Mild-slope equation
In
The mild-slope equation models the propagation and transformation of water waves, as they travel through waters of varying depth and interact with lateral boundaries such as
A first form of the mild-slope equation was developed by
In case of a constant depth, the mild-slope equation reduces to the Helmholtz equation for wave diffraction.
Formulation for monochromatic wave motion
For
- is the complex-valued amplitudeof the free-surface elevation
- is the horizontal position;
- is the angular frequency of the monochromatic wave motion;
- is the imaginary unit;
- means taking the real partof the quantity between braces;
- is the horizontal gradient operator;
- is the divergence operator;
- is the wavenumber;
- is the phase speedof the waves and
- is the group speedof the waves.
The phase and group speed depend on the dispersion relation, and are derived from Airy wave theory as:[5]
- is Earth's gravityand
- is the hyperbolic tangent.
For a given angular frequency , the wavenumber has to be solved from the dispersion equation, which relates these two quantities to the water depth .
Transformation to an inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation
Through the transformation
Propagating waves
In spatially
- is the amplitude or absolute value of and
- is the wave phase, which is the argumentof
This transforms the mild-slope equation in the following set of equations (apart from locations for which is singular):[7]
- is the average wave-energy density per unit horizontal area (the sum of the kinetic and potential energy densities),
- is the effective wavenumber vector, with components
- is the effective group velocity vector,
- is the fluid density, and
- is the acceleration by the Earth's gravity.
The last equation shows that wave energy is conserved in the mild-slope equation, and that the wave energy is transported in the -direction normal to the wave
The first equation states that the effective wavenumber is
When is used in the mild-slope equation, the result is, apart from a factor :
Now both the real part and the imaginary part of this equation have to be equal to zero:
The effective wavenumber vector is defined as the gradient of the wave phase:
Note that is an
Now the real and imaginary parts of the transformed mild-slope equation become, first multiplying the imaginary part by :
The first equation directly leads to the eikonal equation above for , while the second gives:
which—by noting that in which the angular frequency is a constant for time-harmonic motion—leads to the wave-energy conservation equation.
Derivation of the mild-slope equation
The mild-slope equation can be derived by the use of several methods. Here, we will use a
Luke's variational principle
Luke's
where is the velocity potential, with the flow velocity components being and in the , and directions, respectively. Luke's Lagrangian formulation can also be recast into a Hamiltonian formulation in terms of the surface elevation and velocity potential at the free surface.[10] Taking the variations of with respect to the potential and surface elevation leads to the
Linear wave theory
In case of linear wave theory, the vertical integral in the Lagrangian density is split into a part from the bed to the mean surface at and a second part from to the free surface . Using a Taylor series expansion for the second integral around the mean free-surface elevation and only retaining quadratic terms in and the Lagrangian density for linear wave motion becomes
The term in the vertical integral is dropped since it has become dynamically uninteresting: it gives a zero contribution to the Euler–Lagrange equations, with the upper integration limit now fixed. The same is true for the neglected bottom term proportional to in the potential energy.
The waves propagate in the horizontal plane, while the structure of the potential is not wave-like in the vertical -direction. This suggests the use of the following assumption on the form of the potential
Here is the velocity potential at the mean free-surface level Next, the mild-slope assumption is made, in that the vertical shape function changes slowly in the -plane, and horizontal derivatives of can be neglected in the flow velocity. So:
As a result:
The Euler–Lagrange equations for this Lagrangian density are, with representing either or
Now is first taken equal to and then to As a result, the evolution equations for the wave motion become:[4]
The next step is to choose the shape function and to determine and
Vertical shape function from Airy wave theory
Since the objective is the description of waves over mildly sloping beds, the shape function is chosen according to Airy wave theory. This is the linear theory of waves propagating in constant depth The form of the shape function is:[4]
Here a constant angular frequency, chosen in accordance with the characteristics of the wave field under study. Consequently, the integrals and become:[4]
The following time-dependent equations give the evolution of the free-surface elevation and free-surface potential [4]
From the two evolution equations, one of the variables or can be eliminated, to obtain the time-dependent form of the mild-slope equation:[4]
Monochromatic waves
Consider monochromatic waves with complex amplitude and angular frequency :
Applicability and validity of the mild-slope equation
The standard mild slope equation, without extra terms for bed slope and bed curvature, provides accurate results for the wave field over bed slopes ranging from 0 to about 1/3.[11] However, some subtle aspects, like the amplitude of reflected waves, can be completely wrong, even for slopes going to zero. This mathematical curiosity has little practical importance in general since this reflection becomes vanishingly small for small bottom slopes.
Notes
- Bibcode:1952grwa.conf..165E
- ^ Berkhoff, J. C. W. (1972), "Computation of combined refraction–diffraction", Proceedings 13th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Vancouver, pp. 471–490
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Berkhoff, J. C. W. (1976), Mathematical models for simple harmonic linear water wave models; wave refraction and diffraction (PDF) (PhD. Thesis), Delft University of Technology
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dingemans (1997, pp. 248–256 & 378–379)
- ^ Dingemans (1997, p. 49)
- ^ Mei (1994, pp. 86–89)
- ^ a b c d Dingemans (1997, pp. 259–262)
- Bibcode:1981PhDT........37B
- S2CID 123409273
- S2CID 121777750
References
- Dingemans, M. W. (1997), Water wave propagation over uneven bottoms, Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering, vol. 13, World Scientific, Singapore, OCLC 36126836, 2 Parts, 967 pages.
- Liu, P. L.-F. (1990), "Wave transformation", in B. Le Méhauté and D. M. Hanes (ed.), Ocean Engineering Science, The Sea, vol. 9A, Wiley Interscience, pp. 27–63, ISBN 0-471-52856-0
- ISBN 9971-5-0789-7, 740 pages.
- Porter, D.; Chamberlain, P. G. (1997), "Linear wave scattering by two-dimensional topography", in J. N. Hunt (ed.), Gravity waves in water of finite depth, Advances in Fluid Mechanics, vol. 10, Computational Mechanics Publications, pp. 13–53, ISBN 1-85312-351-X
- Porter, D. (2003), "The mild-slope equations", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 494: 51–63, S2CID 121112316