Military glider
Military gliders (an offshoot of common
Once released from the tow craft near the front, they were to land on any convenient open terrain close to the target, hopefully with as little damage to the cargo and crew as possible, as most landing zones (LZ) were far from ideal. The one-way nature of the missions meant that they were treated as semi-expendable leading to construction from common and inexpensive materials such as wood. Most nations seriously attempted to recover as many as possible, to re-use them, so they were not originally intended to be disposable, although resource-rich nations like the US sometimes used them as if they were, since it was easier than recovering them.[citation needed]
Troops landing by glider were referred to as air-landing as opposed to
By the time of the Korean War, helicopters had largely replaced gliders. Helicopters have the advantage of being able to extract soldiers, in addition to delivering them to the battlefield with more precision. Also, advances in powered transport aircraft had been made, to the extent that even light tanks could be dropped by parachute. And after the widespread use of radar in the military, silence in the air is no longer sufficient for concealment.
Development
The development of modern gliders was spurred by the
The early sporting objectives of gliders were quickly overtaken in the Soviet Union and in Germany by military applications, mainly the training of pilots. By 1934, the Soviet Union had ten gliding schools and 57,000 glider pilots had gained licences.[2]
In 1932, the Soviet Union demonstrated the TsK Komsula, a four-place glider, designed by GF Groschev that could also be used for cargo. Larger gliders were then developed culminating in an 18-seater at the military institute in
German military glider
The Germans were the first to use gliders in warfare, most famously during the assault of the
Development then began of even larger gliders such as the
Gliders were also used by Germany in Greece in 1941. On April 26, 1941, the troops from six DFS 230 gliders captured the bridge over the
Some German glider operations continued later in the war, some examples being the
British military gliders
The British glider development started in mid-1940, prompted by the assault on
The most famous British actions using gliders included the unsuccessful
Although gliders are still used in the Royal Air Force in the Royal Air Force Gliding & Soaring Association and for cadet training by the Air Training Corps, they are not used in combat operations. No troop-carrying gliders have been in British service since 1957.
American military gliders
United States Army, Army Air Forces, and Air Force
Major General
The most widely used type was the Waco CG-4A, which was first used in the
Following World War II, the United States maintained only one regiment of gliders. Gliders were used in military exercises in 1949, but glider operations were deleted from the
In April 1941,
No twin-hulled glider was built, but each company constructed the prototype of a single-hulled amphibious glider, the XLRA-1 by Allied Aviation and the XLRQ-1 by Bristol Aeronautical. The two prototypes made their first flights in early 1943, but by the time they did the Navy and Marine Corps already had concluded that the use of gliders to deliver Marines to beachheads was impractical. No further examples of the two glider types were built, and the Navy officially terminated the amphibious glider program on 27 September 1943. Testing of the two prototypes continued until early December 1943, apparently in connection with the development of a glider bomb.[8]
The Marine Corps established a glider training unit in early 1942 at
Soviet military gliders
The Soviet Union built the world's first military gliders starting in 1932, including the 16-seat Grokhovski G63, though no glider was built in quantity until World War II. During the war, there were only two light gliders built in series:
The Soviet Union maintained three glider infantry regiments until 1965.[2] However, Soviet Air Force transport gliders were gradually withdrawn from service with the arrival of turboprop transports like the Antonov An-12 and Antonov An-24, which entered service in the late 1950s.
See also
- Army Flying Museum
- Glider Pilot Regiment
- Glider snatch pick-up
- HAHO – High Altitude – High Opening, a form of inserting troops by parachuting
- List of World War II military gliders
- Oleg Antonov, a prominent Soviet aircraft designer who started his career with military gliders projects
- Silent Wings Museum
- Barbara Cartland
Notes
- ^ a b "An American Darius Green in Europe," Literary Digest, August 26, 1922, pp. 46, 48.
- ^ ISBN 0-491-03134-3.
- ISBN 0-356-01445-2.
- ^ Militaria (forum), US, retrieved 14 Feb 2011.
- ^ "Giant Glider." Popular Science, February 1945, p. 85, article mid-page.
- ^ Henry, Mark R; Chappele, Michael ‘Mike’ (2000), The US Army in World War II, vol. 2. The Mediterranean, Osprey, p. 13.
- ^ Academy, US: Air Force, archived from the original on 22 July 2011, retrieved 14 February 2011.
- ^ a b c Guttman, Robert, "Flying-Boat Gliders," Aviation History, September 2016, p. 13.
- ISBN 1-55750-978-6.
External links
- Glider Pilot Regiment entry at Regiments.org, with history and more Web links
- The Assault Glider Trust
- Tribute to the American Glider Pilots of WWII
- A film clip Air Assault Tactics [&c. (1945)] is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
- "Glider Program and the CG-4A". National WWII Glider Pilots Association, Inc. (2014).