Military geology
Part of a series on |
Geology |
---|
Military geology is the application of geological theory to warfare and the peacetime practices of the military. The formal practice of military geology began during the Napoleonic Wars; however, geotechnical knowledge has been applied since the earliest days of siege warfare.[1][2][3] In modern warfare military geologists are used for terrain analysis, engineering, and the identification of resources. Military geologists have included both specially trained military personnel and civilians incorporated into the military. The peacetime application of military geology includes the building of infrastructure, typically during local emergencies or foreign peacekeeping deployments.[1]
Warfare can change the physical geology. Examples of this include artillery shattering the bedrock on the Western Front during World War I[4] and the detonation of nuclear weapons creating new rock types.[5] Military research has also led to many important geological discoveries.
Terrain analysis
Geologists have been employed since the
In the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Korea, very rugged terrain is due to the structure of metamorphic rocks, while the best flat land is underlain by granite. During the Korean War, these flat areas were used as military staging grounds by the North Koreans. It has been suggested that an understanding of the fracture and foliation patterns of the metamorphic rocks could help a field commander.[12]
This field partially overlaps with military geography. For this reason the British Army employed geographers in this role until the end of 1941, when it joined international common practice and started using geologists.[9]
Geotechnical engineering
Geologists have been involved in the construction of
Geology is also used in determining the likely resistance of enemy defenses to shelling and bombing.[15] In World War II, this task was performed by the Allies as they advanced across German-occupied Europe, assessing the likely effect of bombing bridges and shelling defenses in light of the local geology.[9] During peacetime, similar methods have been used, such as the decision to locate the American Strategic Petroleum Reserve in the salt domes of the Gulf Coast.[16]
Resource acquisition
Geologists are used to determine both the location and accessibility of strategic and tactical resources during war.[1][17] In the case of the D Day landings and the 2003 invasion of Iraq, ground water and aggregate were the two most important geological resources to identify for the campaign. The aggregate was required both for roading metal and for the construction of airfields.[17][18] Since 1966, the German Army has also been using geologists to mitigate and predict the environmental effects of civilian resource extraction.[19]
Forensics
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Geology has been used in many military intelligence investigations. During World War II, the American Military Geology Unit discovered the origin of balloon bombs which had been dispatched towards North America from Japan. They accomplished this by determining from which beach the sand in the balloon's ballast originated.[20] Knowledge of rock types and seismic propagation also allows geologists to distinguish between natural and nuclear test initiated earthquakes.[3]
Effect of warfare on rocks
Military activity affects the physical geology. This was first noted through the intensive shelling on the Western Front during World War I, which caused the shattering of the bedrock and changed the rocks' permeability.
Discoveries by military
Military research has led to many geological discoveries; however, secrecy has often delayed some of the possible progress.[21] The Austrian Army of World War I included geologists called Kriegsgeologen who were allowed to carry out non-military scientific investigation during the war.[13][14] Discoveries have included new natural resource deposits[22] and the mapping of magnetic stripes on the ocean floor, leading to the idea of plate tectonics.[21]
See also
- 24th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Karstjäger
- Australian Mining Corps
- Military Geology Unit
- Tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
References
- ^ ISSN 0080-2018.
- ISSN 0016-7606.
- ^ ISSN 0080-2018.
- ^ a b Bressan, David (2014). "Battlefield Earth – the Geological Legacy of War". blogs.scientificamerican.com.
- ^ ISSN 1365-2451.
- ^ "BRANCASTER BEACH - WWII Heritage". www.worldwar2heritage.com. Retrieved 2019-04-26.
- ISBN 9781862390652.
- ISSN 0013-7952.
- ^ a b c d e Andrews, Robin. "Meet The Covert Geologists That Helped The Allies Win The Second World War". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
- ISSN 0080-2018.
- S2CID 135118323.
- ISSN 0080-2018.
- ^ a b c Bressan, David. "War Geology". Retrieved 2019-04-22.
- ^ S2CID 131282816.
- ISSN 0080-2018.
- ISSN 0080-2018.
- ^ S2CID 5341529.
- ISSN 0080-2018.
- ISBN 9781862390652.
- ^ "Japanese Vengeance Balloon Bombs of World War II - J. David Rogers". web.mst.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
- ^ a b Weisberger, Mindy; December 13, Senior Writer; ET, 2018 08:15am (13 December 2018). "US Navy's Secrecy Likely Stalled Ocean Science Progress for Decades". Live Science. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ISSN 0080-2018.