlesbrough constituency and sitting MP Stuart Bell's alleged laziness as an MP.[122][123][124]
In March 2013, Middlesbrough was used as a stand in for Newcastle 1969 in BBC's Inspector George Gently starring Martin Shaw and Lee Ingleby; the footage appeared in the episode "Gently Between The Lines" (episode 1 of series 6).[125]
Sport
Football and rugby union
Racing
Middlesbrough hosts multiple road races through the year, including the annual Middlesbrough 10k (formerly Tees Pride 10k) road race. First held in 2005, the one-lap circuit event and associated fun runs were held in the Acklam area of the town before being moved to the town centre in 2021.[131][132]
On 1 May 2016, Middlesbrough hosted the start of Stage 3 to the 2016 Tour de Yorkshire. The stage and race ended in Scarborough.[133]
Other
Middlesbrough Cricket Club have played at Acklam Park since 1930 and play in North Yorkshire and South Durham Cricket League. Yorkshire have played 45 County Championship games in Middlesbrough. The most recent being in 1996.
Speedway racing was staged at Cleveland Park Stadium from 1928 until the 1990s, with the Middlesbrough Bears.
Tees Valley Mohawks and Teesside Lions basketball teams play in the NBL Division 3. Athletics has two local clubs serving Middlesbrough and the surrounding area, Middlesbrough-and-Cleveland Harriers and Middlesbrough AC (Mandale). Training facilities at the Middlesbrough Sports Village opened in 2015, replacing Clairville Stadium.[134] Notable athletes to train at both facilities are World and European Indoor Sprint Champion Richard Kilty, British Indoor Long Jump record holder Chris Tomlinson. The sports village includes a running track with grandstand, an indoor gym and café, football pitches, as well as a cycle circuit and velodrome. Next to the sports village is a skateboard park and Middlesbrough Tennis World.[135]
Notable people
Twinned towns
Middlesbrough is
- Oberhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Middlesbrough and Oberhausen entered into a town twinning partnership in 1974, close ties having existed for over 50 years. Those ties began in 1953 with youth exchanges, the first of which was held in 1953. Both towns continue to be committed to twinning activities today.[136]
- Dunkirk, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France[137] Although Middlesbrough is also officially twinned with the town, twinning events have ceased.[136]
- Masvingo, Masvingo District, Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe, since 1989[138]
See also
Notes
References
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Further reading
- Bell, Lady Florence. At the Works, a Study of a Manufacturing Town (1907) online.
- Briggs, Asa. Victorian Cities (1965) pp 245–82.
- Doyle, Barry. "Labour and hospitals in urban Yorkshire: Middlesbrough, Leeds and Sheffield, 1919–1938." Social history of medicine (2010): hkq007.
- Glass, Ruth. The social background of a plan: a study of Middlesbrough (1948)
- Warwick, Tosh. Central Middlesbrough through time (2013).
External links
- Middlesbrough travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Official Middlesbrough Council Website