Military history of Armenia

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History of Armenia
Prehistory Shulaveri–Shomu culture Kura–Araxes culture Legend of Hayk Trialeti–Vanadzor culture Armani Lchashen–Metsamor culture Hayasa-Azzi Arme–Shupria Mushki Urumu Nairi Confederation Urartu (Kingdom of Van) Etiuni
Antiquity Satrapy of Armenia Armenia Minor Kingdom of Armenia Armenian Empire Roman Armenia Christianization of Armenia Kingdom of Sophene Commagene Byzantine Armenia Sasanian Armenia Muslim conquest of Armenia
Middle Ages Emirate of Armenia Principality of Hamamshen Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Vaspurakan Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget Kingdom of Syunik Kingdom of Artsakh Zakarid Armenia Principality of Khachen Mongol Armenia Kingdom of Cilicia
Early modern age Iranian Armenia Five Melikdoms Ottoman Armenia Russian Armenia Armenian Oblast Armenian question Armenian genocide Western Armenia National movement
Modern age First Republic of Armenia Armenian S.S.R. Republic of Mountainous Armenia Contemporary Armenia Republic of Artsakh
Timeline • Origins • Etymology
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The early military history of Armenia is defined by the situation of the

After losing the war in 1828 Qajar Iran ceded Eastern Armenia to the Russian Empire. Thus, from 1828 and on, historical Armenia was again situated between two empires, this time the Ottoman Empire vs. the Russian Empire. During the events of the Armenian genocide, many Armenians resisted the actions of the Turkish government and took up arms.

In 1991, when, following the

The Armani are mentioned to have fought the Akkadian Empire and to have a city sacked but not much more is known about the campaigns and wars between the nations nor the Armani nation itself.^{[citation needed]}

Mitanni

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After a few successful clashes with the Egyptians over the control of Syria, Mitanni sought peace with them, and an alliance was formed. During the reign of Shuttarna II, in the early 14th century BC, the relationship was very amicable, and he sent his daughter Gilu-Hepa to Egypt for a marriage with Pharaoh Amenhotep III. Mitanni was now at its peak of power.

However, by the reign of Eriba-Adad I (1390–1366 BC) Mitanni influence over Assyria was on the wane. Eriba-Adad I became involved in a dynastic battle between Tushratta and his brother Artatama II and after this his son Shuttarna II, who called himself king of the Hurri while seeking support from the Assyrians. A pro-Hurri/Assyria faction appeared at the royal Mitanni court. Eriba-Adad I had thus loosened Mitanni influence over Assyria, and in turn had now made Assyria an influence over Mitanni affairs. King Ashur-Uballit I (1365–1330 BC) of Assyria attacked Shuttarna and annexed Mitanni territory in the middle of the 14th century BC, making Assyria once more a great power.

At the death of Shuttarna, Mitanni was ravaged by a war of succession. Eventually Tushratta, a son of Shuttarna, ascended the throne, but the kingdom had been weakened considerably and both the Hittite and Assyrian threats increased. At the same time, the diplomatic relationship with Egypt went cold, the Egyptians fearing the growing power of the Hittites and Assyrians. The Hittite king Suppiluliuma I invaded the Mitanni vassal states in northern Syria and replaced them with loyal subjects.

In the capital Washukanni, a new power struggle broke out. The Hittites and the Assyrians supported different pretenders to the throne. Finally a Hittite army conquered the capital Washukanni and installed Shattiwaza, the son of Tushratta, as their vassal king of Mitanni in the late 14th century BC. The kingdom had by now been reduced to the Khabur Valley. The Assyrians had not given up their claim on Mitanni, and in the 13th century BC, Shalmaneser I annexed the kingdom.

Nairi, Shupria and Hayassa

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The Nairi, Shupria and Hayassa tribes are a successive continuation of Armenian confederations that fought the Assyrians and Hittites for almost 500 years going from periods of vassalisation and infighting to periods of fierce campaigns against the Hittites causing a lot of trouble. There are mentions of 40 kings confirming the fact that this was a confederation of kingdoms who had to pay tribute to the Assyrians

Urartu

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Urartu (Biainili in Urartian) was an ancient kingdom in the mountainous plateau between Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and Caucasus mountains, later known as the Armenian Highland, and it centered around Lake Van (present-day eastern Turkey). The kingdom existed from about 1000 BC, or earlier, until 585 BC. The name corresponds to the Biblical Ararat.

Urartu was often called the "Kingdom of Ararat" in many ancient manuscripts and holy writings of different nations. The reason for uncertainty in the names (i.e. Urartu and Ararat) is due to variations in sources. In fact, the written languages at that time employed only consonants and not vowels. So the word itself in various ancient sources is written as "RRT", which could be either Ararat, or Urartu, or Uruarti and so on (for more on the name's etymology, see the section Name below).

Ancient sources have sometimes used "Armenia" and "Urartu" interchangeably to refer to the same country. For example, in the trilingual Behistun inscription, carved in 520 BC by the order of Darius the Great of Persia the country is referred to as Arminia in Old Persian, translated as Harminuia in Elamite and Urartu in Babylonian.

Furthermore, the kingdom was known as Armenia to the Greeks (and, subsequently, to the Roman Empire) living in western Anatolia, possibly due to the fact that the contacts they had with Urartu, were through the people of the tribe of Armen.

The kingdom fought mainly with the Assyrians and under Sarduri II and Argishti II defeated the Assyrians and drove them to their heartlands, cutting them off North and East. Their successors however would prove incapable of maintaining the Empire and after the death of Argishti II the Empire lost a successive war to Assyria and would later become a vassal of the Medes.

Antiquity

Artaxiad dynasty

An Armenian

Note that the numbers given by Israelite historians of the time were probably exaggerated, considering the fact that the

Hasmonean

Jews lost the war against Tigranes.

Plutarch wrote that the Armenian archers could kill from 200 meters with their deadly accurate arrows. The Romans admired and respected the bravery and the warrior spirit of the Armenian Cavalry -- the hardcore of Tigran's Army. The Roman historian Sallustius Crispus wrote that the Armenian [Ayrudzi - lit. horsemen] Cavalry was "remarkable by the beauty of their horses and armor" Horses in Armenia, since ancient times were considered as the most important part and pride of the warrior.[2]^{[unreliable source?]}

Armenian cavalry

Armenian horsemen were used by both Armenia, and also by nearby kingdoms or empires such as

Persia, and the Roman Empire

.

Chapot wrote:

"What they say about Armenia bewilders us. How could this mountain people develop such a cavalry that was able to measure itself against the horsemen of the Medes? One thing which is certain is the fact that Armenia was a source of excellent well bred horses. The people in this country had discovered that horses were not just an economic asset, but could also be used for military purposes."[3]

In

Sassanid Persia, the Armenians were accorded a status similar to the elite "Savaran" of the Persian army. The equipment of the Armenian cavalry was similar to that of the Savaran. Pro-Sassanian Armenian cavalry units fought under Sassanid banners and were allowed to enter the royal capital, Ctesiphon. The Armenians were in fact honoured for their services. For example, general Smbat Bagratuni was accorded particular honor and attention by Khosrow II. In 619, due to his victory over the Turks who then resided in Central Asia, he was given gifts, such as lavishly decorated robes, and the command of a number of the king's royal guards. Khosrow II also raised him to third in rank among the nobles of the court. Moreover, pro-Sassanian Armenians supplied excellent light cavalry and infantry, who were notable for using slings to repel enemy cavalry, and spears for close combat.^[4]

Early Middle Ages

Armenia in the Byzantine Empire

During the Byzantine occupation of Western Armenia, the Armenians were considered an important element of the Byzantine army. As a result, they were encouraged to settle in distant regions of the Byzantine Empire in order to serve there. For example, in the 6th century,

Pergamum in Western Anatolia. The Armenian troops became more and more important towards the 7th century; 2000 formed an armoured cavalry elite on the Danube frontier against the Avars, a nomadic people who were invading Europe. Others even defended the imperial capital of Constantinople.^[5]

In sixth century Narses, one of great generals of Justinian I, along with other victories succeeded in reconquering Italy from Ostgoths.

Arab rule

.

Traditional Armenian arms and armour

"

Eastern Anatolia, where it is known as "cerit".^[6]

Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia

Following Byzantine occupation of

Bagratid

Kingdom of Armenia.

In Armenia, local nakharars were able to raise 25,000 to 40,000 men, but such a levy was rare. The country was strongly fortified. It is said that seventy castles defended the province of Vaspurakan, near Lake Van. There existed a special regiment of mountaineers who were trained to roll rocks onto their foes. In siege warfare, Armenians used iron hooks to help them climb fortification walls, and large leather shields to protect them from anything that would be dropped from above. Each nakharar led a force of free men under his own coat-of-arms. Armenians were well equipped for the time, as their country was rich in iron. The Armenian army also consisted of heavy cavalry called Ayruzdi. These Ayruzdi were said to be the strongest cavalry force of the time. Levies were recruited from the commoners in Armenia. Christian Armenian levies would fight for Christianity for any of the Christian armies of the time. It is said that most of Vartan Mamikonian's army were Christian levies^[5]

Fortifications of Ani

During the reign of King

Smbat II. These northern walls are the most impressive part of Ani. The rest of the city was also well protected by fortifications and towers.^[7]

High Middle Ages

Involvement in the Byzantine army

In the late tenth and early eleventh centuries, Armenian involvement in the Byzantine army came from three different sources: "allied" contingents from

John Tzimisces, an Armenian contingent also participated in the campaigns against the Rus in 971, and under Basil II, in 986, there was an Armenian participation in the campaigns against the Bulgars. Armenian mercenaries were also present in the Byzantine capital of Constantinople, and there existed Armenian military colonies in Cyprus.^[8]

When the Byzantine Empire took over

Seljuk conquest of the area, a large number of Armenians moved elsewhere. Most of these fleeing families settled in and around Cilicia where they established a kingdom,^[9] while some moved further south, to Egypt, and others went to the Balkans, Crimea, and Poland

.

Involvement in the Egyptian army

Although most Armenians were Christians, they played a significant role in nearby Muslim nations, such as

Fatimid administration, in the context of which more Armenians were recruited in the Egyptian army. This recruitment was reduced after the Seljuk Turks and Crusaders made their arrival.^[10]

Georgian rule

Armenia was occupied by the Great

Khodaafarin bridge

.

In 1195 when

Shamkor (Battle of Shamkor). Abu-Bakr, reinforced by his client Muslim emirs, met the enemy at the well-fortified city of Shamkor on June 1, 1195. David Soslan sent a relatively small force to break through the gates of the city, while he led the main Georgian troops to raid deep in the enemy's rear. However, poor roads and difficult landscape were setback for the Georgians, and the Atabeg defended the city for a while. Nevertheless, David Soslan's maneuver proved to be decisive and Abu Bakr's army was severely defeated. Shamkor was eventually captured by the Georgians who then chased the enemy's soldiers up to the city of Ganja

which in its turn fell to the victors.

Around the year 1199, they took the city of

fief.^[11]

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

The

Seljuk Turks. The Cilician Armenians, being Christian, were at times allied with Frankish crusaders during the First Crusade.^[9]

In the context of the friendly Crusader-Armenian relations, they adopted European traditions, even in their military garments and strategies.

According to contemporary chroniclers, there were up to 100,000 men in the Cilician Armenian army, a third of which was cavalry. At the time, Armenian heavy cavalry bore heavy resemblances to their Frankish counterparts, and the equipment used by the Armenian army was more and more akin to that used by the Europeans.[12] The Armenians provided great help in the Crusaders' military campaigns in the Levant. In fact, the Crusaders employed Armenian siege engineers throughout their campaigns. For example, a certain specialist named "Havedic" (Latinized form of "Avedis") designed the machines used to attack Tyre in 1124.^[6]

Leo II introduced important changes in Cilician Armenian military organization, which until then was similar to that the Armenian kingdoms of Greater Armenia. The "nakharars", Armenian feudal nobles, lost much of their old autonomy. The names and functions of regional leaders were Latinized, and many facets of the army structure were inspired or copied from the Crusader states, particularly from the nearby principality of Antioch.^[6]

Fortifications in Cilician Armenia

Most Armenian fortification in Cilicia are characterized by multiple bailey walls laid with irregular plans to follow the sinuosities of the outcrops, rounded and especially horseshoe-shaped towers, finely-cut often rusticated ashlar facing stones, a complex bent entrance with a slot machicolation, embrasured loopholes for archers, barrel or pointed vaults over undercrofts, gates and chapels, and cisterns with elaborate scarped drains.^[13] In the immediate proximity of many fortifications are the remains of civilian settlements.^[14] Some of the important castles in the Armenian Kingdom include: Sis, Anavarza, Vahka, Yılankale, Sarvandikar, Kuklak, T‛il Hamtun, Hadjin, Lampron, and Gaban (modern Geben).^[15] Armenian design ideas influenced castle building in nearby Crusader states, such as the Principality of Antioch, where fortifications ranged from tiny hilltop outposts to major garrison fortresses. Antioch attracted few European settlers, and thus they relied heavily on military elites of Greek, Syrian, and Armenian origin, who probably influenced the design of local fortifications.^[16]

Ottoman-Iranian Rule

In 1375, the

Imperial Russia from Qajar Iran, as confirmed in 1828 by the Treaty of Turkmenchay

.

Armenian militia

The

their revolution

.

World War I

See also: French Armenian Legion and Armenian volunteer units

The Armenian people were subjected to a

Armenians often resisted the actions of the Turkish government, such as during the Van Resistance

.

With the establishment of the

Armenian-Azeri war 1918

.

Aftermath

In 1920, Armenia fought a series of battles with

Turkish-Armenian War. After an invasion by the Soviet Red Army, Armenia was absorbed in 1921 by the Soviet Union

.

World War II

Armenia participated in the Second World War on the side of the Allies under the Soviet Union. Armenia was spared the devastation and destruction that wrought most of the western Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War of World War II. The Nazis never reached the South Caucasus, which they intended to do in order to capture the oil fields in Azerbaijan. Still, Armenia played a valuable role in aiding the allies both through industry and agriculture. An estimated 300–500,000 Armenians served in the war, almost half of whom did not return.^[19] Armenia thus had one of the highest death tolls, per capita, among the other Soviet republics.

A total of 117 citizens of

Marshal of Aviation. Sergey Aganov became the fifth Marshal of the Engineering Troops^[22]

Six special military divisions were formed in Soviet Armenia in 1941–42, partly because so many draftees from the republic could not understand Russian. These six divisions alone had more than 67,000 soldiers. Five of them, the 89th,

89th Tamanyan Division, composed of ethnic Armenians, distinguished itself during the war. Led by Major General Nver Safaryan, it fought in the Battle of Berlin and entered Berlin. Many Armenian soldiers also served in two other multi-ethnic divisions. They came not only from Soviet Armenia, but also from the other Soviet republics and other countries with considerable Armenian minorities.^[20]

The

David of Sasun, the hero of an Armenian medieval epic, and Marshal Bagramyan.^[20]

Outside of Armenia and the Soviet Union,

Secret Intelligence Service and was captured and executed in 1945. Their sister, Monique Agazarian, became one of only 10 young women accepted into the Air Transport Auxiliary for ab initio pilot-training.^[24]

Tehran conference in 1943.^[25]

On the Axis side, the

Crimean Peninsula and the Caucasus. It did not take part in the Holocaust, on the contrary several Jewish soldiers captured as POWs were saved by some of the Armenians in the Legion. Several instances included Jews being sent to the battalion to evade detection by the Nazis. Towards the end of the war, many of the legion deserted, defected or revolted.^[26] In spite of Nazi Germany acknowledging the Armenians were an Indo-European (or Aryan) people, Adolf Hitler personally stated, "I don't trust the Armenians."^[27]

An estimated 600,000 Armenians served in the

World War 2

from all world

As of 2005[update], some 9,000 veterans of the war were still living in Armenia.^[20]

Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh Republic)

During the 20th century, Nagorno-Karabakh had been denied an Armenian identity by the succeeding Russian, British, and Azeri rulers.^[28]

The Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh had accused the Soviet Azerbaijani government of conducting forced ethnic cleansing of the region. The majority Armenian population, with ideological and material support from Armenia, started a movement to transfer the territory to Armenia. The issue was at first a "war of words" in 1987. In a December 1991 referendum, the people of Nagorno-Karabakh approved the creation of an independent state. A Soviet proposal for enhanced autonomy for Nagorno-Karabakh within Azerbaijan satisfied neither side. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, a war for independence of the Republic of Artsakh erupted between the Armenians and Azerbaijan, which claimed the area.

In the post-Soviet power vacuum, military action between Azerbaijan and Armenia was heavily influenced by the

mujaheddin participated in the fighting.^[29] There were also fighters from Chechnya fighting on the side of Azerbaijan.^[30][31]

By the end of 1993, the conflict had caused thousands of casualties and created hundreds of thousands of refugees on both sides. By May 1994 the Armenians were in control of 14% of the territory of Azerbaijan. As a result, the Azerbaijanis started direct negotiations with the Karabakhi authorities. A cease-fire was reached on May 12, 1994, through Russian negotiation. But, a final resolution to the conflict has yet to be realized.

Timeline of notable events

Main article: List of wars involving Armenia

Victories are in light gray, losses are in red.

War/battle	Opponent	Part of	Date	Armed Force
Assyrian-Urartuian Wars	Neo-Assyrian Empire		714-627 BC	Kingdom of Urartu
Battle of Gaugamela	Macedonia	Wars of Alexander the Great	331 BC	Yervanduni Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Protopachium	Roman Republic	First Mithridatic War	89 BC	Artashesian Kingdom of Armenia
Armenian-Parthian War	Parthian Empire		87-85 BC	Artashesian Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Tigranocerta	Roman Republic	Third Mithridatic War	69 BC	Artashesian Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Artaxata	Roman Republic	Third Mithridatic War	68 BC	Artashesian Kingdom of Armenia
Armenian-Iberian War	Caucasian Iberia		51-53 AD	Arshakuni Kingdom of Armenia
War of the Armenian Succession	Roman Empire	Roman–Parthian Wars	58-63 AD	Arshakuni Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Bagrevand	Sassanid Empire		371	Arshakuni Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Avarayr	Sassanid Empire		451	Armenian rebels
Battle of Varnakert	Umayyad Caliphate		702	Armenian rebels
Battle of Bagrevand	Abbasid Caliphate		775	Armenian rebels
The Battle of 40	Abbasid Caliphate		863	Armenian rebels
Battle of Sevan	Sajid Emirate of Azerbaijan		924	Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Ani	Byzantine Empire		1042	Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Azaz (1125)	Seljuk Empire	Crusades	1125	Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Mamistra	Byzantine Empire		1152	Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
Siege of Acre (1189–1191)	Ayyubid dynasty	Crusades	1189-1191	Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Ain Jalut	Mamluk Sultanate	Mongol invasions of the Levant	1260	Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Garni	Khwarezmid Empire		1225	Zakarian Principality of Armenia
Siege of Baghdad (1258)	Abbasid Caliphate	Mongol invasions of the Levant	1258	Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Ain Jalut	Mamluk Sultanate	Mongol invasions of the Levant	1260	Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
Siege of Aleppo (1260)	Mamluk Sultanate	Mongol invasions of the Levant	1260	Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Mari	Mamluk Sultanate		1266	Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
Second Battle of Sarvandik'ar	Mamluk Sultanate		1276	Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
Second Battle of Homs	Mamluk Sultanate	Mongol invasions of the Levant	1281	Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar	Mamluk Sultanate	Mongol invasions of the Levant	1299	Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)	Mamluk Sultanate	Mongol invasions of the Levant	1303	Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
Battle of Halidzor	Ottoman Empire	Armenian national liberation movement	March 1726	Armenian militiamen under Davit Bek
First Zeitun Resistance	Ottoman Empire	Armenian national liberation movement	August 1862	Armenian fedayi
First Sasun Resistance	Ottoman Empire	Armenian national liberation movement, Hamidian massacres	August 1894	Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
Second Zeitun Resistance	Ottoman Empire	Hamidian massacres	October 1895-January 1896	Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
First Van Resistance	Ottoman Empire	Hamidian massacres	June 3–11, 1896	Armenian civilians, Armenakan Party
Khanasor Expedition	Kurds of Khanasor	Armenian national liberation movement	July 25–27, 1897	Armenian Revolutionary Federation, assisted by Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenakan Party
Battle of Khasdour	Ottoman Empire	Armenian national liberation movement	1899	Armenian Revolutionary Federation [citation needed]
Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery	Ottoman Empire	Armenian national liberation movement	November 3–27, 1901	Armenian fedayi
Second Sasun Resistance	Ottoman Empire	Armenian national liberation movement	March–April, 1904	Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Battle of Sulukh	Ottoman Empire	Armenian national liberation movement	May 27, 1907	Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Third Zeitun Resistance	Ottoman Empire	Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide	August 30, 1914 – March 25, 1915	Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
Second Van Resistance	Ottoman Empire	Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide	April 19-May 17, 1915	Armenian civilians, Armenian Revolutionary Federation & Armenakan Party
Battle of Salmas	Ottoman Empire	Persian Campaign of World War I	April 19-May 17, 1915	Caucasus Army of the Russian Empire, Armenian volunteer units
Shabin-Karahisar Resistance	Ottoman Empire	Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide	June 2–30, 1915	Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
Musa Ler Resistance	Ottoman Empire	Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide	July 21-September 12, 1915	Armenian civilians
First Urfa Resistance	Ottoman Empire	Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide	September 29-October 20, 1915	Armenian civilians
Armenian-Azerbaijani War	Azerbaijan		March 30, 1918 – April 28, 1920	Central Caspian Dictatorship & Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Battle of Bash Abaran	Ottoman Empire	Caucasus Campaign of World War I	May 21–24, 1918	Armenian volunteer units[32]
Battle of Sardarapat	Ottoman Empire	Caucasus Campaign of World War I	May 22–26, 1918	Armenian volunteer units[32]
Battle of Gharakilise	Ottoman Empire	Caucasus Campaign of World War I	May 25–28, 1918	Armenian volunteer units[32]
Battle of Arara	Ottoman Empire	Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I	September 19, 1918	French Armenian Legion
Armenian-Georgian War	Georgia		October 17-December 31, 1918	Republic of Armenia
Marash Resistance	Ottoman Empire	Cilicia Campaign of Turkish War of Independence	January 21-February 13, 1920	French Armenian Legion
Second Urfa Resistance	Ottoman Empire	Cilicia Campaign of Turkish War of Independence	February 9-April 11, 1920	French Armenian Legion
Aintab Resistance	Ottoman Empire	Cilicia Campaign of Turkish War of Independence	April 1, 1920 – February 9, 1921	French Armenian Legion
Armenian-Turkish War	Ottoman Empire	Turkish War of Independence	June 16-December 2, 1920	Republic of Armenia
Armenian-Soviet War	Russian SFSR	Russian Civil War	September–November 29, 1920	Republic of Armenia
Anti-Soviet Resistance	Russian SFSR		February 13, 1921 – July 13, 1921	Armenian Revolutionary Federation (until April 26); Republic of Mountainous Armenia (after April 26)
First Nagorno-Karabakh War	Azerbaijan	Post-Soviet conflicts	February 13, 1988 – May 12, 1994	Republic of Artsakh Republic of Armenia
Second Nagorno-Karabakh War	Azerbaijan Turkey	Post-Soviet conflicts	September 27, 2020 – November 10, 2020	Republic of Artsakh Republic of Armenia

See also

• Armed Forces of Armenia
• Armenian Air Force
• History of Armenia
• List of wars involving Armenia
• Military history of the Republic of Artsakh

References

1. ISBN 88-8057-226-1
   .
2. ^ Gevork Nazaryan, Armenian Empire.
3. ^ V. Chapot, La frontière de l'Euphrate de Pompée à la Conquète arabe, Paris, 1907, p. 17
4. ISBN 1-84176-713-1
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5. ^
   ISBN 1-85532-224-2
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6. ^
   ISBN 0-85045-682-7
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7. ^ Armenian Architecture – VirtualANI – The Lion Gate
8. ^
   ISBN 2-85944-448-3
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9. ^ ^{a b} Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). Badmoutioun Hayots, Volume II (in Armenian). Athens, Greece: Hradaragoutioun Azkayin Oussoumnagan Khorhourti. pp. 29–44.
10. ISBN 0-85045-448-4
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11. ISBN 0-521-05735-3. ^{[verification needed}
    ]
12. ^ "Le royaume arménien de Cilicie". Histoire-fr.com. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
13. ISBN 0-88402-163-7
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14. ^ Edwards, Robert W., “Settlements and Toponymy in Armenian Cilicia,” Revue des Études Arméniennes 24, 1993, pp.181-204.
15. ^ Extensive photographic survey with plans of Armenian castles in Cilicia [1]
16. ISBN 1-84176-715-8
    .
17. ^ Blow 2009, pp. 9–10.
18. ISBN 1-85532-697-3
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19. ISBN 0-7099-0210-7
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20. ^ ^{a b c d e} Sanjian, Ara. "The Armenian Contribution to the Allied Victory in the Second World War, 19 April 2005 (in English)". academia.edu. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
21. ^ "V-Day: Armenian leader attends WW II allies' parade in Red Square" Archived 2010-05-12 at the Wayback Machine. ArmeniaNow. May 9, 2010.
22. ^ ^{a b} (in Armenian) Khudaverdyan, Konstantin. «Սովետական Միության Հայրենական Մեծ Պատերազմ, 1941–1945» ("The Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945"). Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1984, pp. 542–547.
23. ISBN 9780962294518
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24. ^ "Obituary: Monique Agazarian". The Independent. 22 March 1993. Archived from the original on 2022-05-14. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
25. ^ "Gevork Vartanyan". The Telegraph. 11 January 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2014. Gevork Vartanyan, who has died aged 87, worked for Soviet intelligence for more than half a century and played an important part in thwarting a Nazi plot to assassinate Churchill, Stalin and President Roosevelt at the Tehran Conference in 1943.
26. ISBN 0-7658-0834-X
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27. ^ Dallin, Alexander (1957). German Rule in Russia: 1941–1945: A Study of Occupation Policies. New York: St Martin's Press. pp. 229, 251.
28. ISBN 90-411-0223-X
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29. ^ ""The 'Afghan Alumni' Terrorism"". Archived from the original on 2001-11-30. Retrieved 2007-01-12.
30. ^ "Chechen Fighter's Death Reveals Conflicted Feelings in Azerbaijan" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, EurasiaNet
31. ^ "Chechen Fighters". Archived from the original on 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2007-01-12.
32. ^ ^{a b c} Establishment, or naming these forces as DRA military will follow the deceleration of independence

Sources

• Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who became an Iranian Legend. London, UK: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
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• Elishe: History of Vardan and the Armenian War, transl. R.W. Thomson, Cambridge, Mass. 1982
• Dr. Abd al-Husayn Zarrin’kub "Ruzgaran:tarikh-i Iran az aghz ta saqut saltnat Pahlvi" Sukhan, 1999.
  ISBN 964-6961-11-8
• Vahan Kurkjian - Period of the Marzbans — Battle of Avarair
• Gevork Nazaryan - The struggle for Religious Freedom
• de Waal, Thomas. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press, 2003