Miguel I of Portugal

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"Miguel of Portugal" redirects here. For other people with this name, see Miguel of Portugal (disambiguation).
Miguel I
Pantheon of the Braganzas
, Lisbon, Portugal
Spouse
Adelaide of Löwenstein
​
​
(m. 1851)​
Miguel Januário, Duke of Braganza
  • Infanta Maria Teresa
  • Infanta Maria José
  • Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães
  • Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
  • Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parma
    • Names
    Portuguese: Miguel Maria do Patrocínio João Carlos Francisco de Assis Xavier de Paula Pedro de Alcântara António Rafael Gabriel Joaquim José Gonzaga Evaristo de Bourbon e Bragança
    HouseBraganza
    FatherJohn VI of Portugal
    MotherCarlota Joaquina of Spain
    ReligionRoman Catholicism
    SignatureMiguel I's signature

    Queen Carlota Joaquina
    .

    Following his exile as a result of his actions in support of

    Brazilian Empire). This led to a difficult political situation, during which many people were killed, imprisoned, persecuted or sent into exile, and which culminated in the Portuguese Liberal Wars
    between authoritarian absolutists and progressive constitutionalists. In the end Miguel was forced out from the throne and lived the last 32 years of his life in exile.

    In order to counter the Republican opposition from the Portuguese Freemasons, the dynastic order known as Order of Saint Michael of the Wing was revived in 1848, with statutes issued by King Miguel I of Portugal.

    Early life

    Miguel Maria do Patrocinio de Bragança e Bourbon,

    Queluz Royal Palace, Lisbon, and was created by his father Duke of Beja. Some sources have suggested that Miguel I could be the biological son from an adulterous affair between his mother, Queen Carlota, and one of her alleged lovers, possibly D. Pedro José Joaquim Vito de Meneses Coutinho, Marquis of Marialva.[3] Apparently sources close to King John VI confirmed as much by asserting that he had not had sexual relations with his wife for two and a half years prior to Miguel's birth[4]
    (a period when his parents carried out a conjugal war, during which they were involved in permanent conspiracies, and only encountered each other in rare official circumstances).

    But despite the gossip, Miguel was always considered to be a son of the king, by the king, by his mother, by the rest of the family, by the court, and by the church. The "illegitimate child" theories may have had their origins in the writings of pro-liberal propagandists or royalists who wanted to denigrate the queen and undermine the claims of Miguel and of his descendants to the Portuguese throne.

    What is clear is that Miguel was the queen's favourite child. After the death of her firstborn, it was Miguel who received most of her attention, rather than Pedro, who was closer to his father.[5][6]

    In 1807, at the age of 5, Miguel accompanied

    the Portuguese Royal Family on their transfer to Brazil in order to escape from the first Napoleonic invasion of Portugal;[6]
    he returned in 1821 with John VI and his mother, while his brother Peter remained behind as regent of Brazil.

    Miguel was a mischievous child, sometimes seen in the miniature uniform of a general.[7] At sixteen he was seen galloping around Mata-Cavalos, knocking off the hats of passers-by with his riding crop. He spent most of his time with a rowdy band of half-caste or Indian farm-hands.[8] In general, Miguel was spoiled by the queen and her royal household, and clearly influenced by the base tendencies of others. The Duke of Palmela described him as:

    "A good man when among good men, and when among the bad, worse than they."[9]

    Revolt

    Miguel I around age 21, c. 1823

    Miguel was an avowed conservative and admirer of

    Prince Metternich
    , who had referred to the liberal revolutions in the 1820s as unrealistic and without any historical roots:

    "A people who can neither read nor write, whose last word is the dagger – fine material for constitutional principles!...The English constitution is the work of centuries....There is no universal recipe for constitutions."[10]

    Miguel was 20 years old when he first challenged the liberal institutions established after the 1820 revolution, which may have been part of a wider strategy by the queen.[11] He was at the head of the counter-revolution of 1823, known as the Vilafrancada, which erupted on 27 May 1823 in Vila Franca de Xira.[12] Early in the day, Miguel joined the 23rd Infantry Regiment, commanded by Brigadier Ferreira Sampaio (later Viscount of Santa Mónica) in Vila Franca, where he declared his support for an absolutist monarchy. He immediately called on General Pampluna (later Marquis of Subserra) to join him and his cause. The general, not a fan of the liberal constitution, obeyed his summons and within five days he controlled the insurrectionary forces.[13] The prince, supported by the queen, went so far as to demand the abdication of the king, who, faithful to his earlier oath, wanted to maintain the 1822 Constitution, despite the growing support for absolutist forces in Vila Franca.[14]

    Miguel and the queen[15] were interested in overthrowing the parliamentary system and, inspired by the return of the absolutist monarchy in Spain (where the Holy Alliance and French Army had intervened to destroy the liberal forces there) they exploited factionalism and plotted with outside reactionaries to overthrow the liberal Cortes. But General Pampluna was loyal to the king, and made it perfectly clear that he would do nothing to defy the monarch, and advised the prince to obey his father's summons. The king himself marched on Vila Franca where he received the submission of the troops and his son. But he also took advantage of the situation to abolish the 1822 Constitution and dismiss the Cortes. Many liberals went into exile. Although Miguel returned to Lisbon in triumph, the king was able to maintain complete control of power and did not succumb to the ultra-reactionary forces that supported his abdication.

    After the events of the Vilafrancada, Miguel was made Count of Samora Correia and appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army. But the queen could not tolerate the king's continuing benevolence towards liberals and moderates, nor that he continued to be influenced by and to support ministers such as Palmela and Pamplona, who were more moderate in their outlook.

    The mysterious death of the Marquis de Loulé in Salvaterra[disambiguation needed] on 28 February 1824, in which it was suspected that Miguel or his friends were involved, was a symptom of the instability of the period. Prince Miguel was always influenced by his mother; and two months later, on 30 April 1824, as Commander-in-Chief of the Army he gathered his troops and ordered them to arrest ministers and other important people under pretext that a masonic conspiracy to assassinate the king existed, and placed his father in protective custody and incommunicado at Bemposta, where Miguel could "defend and secure his life". The Abrilada, as this was to be known, worried many of the foreign powers. The foreign diplomatic corp (and in particular Marshal Beresford), realising that the king was a prisoner of his son, travelled to Bemposta and was able to ferry the king away and on board a British warship, the Windsor Castle. On board, the king summoned his son, whom he dismissed as Commander-in-Chief of the Army, and immediately exiling him[15] to Vienna, where he remained for over three years.

    Exile and return

    Miguel I between ages 22 and 26, c. 1824–1828.

    While in Vienna, he was a guest and friend of the

    Prince Metternich
    . Meanwhile, on 10 March 1826, his father, King John VI, died and his brother Peter, the heir-apparent to the throne, became king as Peter IV. Peter, however, was committed to continuing as Emperor of Brazil and therefore abdicated the crown of Portugal after two months (on 2 May) in favour of his daughter,
    Isabel Maria. Peter had already attempted to coerce Miguel to Brazil (1822) away from their mother without any success. Following the death of their father, Peter once again attempted to mend fences within the family and ensure Maria II's right to the throne by offering Miguel the regency of Portugal (when he became 25) under a new liberal Constitutional Charter that would re-establish a constitutional monarchy. Under this arrangement, Queen Maria II and Miguel would be married when she came of age; until then Miguel would be her regent in Portugal. The new Constitutional Charter gave the crown moderating authority between the legislative, executive and judiciary, and introduced a 100-member Chamber of Peers (which included aristocrats and bishops and archbishops), a royal veto and indirect elections.[12][16]
    Miguel accepted the proposal from his brother, swore to uphold the Constitutional Charter and, since the young Queen was only nine years old, waited until she would reach the age of marriage.

    The regency under Isabel Maria was extremely unstable; discord reigned in the government,

    General Saldanha, a revolt in Lisbon. With Isabel Maria dangerously ill,[18] Peter resolved to entrust his brother Miguel with the kingdom, which Miguel was only too eager to accept.[19]
    A decree was promulgated on 3 July 1827 that granted Miguel his new role, and he departed from Vienna for Lisbon.

    On the trip back to Lisbon he stopped in England, arriving on 30 December 1827. He was met by the

    Lord Dudley, on Arlington Street where he entertained his new friends; he was received by the ministers, ambassadors and municipal officials of King George IV, and was generally feted by English nobility, attending concerts and pheasant hunts, and visiting public works (such as the Thames Tunnel on 8 January 1828 which was then under construction and, ironically, collapsed a few days after his visit[21]). On New Year's Eve he visited the King at Windsor Castle and was honoured with a magnificent banquet. Later at Rutland House, Miguel received members of the Portuguese diaspora
    living in England, who presented him with a commemorative medallion. Throughout his visit he was generally well received.

    Regent

    Miguel I around age 26, 1828

    On 13 January 1828 Miguel departed London; after spending some time at

    Tagus River
    and from the hilltops, beginning at two in the afternoon. The river was filled with ships when the Pérola arrived.

    Although it was expected that the new regent would disembark at the

    Ajuda Palace, along streets adorned with silk banners, while the ladies of the city threw flowers. Everywhere there was a multitude of citizenry yelling "Viva o Senhor D. Miguel I nosso rei absoluto" (English: Long live the Lord D. Miguel, our Absolute King), while some interjecting cries of "death to D. Pedro" and "death to the liberal constitution".[24]

    But Miguel's role was clearly delineated by his first night in Lisbon: he would govern as regent in the name of the rightful sovereign of Portugal, Queen Maria II. On her reaching marriageable age, Miguel would be her consort. Furthermore, Miguel was obliged to govern in conformity with Peter's Constitutional Charter, something he accepted as a condition of the regency (even if he did not agree with its principles and favoured an absolute monarchy instead).[25]

    On 26 February, in the main hall of the

    Lord Carnarvon
    , in Lisbon at the time of the ceremony, wrote of the conclusion of the scene:

    "During the whole proceeding...his countenance was overcast, and he had the constrained manner of a most unwilling actor in an embarrassing part. I read the approaching fate of the Constitution in his sullen expression, in the imperfect manner in which the oath was administered, and in the strange and general appearance of hurry and concealment."[27]

    On 1 March some citizens of Lisbon gathered at the palace to acclaim Miguel "Absolute King", infuriating many of the liberal politicians and residents. Invested in his new title of regent, he presented his Ministers of State in the evening: Nuno III Álvares Pereira de Melo (Duke of Cadaval), José António de Oliveira Leite de Barros (later Count of Basto), Furtado do Rio de Mendonça (7th Viscount of Barbacena & 2nd Count of Barbacena), José Luis de Sousa Botelho Mourão e Vasconcelos (Count of Vila Real) and the Count of Lousã. Within a week numerous moderate army officers had been dismissed and the military governors of the provinces replaced, as the Prince and Queen Dowager "cleaned house" of their old enemies and liberalist sympathisers.[28]

    King of Portugal

    Miguel I around age 26, c. 1828

    On 13 March 1828 Miguel dissolved the Cortes without calling new elections, as stipulated in the Constitutional Charter. Some municipal councils, many nobles and clergy,[29] and several important citizens requested that the regent revoke the Constitutional Charter and reign as king.[30] Blood was first spilled by the liberals, when delegates from the University of Coimbra (who ostensibly travelled to Lisbon to present their compliments to Miguel) were murdered on 18 March by hot-headed Coimbran students.[27] On 25 April the senate (of the university), issued a proclamation in which they requested that Miguel assume the throne. This only fueled the divisions between liberals and absolutists. Because of the independence of Brazil, Miguel's supporters considered Miguel to be the legitimate heir to the crown of Portugal.[31] If, to liberals, the name of Miguel was despised, to the legitimists (the absolutists) it was venerated. But Miguel's reign was immediately marked by cruel, almost tyrannical, governance which some attribute to him personally; however some blame the injustices on his subordinates, while others attribute them to the malevolence of Queen Charlotte.

    On 3 May 1828, the very nobles who had been nominated by Peter to the new Chamber of Peers met in the Palace of the Duke of Lafões, and invited Miguel to convoke a new cortes consisting of the Three Estates with a view to deciding the legitimate succession to the throne.

    Ajuda
    , where the Bishop of Viseu proposed that Miguel should assume the crown since "...the hand of the Almighty led Your Majesty from the banks of the Danube to the shore of the Tagus to save his people...". On 7 July Miguel was acclaimed as absolute ruler, and on 15 July the Three Estate Cortes closed.

    Shortly afterwards the military garrison in

    Terceira
    remained faithful to the liberal cause.

    The excess zeal of his supporters to prosecute the liberals would blacken the reputation of Miguel's regime.

    Vila Franca da Xira where they assassinated 70 people believed to have liberal sympathies. Although these actions were disapproved of by many of Miguel's ministers, the Count of Basto was not one of them. Even the Viscount of Queluz
    , a medic and intimate friend of the Miguel, was exiled to Alfeite for joining the chorus of those who challenged the reprisal killings. But the Queen Mother continued to support the attacks on liberals, and motivated these actions in order to strengthen the monarchy. Even after she died on 7 January 1830, many atrocities continued to be committed in the name of Miguel, some against foreign nationals who intervened in the politics of Portugal.

    While Spain, the

    Tagus
    , captured eight Portuguese ships and forcibly imposed a treaty (14 July 1831). But, Miguelist reprisals on liberals continued; most sentences were carried out within 24 hours. The 4th Infantry, in Lisbon, registered 29 executions on 22 and 23 August 1831 alone.

    Liberal Wars

    A period cartoon, showing the conflict between the Two Brothers, as children, supported and instigated, respectively, by the French King Louis Philippe I, representing the liberal side, and Czar Nicholas I of Russia, representing the anti-liberalist Holy Alliance[35]

    Only the island of

    João Carlos Saldanha was unable to reach the island, owing to the hostility of an English cruiser, but the Count of Vila Flor (later Duke of Terceira)
    was more successful; he arrived on the island, rebuilt the defences and quickly beat back Miguel's forces (on 11 August 1829) as they were attempting to invade the island. By 1831 the liberals had taken over all the islands of the Azores.

    Peter, after abdicating the imperial crown of Brazil, placed himself at the head of the Liberal Army (1831) and from the Azores launched an invasion of northern Portugal,

    Tagus
    .

    Miguel was assisted by the French General

    Ferdinand VII of Spain
    , who recognised Maria's claim to the Portuguese throne, and concluded a quadruple alliance with the queen and Peter as well as with the governments of France and England.

    The Spanish

    Elvas. While Miguel made for Évora, his generals voted in a council of war to suspend hostilities and sue for peace. Miguel accepted the decision.[36]

    After a

    abdicate at the Concession of Evoramonte (26 May 1834). While Carlos was transported to England (he later secretly returned to Spain), Miguel embarked on 1 June 1834 on a British warship from Sines bound for Genoa; he lived in exile first in Italy, then in England, and finally in Germany. He never returned to Portugal.[36]

    Second exile and death

    Miguel I in exile

    In December 1834 the Portuguese Cortes banished Miguel and all his descendants from Portugal upon pain of immediate death. The Constitution of 1838 (article 98) categorically excluded the collateral Miguelist line from the throne (although with the return to the Constitutional Charter in 1842, this ceased to have force). The 1834 banishment law remained in effect until repealed in May 1950. During his exile, he was known as Duke of Braganza, as well as Marquis of Vila Viçosa, Count of Arraiolos, Count of Barcelos, Count of Neiva and Count of Ourém.

    On 15 January 1837 the Spanish Cortes, then in midst of the

    Teresa, Princess of Beira
    , and his nephews (three sons of late Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal, and Sebastian, son of Teresa, Princess of Beira) were also excluded.

    Miguel lived the rest of his life in exile and, removed from Portuguese politics, his character altered radically; in his later years he was a portly heavily bearded patriarch and lacked the cowboy persona of his early life. He refused to accede to the terms of the

    Adelaide of Löwenstein
    . They settled in the former Cistercian monastery of Bronnbach, and raised seven children. His widow succeeded in securing advantageous marriages for all their daughters.

    Miguel died while hunting at

    Grossheubach, Bavaria. In 1967 his body and that of his wife (then resting in Ryde on the Isle of Wight in England) were transferred to the Braganza pantheon in the old Monastery of São Vicente de Fora in Lisbon
    .

    Titles and honours

    Royal styles of
    King Miguel I of Portugal
    His Most Faithful Majesty
    Spoken styleYour Most Faithful Majesty
    Main article: List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown

    In addition to his hereditary titles, over the course of his career Miguel received many awards and honours, including the following.

    Portuguese honours[38]
    Foreign dynastic orders[38]

    Posthumously, or during his reign, Miguel was known by various

    epithets
    :

    • O Tradicionalista ("The Traditionalist")
    • O Usurpador ("The Usurper")
    • O Absolutista ("The Absolutist")
    • O Sacrificado ("The Sacrificed")
    • O Rei Absoluto ("The Absolute King")

    Marriage and descendants

    Main article: Descendants of Miguel I of Portugal

    In 1851, at the age of 48, he married

    Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein
    , by whom he had a son and six daughters.

    Name Birth Death Notes
    Infanta Maria das Neves 5 August 1852 15 February 1941 Married Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime, Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain
    Infante Miguel
    		 19 September 1853 11 October 1927 Duke of Braganza, and grandfather of the current throne claimant, Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
    Infanta Maria Theresa 24 August 1855 12 February 1944 Became the third wife of Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria
    Infanta Maria Josepha 19 March 1857 11 March 1943 Became the second wife of Karl Theodor, Duke in Bavaria
    Infanta Adelgundes 10 November 1858 15 April 1946 Became the second wife of Prince Enrico of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi, son of Charles III, Duke of Parma
    Infanta Marie Anne 13 July 1861 31 July 1942 Married Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
    Infanta Maria Antónia
    		 28 November 1862 14 May 1959 Became the second wife of Robert I, Duke of Parma

    Ancestry

    Patrilineal descent

    Patrilineal descent

    Patrilineal descent
    is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations.

    Miguel's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son.

    1. Robert II, Count of Worms, Rheingau and Hesbaye, 770–807
    2. Robert III, Count of Worms and Rheingau
      , 808–834
    3. Robert IV the Strong, Duke of Maine, 820–866
    4. Robert I, King of the Franks, 866–923
    5. Hugh the Great, Count of Paris, 898–956
    6. Hugh Capet, King of the Franks, 941–996
    7. Robert II, King of the Franks, 972–1031
    8. Robert I, Duke of Burgundy, 1011–1076
    9. Henri of Burgundy, 1035–c. 1074
    10. Henrique, Count of Portugal, 1066–1112
    11. Afonso Henriques, King of Portugal, 1109–1185
    12. Sancho I, King of Portugal, 1154–1211
    13. Afonso II, King of Portugal, 1185–1223
    14. Afonso III, King of Portugal and the Algarve, 1210–1279
    15. Dinis, King of Portugal and the Algarve, 1261–1325
    16. Afonso IV, King of Portugal and the Algarve, 1291–1357
    17. Pedro I, King of Portugal and the Algarve, 1320–1367
    18. João I, King of Portugal and the Algarve, 1357–1433
    19. Afonso, Duke of Braganza
      , 1377–1461
    20. Fernando I, Duke of Braganza, 1403–1478
    21. Fernando II, Duke of Braganza, 1430–1483
    22. Jaime, Duke of Braganza, 1479–1532
    23. Teodósio I, Duke of Braganza, 1510–1563
    24. João I, Duke of Braganza, 1543–1583
    25. Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza, 1558–1630
    26. João IV, King of Portugal and the Algarves, 1604–1656
    27. Pedro II, King of Portugal and the Algarves, 1648–1706
    28. João V, King of Portugal and the Algarves, 1689–1750
    29. Pedro III, King of Portugal and the Algarves, 1717–1786
    30. João VI, King of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, 1767–1826
    31. Miguel, King of Portugal and the Algarves, 1802–1866

    References

    Notes

    1. ISBN 978-989-555-920-6
      .
    2. ISBN 978-0-7391-9332-7
      .
    3. ^ Neill MacAulay, Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798–1834 (1986), p. 54
    4. ^ Luiz Edmundo (1939), p. 239
    5. ^ Neill Macaulay (1986), p. 9
    6. ^ a b Marcus Cheke (1969), p. 22
    7. ^ Marcus Cheke (1969), p. 41
    8. ^ Marcus Cheke (1969), pp. 40–41
    9. ^ Marcus Cheke (1969), p. 120
    10. ^ The Britannica Guide to Political and Social Movements That Changed the Modern World, 2010, p. 104
    11. ^ Marcus Cheke (1969), pp. 120–121
    12. ^ a b c Paulo Jorge Fernandes et al. (2003), p. 13
    13. ^ Marcus Cheke (1969), p. 121
    14. ^ William Russell (1842), p. 669
    15. ^ a b Neill Macaulay (1986), p. 117
    16. ^ David Birmingham (2003), p. 116
    17. ^ Antonio Silva Lopes Rocha (1829), pp. 22–24; most of the agitation and discord was fermented by Miguelist parties attempting to justify a return to absolutism, claiming that Peter IV was not the legitimate heir to his father and consequently the Constitutional Charter was invalid; that the defenders of the Charter were traitors; that royalists were republican; and that the liberals were all free-masons.
    18. ^ Antonio Silva Lopes Rocha (1829), p. 22
    19. ^ Neill Macaulay (1986), p. 191
    20. ^ a b David Birmingham (2008), p. 117
    21. ^ Colin G. Maggs (2016), pp. 47–48
    22. ^ Marcus Checke (1969), p. 177; the author credits national pride as the reason for Miguel not embarking on a British ship which would have alleviated his delay in arriving in Lisbon. The young prince, as much as he appreciated his English guests' assistance, saw them as meddling in Portuguese affairs.
    23. ^ Marcus Checke (1969), p. 182
    24. ^ Antonio Silva Lopes Rocha (1829), pp. 26–27; Rocha noted that on arrival to Lisbon, these "cheering" fans of the Prince were actually paid six-pence each to yell their interjections, and to attack and insult supporters of the monarch. Prince Schwarzenburg was one of these people who were attacked by so-called gangs of "desperadoes, ragged and bare-footed" paid-off by João dos Santos.
    25. ^ Marcus Checke (1969), p. 177
    26. ^ a b Marcus Checke (1969), p. 184. There is some debate over whether Miguel could actually read.
    27. ^ a b Marcus Checke (1969), p. 185
    28. ^ Marcus Checke (1969), p. 186
    29. heretics
      , Jews, and foreigners.
    30. ^ Antonio Silva Lopes Rocha (1829), pp. 9–10
    31. ^ Neil Macaulay (1986), pp. 263–264
    32. ^ Marcus Checke (1969), p. 188
    33. ^ Antonio Silva Lopes Rocha (1829), pp. 17–18
    34. ^ Miguel sought to gain international backing for his regime, but the government of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington in the United Kingdom fell in 1830, just before it could afford a formal recognition. In its place a Liberal government was elected, whose foreign policy was dominated by Lord Palmerston (Birmingham, 2003, p. 117).
    35. ^ "Civil War – With Fire and Sword". Portuguese Court of Audits. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
    36. ^ a b Neil Macaulay (1986), p. 298
    37. ^ Howe, Malcolm (2009). "Dom Miguel's Exile in England, 1847–51". British Historical Society of Portugal Annual Report. 36: 75–92. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
    38. ^ a b Albano da Silveira Pinto (1883). "Serenissima Casa de Bragança". Resenha das Familias Titulares e Grandes des Portugal (in Portuguese). Lisbon. p. xxxvii.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    39. ^ Guerra, Francisco (1819), "Caballeros Grandes-cruces existentes en la Real y Distinguida Orden Española de Carlos Tercero", Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid (in Spanish): 44, retrieved 20 March 2020
    40. ^ Guerra, Francisco (1819), "Caballeros Existentes en la Insignie Orden del Toison de Oro", Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid (in Spanish): 41, retrieved 17 March 2020
    41. ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
    42. ^ a b Almanach royal: 1830. Testu. 1830. pp. 278–279.
    43. ^ Bragança, Jose Vicente de; Estrela, Paulo Jorge (2017). "Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia" [Exchange of Decorations between the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Russia]. Pro Phalaris (in Portuguese). 16: 5–6. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
    44. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1838), "Großherzogliche Orden" p. 28

    Sources

    External links

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miguel I of Portugal.
    Miguel I of Portugal
    Cadet branch of the House of Aviz
    Born: 26 October 1802 Died: 14 November 1866
    Honorary titles
    Vacant
    Title last held by
    Infante Pedro     		Prior of Crato
    1802–1824     		Vacant
    Title next held by
    Guilherme Henriques de Carvalho
    Portuguese royalty
    Vacant
    Title last held by
    Infante João
    Lord of the Infantado

    1802–1824     		Extinct
    Duke of Beja
    1816–1828     		Vacant
    Title next held by
    Infante João
    Style adopted Duke of Braganza
    Miguelist line
    1834–1866     		Succeeded by
    Miguel
    Political offices
    Preceded by
    Regent of Portugal

    1828     		Vacant
    Title next held by
    Pedro IV
    Regnal titles
    Preceded by
    King of Portugal

    1828–1834     		Succeeded by
    Titles in pretence
    Dethroned — TITULAR —
    King of Portugal
    Miguelist
    line
    1834–1866     		Succeeded by
    Miguel
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