Military history of Nova Scotia

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Part of a series on the
Military history of Nova Scotia
Citadel Hill in Halifax
Notable events
Battle of Fort Cumberland
1776
Raid on Lunenburg1782
Establishment of New Ireland1812
Capture of USS Chesapeake1813
‪Battle of the Great Redan1855
‪Siege of Lucknow1857
CSS Tallahassee escape1861
‪Halifax Provisional Battalion1885
‪Battle of Witpoort1899
‪Battle of Paardeberg1899
Imprisonment of Leon Trotsky1917
Jewish Legion formed1917
Sinking of Llandovery Castle1918
Battle of the St. Lawrence1942–1944
Sinking of Point Pleasant Park1945
Halifax VE-Day riot1945
Notable regiments
Nova Scotia Highlanders
from 1954
Related topics

Halifax Treaties (1761) and two years later, when the British defeated the French in North America (1763). During those wars, the Acadians, Mi'kmaq and Maliseet from the region fought to protect the border of Acadia from New England. They fought the war on two fronts: the southern border of Acadia, which New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine,[1] and in Nova Scotia, which involved preventing New Englanders from taking the capital of Acadia, Port Royal (See Queen Anne's War) and establishing themselves at Canso
.

During the

War in Afghanistan
.

Seventeenth century

Port Royal established

Main articles:
Habitation at Port-Royal and Port-Royal (Acadia)

The first European settlement in Nova Scotia was established in 1605. The

Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts established the first capital for the colony of Acadia of Port Royal, modern-day Annapolis Royal.[2]
Other than a few trading posts around the province, for the next seventy-five years, Port Royal was virtually the only European settlement in Nova Scotia. Port Royal remained the capital of Acadia and later Nova Scotia for almost 150 years, prior to the founding of Halifax in 1749.

Approximately seventy-five years after Port Royal was founded, Acadians migrated from the capital and established what would become the other major Acadian settlements before the Expulsion of the Acadians: Grand Pré, Chignecto, Cobequid and Pisiguit.

The English made six attempts to conquer the capital of Acadia which they finally did in the Siege of Port Royal in 1710. Over the following fifty years, the French and their allies made six unsuccessful military attempts to regain the capital.[3]

Scottish and French Conflict

From 1629 to 1632, Nova Scotia briefly became a Scottish colony. Sir William Alexander of Menstrie Castle, Scotland claimed mainland Nova Scotia and settled at Port Royal, while Ochiltree claimed Ile Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island) and settled at Baleine, Nova Scotia. There were three battles between the Scottish and the French: the Siege of Baleine (1629), the Siege of Cap de Sable (present-day Port La Tour, Nova Scotia) (1630) and the Raid on Saint John (1632), . Nova Scotia was returned to France via the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632).[4]

The French quickly defeated the Scottish at Baleine and established settlements on Ile Royale at present day Englishtown (1629) and St. Peter's (1630). These two settlements remained the only settlements on the island until they were abandoned by Nicolas Denys in 1659. Ile Royale then remained vacant for more than fifty years until the communities were re-established when Louisbourg was established in 1713.

Acadian Civil War

Main article: Acadian Civil War
Siege of Saint John (1645) – d'Aulnay defeats La Tour in Acadia

Acadia was plunged into what some historians have described as a civil war between 1640 and 1645. The war was between Port Royal, where Governor of Acadia Charles de Menou d'Aulnay de Charnisay was stationed, and present-day Saint John, New Brunswick, where Governor of Acadia. Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour was stationed.[5]

In the war, there were four major battles. la Tour attacked d'Aulnay at Port Royal in 1640.[6] In response to the attack, D'Aulnay sailed out of Port Royal to establish a five-month blockade of La Tour's fort at Saint John, which La Tour eventually defeated (1643). La Tour attacked d'Aulnay again at Port Royal in 1643. d'Aulnay and Port Royal ultimately won the war against La Tour with the 1645 siege of Saint John.[7] After d'Aulnay died (1650), La Tour re-established himself in Acadia.

Dutch conquest of Acadia (1674), which they renamed New Holland. This is the spot where Jurriaen Aernoutsz buried a bottle at the capital of Acadia, Fort Pentagouet, Castine, Maine

In 1674, the

Dutch briefly conquered Acadia, renaming the colony New Holland
.

King Philips War

During

Battle off Port La Tour (1677)
.

Wabanaki Confederacy

In response to

the first military conflict between the Mi'kmaq and New England), the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet people from this region joined the Wabanaki Confederacy to form a political and military alliance with New France.[8]
The Mi'kmaq and Maliseet were very significant military allies to New France through six wars.

King William's War

Maliseet and Mi'kmaq "attack on the [Maine] settlement" (c. 1690)

During

Avalon Peninsula Campaign. They destroyed almost every English settlement in Newfoundland, over 100 English were killed, many times that number captured, and almost 500 deported to England or France.[9]

At the end of the war England returned the territory to France in the

Treaty of Ryswick
and the borders of Acadia remained the same.

Eighteenth century

Queen Anne's War

Raid on Grand Pré (1704)

During

Grand Pre, Pisiquid and Chignecto. A few years later, defeated in the Siege of Pemaquid (1696), Captain March made an unsuccessful Siege of Port Royal in 1707. The New Englanders were successful with the Siege of Port Royal (1710), while the Wabanaki Confederacy were successful in the nearby Battle of Bloody Creek
in 1711.

Evacuation Of Port Royal 1710 by CW Jefferys

During

Treaty of Utrecht of 1713. Acadia was defined as mainland-Nova Scotia by the French. Present-day New Brunswick and most of Maine remained contested territory, while New England conceded present-day Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton Island, which France quickly renamed Île St Jean and Île Royale (Cape Breton Island) respectively. On the latter island, the French established a fortress at Louisbourg
to guard the sea approaches to Quebec.

40th Regiment of Foot

The

Father Rale's War, King George's War, Father Le Loutre's War and then the Seven Years' War.[10]

Father Rale's War

During the escalation that preceded

Mi'kmaq created a blockade of Annapolis Royal, with the intent of starving the capital.[12] The natives captured 18 fishing vessels and prisoners from present-day Yarmouth to Canso. They also seized prisoners and vessels from the Bay of Fundy
.

Duc d'Anville Expedition: Action between HMS Nottingham
and the Mars.

As a result of the escalating conflict, Massachusetts Governor

Battle at Jeddore.[15] The next was a raid on Canso in 1723.[16]

The worst moment of the war for the capital came in early July 1724 when a group of sixty Mikmaq and Maliseets raided Annapolis Royal. They killed and scalped a sergeant and a private, wounded four more soldiers, and terrorized the village. They also burned houses and took prisoners.[17] The British responded by executing one of the Mi'kmaq hostages on the same spot the sergeant was killed. They also burned three Acadian houses in retaliation.[18]

As a result of the raid, three blockhouses were built to protect the town. The Acadian church was moved closer to the fort so that it could be more easily monitored.[19]

In 1725, sixty Abenakis and Mi'kmaq launched another attack on Canso, destroying two houses and killing six people.[20]

The treaty that ended the war marked a significant shift in European relations with the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet. For the first time a European Empire formally acknowledged that its dominion over Nova Scotia would have to be negotiated with the region's indigenous inhabitants. The treaty was invoked as recently as 1999 in the

Donald Marshall case.[21]

King George's War

Siege of Louisbourg (1745) by Peter Monamy
Led by Commander George Walker, the "Royal Family" (King George, Prince Frederick, Duke' and Prince George Privateers) take the Nuestra Senora de les Remedios off Louisbourg, 5th February 1746[22]

News of war declarations reached the French

Duc d'Anville
, it returned to France in tatters without reaching its objective.

Father Le Loutre's War

Fort Edward (built 1750). The oldest blockhouse in North America.
Piers influential mapping of Halifax defences in The Evolution of the Halifax Fortress

Despite the British takeover of the capital at the

The Lunenburg Rebellion (1753), led by army captain John Hoffman, with support from Le Loutre.[25] There were numerous Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on these villages such as the Raid on Dartmouth (1751)
.

Within 18 months of establishing Halifax, the British also took firm control of peninsula Nova Scotia by building fortifications in all the major Acadian communities: present-day Windsor (

Siege of Grand Pre
.

Seven Years' War

St. John River Campaign: A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grimross (present day Arcadia, New Brunswick) by Thomas Davies in 1758. This is the only contemporaneous image of the Expulsion of the Acadians.

The final colonial war was the Seven Years' War. The British Siege of Port Royal happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.[26]

During the Seven Years' War, the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia.[27]

The British began the

Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755). Over the next nine years over 12,000 Acadians were removed from Nova Scotia.[28]
During the various campaigns of the expulsion, the Acadian and Native resistance to the British intensified.

British deportation campaigns

Bay of Fundy (1755)
Sambro Island Lighthouse – oldest lighthouse in North America
(1758)
Main article:
Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)

The first wave of the expulsion began on August 10, 1755, with the

Battle of Beausejour (1755). The Campaign started at Chignecto and then quickly moved to Grand Pre, Piziquid (Falmouth/ Windsor, Nova Scotia) and finally Annapolis Royal.[30]

On November 17, 1755, during the Bay of Fundy Campaign at Chignecto, George Scott took 700 troops and attacked twenty houses at Memramcook. They arrested the Acadians who remained and killed two hundred head of livestock, to deprive the French of supplies.

Gulf of St. Lawrence
in 1758.

Cape Sable
British Gravestones from the Mi'kmaw Raid on Fort Monckton (1756) - oldest known British military gravestones in Canada

Cape Sable included Port La Tour and the surrounding area (a much larger area than simply Cape Sable Island). In April 1756, Major Preble and his New England troops, on their return to Boston, raided a settlement near Port La Tour and captured 72 men, women and children.[32]

In the late summer of 1758, Major Henry Fletcher led the 35th Regiment and a company of Gorham's Rangers to Cape Sable. He cordoned off the cape and sent his men through it. One hundred Acadians and Father Jean Baptiste de Gray surrendered, while about 130 Acadians and seven Mi'kmaq escaped. The Acadian prisoners were taken to Georges Island in Halifax Harbour.[33]

En route to the

St. John River Campaign in September 1758, Moncton sent Major Roger Morris, in command of two men-of-war and transport ships with 325 soldiers, to deport more Acadians. On October 28, his troops sent the women and children to Georges Island. The men were kept behind and forced to work with troops to destroy their village. On October 31, they were also sent to Halifax.[34] In the spring of 1759, Joseph Gorham and his rangers arrived to take prisoner the remaining 151 Acadians. They reached Georges Island with them on June 29.[35]

Ile St. Jean and Ile Royale
Main article:
Ile Saint-Jean Campaign

The second wave of the Deportation began with the French defeat at the

Duke William, with over 360 persons aboard.[36] By the time the second wave of the expulsion had begun, the British had discarded their policy of relocating the Catholic, French-speaking colonists to the Thirteen Colonies. They deported them directly to France.[37] In 1758, hundreds of Ile Royale Acadians fled to one of Boishebert's refugee camps south of Baie des Chaleurs.[38]

Petitcodiac River Campaign
Main article:
Petitcodiac River Campaign

This was a series of British military operations from June to November 1758 to deport the Acadians who either lived along the river or had taken refuge there from earlier deportation operations, such as the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign.

Joseph Gorham's Rangers carried out the operation.[30]

Contrary to Governor Lawrence's direction, New England

Moncton and Danks’ Rangers ambushed about thirty Acadians, who were led by Joseph Broussard (Beausoleil). Many were driven into the river, three of them were killed and scalped, and others were captured. Broussard was seriously wounded.[39] Danks reported that the scalps were Mi’kmaq and received payment for them. Thereafter, he went down in local lore as "one of the most reckless and brutal" of the Rangers.[40]

St. John River Campaign
Main article:
St. John River Campaign

Colonel

Jemseg, and finally they reached Sainte-Anne des Pays-Bas.[42]

Contrary to Governor Lawrence's direction, New England

Old Government House, Fredericton).[43]

As well, the rangers tortured and scalped six Acadians and took six prisoners.[43] There is a written record of one of the Acadian survivors Joseph Godin-Bellefontaine. He reported that the Rangers restrained him and then massacred his family in front of him. There are other primary sources that support his assertions.[44]

Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign
Main article:
Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758)
Raid on Miramichi Bay – Burnt Church Village by Captain Hervey Smythe
(1758)

In the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (also known as the Gaspee Expedition), British forces raided French villages along present-day

Mont-Louis, Quebec (Sept. 14). Over the following weeks, Sir Charles Hardy took four sloops or schooners, destroyed about 200 fishing vessels, and took about 200 prisoners.[45]

Restigouche

The Acadians took refuge along the

Pointe-à-la-Croix, Quebec).[47] The year after the Battle of Restigouche, in late 1761, Captain Roderick Mackenzie and his force captured over 330 Acadians at Boishebert's camp.[48]

Halifax
Monument to Imprisoned Acadians on Georges Island (background), Bishops Landing, Halifax

During this time period, Halifax continued to be fortified by the Northwest Arm Battery (1761) and the Point Pleasant Battery (1763), both located in present-day Point Pleasant Park.[49] After the French conquered St. John's, Newfoundland in June 1762, the success galvanized both the Acadians and Natives. They began gathering in large numbers at various points throughout the province and behaving in a confident and, according to the British,"insolent fashion". Officials were especially alarmed when Natives concentrated close to the two principal towns in the province, Halifax and Lunenburg, where there were also large groups of Acadians. The government organized an expulsion of 1300 people, shipping them to Boston. The government of Massachusetts refused the Acadians permission to land and sent them back to Halifax.[50]

Before the deportation, Acadian population was estimated at 14,000 Acadians. Most were deported.[51] Some Acadians escaped to Quebec, or hid among the Mi'kmaq or in the countryside, to avoid deportation until the situation settled down.[52]

The war ended and Britain had gained control over the entire Maritime region.

Acadian, Maliseet and Mi’kmaq resistance

During the expulsion, French Officer

guerrilla war against the British.[53] According to Louisbourg account books, by late 1756, the French had regularly dispensed supplies to 700 Natives. From 1756 to the fall of Louisbourg in 1758, the French made regular payments to Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope and other natives for British scalps.[54]

Annapolis (Fort Anne)
Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot

The Acadians and Mi’kmaq fought in the Annapolis region. They were victorious in the

Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia
, on the ship Pembroke rebelled against the British crew, took over the ship and sailed to land.

In December 1757, while cutting firewood near Fort Anne, John Weatherspoon was captured by Indians (presumably Mi'kmaq) and carried away to the mouth of the Miramichi River. From there he was eventually sold or traded to the French and taken to Quebec, where he was held until late in 1759 and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, when General Wolfe's forces prevailed (See Journal of John Witherspoon, Annapolis Royal) .[56]

About 50 or 60 Acadians who escaped the initial deportation are reported to have made their way to the Cape Sable region (which included south western Nova Scotia). From there, they participated in numerous raids on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.[57]

Piziquid (Fort Edward)

In the April 1757, a band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq raided a warehouse near

Mi'kmaq militia, British officer John Knox wrote that "In the year 1757 we were said to be Masters of the province of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, which, however, was only an imaginary possession." He continues to state that the situation in the province was so precarious for the British that the "troops and inhabitants" at Fort Edward, Fort Sackville and Lunenburg "could not be reputed in any other light than as prisoners."[60][61]

Chignecto (Fort Cumberland)
Maritimes[62]

The Acadians and Mi’kmaq also resisted in the Chignecto region. They were victorious in the Battle of Petitcodiac (1755).[55] In the spring of 1756, a wood-gathering party from Fort Monckton (former Fort Gaspareaux), was ambushed and nine were scalped.[63] In the April 1757, after raiding Fort Edward, the same band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq partisans raided Fort Cumberland, killing and scalping two men and taking two prisoners.[64] July 20, 1757 Mi'kmaq killed 23 and captured two of Gorham's rangers outside Fort Cumberland near present-day Jolicure, New Brunswick.[65] In March 1758, forty Acadian and Mi'kmaq attacked a schooner at Fort Cumberland and killed its master and two sailors.[66] In the winter of 1759, the Mi'kmaq ambushed five British soldiers on patrol while they were crossing a bridge near Fort Cumberland. They were ritually scalped and their bodies mutilated as was common in the savage warfare of the Indians.[67] During the night of 4 April 1759, using canoes, a force of Acadians and French captured the transport. At dawn they attacked the ship Moncton and chased it for five hours down the Bay of Fundy. Although the Moncton escaped, its crew suffered one killed and two wounded.[68]

Others resisted during the

Petitcodiac River Campaign.[69]

Lawrencetown
Eastern Battery Plaque, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

By June 1757, the settlers had to be withdrawn completely from the settlement of Lawrencetown (established 1754) because the number of Indian raids eventually prevented settlers from leaving their houses.[70]

In nearby Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, in the spring of 1759, there was another Mi'kmaq attack on Eastern Battery, in which five soldiers were killed.[71]

Maine

In present-day Maine, the Mi’kmaq and the Maliseet raided numerous New England villages. At the end of April 1755, they raided Gorham, Maine, killing two men and a family. Next they appeared in New-Boston (Gray) and through the neighbouring towns destroying the plantations. On May 13, they raided Frankfort (Dresden), where two men were killed and a house burned. The same day they raided Sheepscot (Newcastle), and took five prisoners. Two were killed in North Yarmouth on May 29 and one taken captive. They shot one person at Teconnet. They took prisoners at Fort Halifax; two prisoners taken at Fort Shirley (Dresden). They took two captive at New Gloucester as they worked on the local fort.[72] During the Seven Years' War, on June 9, 1758, Indians raided the Woolwich, Maine, killing members of the Preble family and taking others prisoner to Quebec.[73] This incident became known as the last conflict on the Kennebec River.

On 13 August 1758 Boishebert left

Battle of Quebec (1759).[74][75][76]

Lunenburg
Raid on Lunenburg (1756) by Donald A. Mackay

The Acadians and Mi'kmaq raided the

Raid on Lunenburg (1756). Following the raid of 1756, in 1757, there was a raid on Lunenburg in which six people from the Brissang family were killed.[77] The following year, March 1758, there was a raid on the Lunenburg Peninsula at the Northwest Range (present-day Blockhouse, Nova Scotia) when five people were killed from the Ochs and Roder families.[78] By the end of May 1758, most of those on the Lunenburg Peninsula abandoned their farms and retreated to the protection of the fortifications around the town of Lunenburg, losing the season for sowing their grain.[79]
For those that did not leave their farms for the town, the number of raids intensified.

During the summer of 1758, there were four raids on the Lunenburg Peninsula. On 13 July 1758, one person on the LaHave River at Dayspring was killed and another seriously wounded by a member of the Labrador family.[80] The next raid happened at Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia, on 24 August 1758, when eight Mi'kmaq attacked the family homes of Lay and Brant. While they killed three people in the raid, the Mi'kmaq were unsuccessful in taking their scalps, which was the common practice for payment from the French.[81] Two days, later, two soldiers were killed in a raid on the blockhouse at LaHave, Nova Scotia.[82] Almost two weeks later, on 11 September, a child was killed in a raid on the Northwest Range.[83] Another raid happened on 27 March 1759, in which three members of the Oxner family were killed.[77] The last raid happened on 20 April 1759. The Mi’kmaq killed four settlers at Lunenburg who were members of the Trippeau and Crighton families.[84]

Halifax

On 2 April 1756, Mi'kmaq received payment from the Governor of Quebec for 12 British scalps taken at Halifax.

Halifax in 1757. In each raid, Gautier took prisoners or scalps or both. The last raid happened in September and Gautier went with four Mi’kmaq and killed and scalped two British men at the foot of Citadel Hill. (Pierre went on to participate in the Battle of Restigouche.) [86]

In July 1759, Mi'kmaq and Acadians kill five Britons in Dartmouth, opposite McNabb's Island.[87]

Halifax Treaties

After agreeing to several peace treaties, the seventy-five year period of war ended with the

Halifax Treaties between the British and the Mi'kmaq (1761). (In commemoration of these treaties, Nova Scotians annually celebrate Treaty Day on October 1.) To enforce the treaties, the British continued to build fortifications in the province (see Fort Ellis
and Fort Belcher). Despite the treaties being clear about Mi'kmaq "submission" to the British, their agreeing to become British subjects, give up robbery and murder, and follow the rule of law, there some contemporary historians who claim the treaties did not indicate the Mi'kmaq surrendered to the British. In the event, there was no further trouble of note from this tribe.

Headquarters of the North American Station

Main article: Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax
North American Station
headquarters (1797)

Halifax was the headquarters for the Royal Navy's

United Empire Loyalists to the small port of Conway in Nova Scotia. The settlement he led transformed the tiny village into a town, which in 1787 was renamed Digby, Nova Scotia
.

American Revolution

Main article: Nova Scotia in the American Revolution
Naval battle off Cape Breton
(1781)

At the outbreak of the outbreak of the American Revolution, many Nova Scotians were New England-born and were sympathetic to the American Patriots. This support somewhat eroded over the first two years of the war as American Privateers attacked Nova Scotian villages and shipping to try to interrupt Nova Scotian trade with the American Loyalists still in New England who were opposing the Revolution. During the war, American Privateers captured 225 vessels either leaving or arriving at Nova Scotia ports.[88]

Nineteenth century

Halifax
, Nova Scotia, Canada

French Revolutionary Wars

Halifax was now the bastion of British strength on the East Coast of North America. Local merchants also took advantage of the exclusion of American trade to the British colonies in the Caribbean, beginning a long trade relationship with the West Indies. However, the most significant growth began with the beginning of the French Revolutionary Wars. Military spending and the opportunities of wartime shipping and trading stimulated growth led by local merchants such as Simeon Perkins, Charles Ramage Prescott and Enos Collins. The most renown privateer was Captain Alexander Godfrey of the Rover from Liverpool, Nova Scotia.

Conquest of Saint Pierre and Miquelon

In 1793, under the command of Brigadier General

St. Pierre and Miquelon. The commander of the Halifax garrison, Brigadier General James Ogilvie, objected to the plan, and instead housed the prisoners at Cornwallis Barracks in Halifax. Several prisoners were able to escape from the makeshift prison, and the rest were sent to Guernsey in June 1794.[92]

Prince Edward arrives

By 1796,

Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, was sent to take command of Nova Scotia. Many of the city's forts were designed by him, and he left an indelible mark on the city in the form of many public buildings of Georgian architecture, and a dignified British feel to the city itself. It was during this time that Halifax truly became a city. Many landmarks and institutions were built during his tenure, from the Town Clock
on Citadel Hill to St. George's Round Church, fortifications in the Halifax Defence Complex were built up, businesses established, and the population boomed.

Napoleonic Wars

Trafalgar Day

Battle of Trafalgar mural by William Lionel Wyllie, Juno Tower, CFB Halifax

During the

Horatio Nelson’s victory over Napoleon in 1805, which has been called "the most famous naval battle in history and the most decisive engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, Trafalgar cemented Britain’s supremacy on the high seas."[93] Nova Scotians also fought at Trafalgar: John Houlton Marshall, George Augustus Westphal, Phillip Westphal. In 1905, the battles centenary, there was two days of festivities in Halifax. Flags were flown at half-mast and the Halifax Herald stated that October 21 was arguably the "most memorable day in all British history". In 1927, the Canadian Pacific Railway built the Lord Nelson Hotel
. The bi-centennial was also marked by recognition in various museums in the province.

Halifax Impressment Riot

Main article:
Impressment (Nova Scotia)

The towns people and especially seafarers were constantly on-guard of the

press gangs of the Royal Navy
.

A press gang from HMS Cleopatra started the Halifax Riot (1805). Image by Nicholas Pocock
Vice Admiral Andrew Mitchell, who ordered HMS Cleopatra press gang ashore to Halifax

The Navy's manning problems in Nova Scotia peaked in 1805. Warships were short-handed from high desertion rates, and naval captains were handicapped in filling those vacancies by provincial impressment regulations. Desperate for sailors, the Navy pressed them all over the North Atlantic region in 1805, from Halifax and Charlottetown to Saint John and Quebec City. In early May, Vice Admiral Andrew Mitchell sent press gangs from several warships into downtown Halifax. They conscripted men first and asked questions later, rounding up dozens of potential recruits.[94]

The breaking point came in October 1805, when Vice-Admiral Mitchell allowed press gangs from HMS Cleopatra to storm the streets of Halifax armed with bayonets, sparking a major riot in which one man was killed and several others were injured. Wentworth lashed out at the admiral for sparking urban unrest and breaking provincial impressment laws, and his government exploited this violent episode to put even tighter restrictions of recruiting in Nova Scotia.[95][96]

The captured Furieuse is taken in tow to Halifax, Nova Scotia, by HMS Bonne Citoyenne (1809), a print by Thomas Whitcombe

Stemming from impressment disturbances, civil-naval relations deteriorated in Nova Scotia from 1805 to the War of 1812. HMS Whiting was in Liverpool for only about a week, but it terrified the small town the entire time and naval impressment remained a serious threat to sailors along the South Shore. After leaving Liverpool, Whiting terrorized Shelburne by pressing inhabitants, breaking into homes, and forcing more than a dozen families to live in the forest to avoid further harassment.[97]

Invasion of Martinique (1809)

The Halifax Club, Halifax, Nova Scotia

St. George's (Round) Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia.[100] Prévost believed he had successfully maintained the crown's prerogative at Martinique and was celebrated upon his return to Nova Scotia.[101]
Prévost had become a popular lieutenant governor.

War of 1812

War of 1812, Halifax, Nova Scotia: HMS Shannon leading the captured American frigate USS Chesapeake into Halifax Harbour (1813)

In the lead-up to the War of 1812, the Little Belt affair created excitement in Nova Scotia. Having departed Annapolis Royal, on May 27, 1811, the British vessel Little Belt arrived in Halifax with many of the crew killed or wounded after having been attacked by an American vessel.[102] At the outset of the war, Nova Scotia was again alarmed when USS Constitution was off the coast and defeated HMS Guerriere, which had just departed from Halifax.[103][104] (A month earlier HMS Belvidera had arrived in port having escaped an attack.)[105]

During the War of 1812, Nova Scotia's contribution to the war effort was communities either purchasing or building various privateer ships to seize American vessels.

Historic Properties (Halifax)
)

Sir John Coape Sherbrooke – Lt Gov. of Nova Scotia departed Halifax and conquered Maine, renaming the colony New Ireland

Perhaps the most dramatic moment in the war for Nova Scotia was when

Deadman's Island, Halifax.[114] At the same time, there was HMS Hogue's traumatic capture of the American privateer Young Teazer off Chester, Nova Scotia. HMS Atalante also created alarm when it was wrecked just off of Halifax in November 1813. Halifax also received in October 1814, 30 wounded from one of the most violent privateer clashes of the war, which happened between HMS Endymion and Prince de Neufchatel on the south side of Nantucket. After 20 minutes of savage fighting, the British surrendered. British casualties amounted to 28 killed, 37 wounded, and 28 taken prisoner. The Americans reported losing 7 men killed and 24 wounded.[115][116]

Gravestones for the casualties of HMS Shannon's capture of USS Chesapeake. USS Chesapeake (left) and HMS Shannon (right), Royal Navy Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)

On September 3, 1814, a British fleet from Halifax, Nova Scotia, began to

military library in Halifax and found Dalhousie College.[119] Dalhousie University has a street named "Castine Way".[120]

The most famous soldier that was buried in Nova Scotia during the war was

Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada plaques at Stadacona, CFB Halifax
.)

Crimean War

Halifax, Nova Scotia – Only Crimean War
Monument in North America

Nova Scotians fought in the

Karsdale, Nova Scotia
are named).

In the wake of the Crimean War, the second black military unit in Canada (one of the first in Nova Scotia) was formed, Victoria Rifles (Nova Scotia) (1860).

One resident of Halifax named his home Alma Villa after the Battle of Alma.[121]

Indian Mutiny

William Hall, VC

Nova Scotians also participated in the

Havelock, Nova Scotia is named after a hero of the mutiny.) The 78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot were famous for their involvement with the siege and were later posted to Citadel Hill (Fort George)
.

American Civil War

See also: Canada and the American Civil War

Over 200 Nova Scotians have been identified as fighting in the

54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, Hammel Gilyer, Samuel Hazzard, and Thomas Page.[123]

Plaque to James J. Bremner and the Halifax Provisional Battalion Plaque, Main Gate, Halifax Public Gardens, Halifax, Nova Scotia

The British Empire (including Nova Scotia) declared neutrality, and Nova Scotia prospered greatly from trade with the North. Nova Scotia was the site of two minor international incidents during the war: the Chesapeake Affair and the escape from Halifax Harbour of the CSS Tallahassee, aided by Confederate sympathizers.[124] Nova Scotia became a haven for Confederate Secret Service agents and supporters and had a role in engaging in blockade running with arms largely from Britain. Blockade runners stopped in Halifax to rest and refuel where they were to pass through the Union blockade to deliver supplies to the Confederate Army. Nova Scotia's role in arms trafficking to the South was so noticeable that the Acadian Recorder in 1864 described Halifax's effort as a "mercenary aid to a fratricidal war, which, without outside intervention, would have long ago ended."[125] U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward complained on March 14, 1865:

Halifax has been for more than one year, and yet is, a naval station for vessels which, running the blockade, furnish supplies and munitions of war to our enemy, and it has been made a rendezvous for those piratical cruisers which come out from Liverpool and Glasgow, to destroy our commerce on the high seas, and even to carry war into the ports of the United States. Halifax is a postal and despatch station in the correspondence between the rebels at Richmond and their emissaries in Europe. Halifax merchants are known to have surreptitiously imported provisions, arms, and ammunition from our seaports, and then transshipped them to the rebels. The governor of Nova Scotia has been neutral, just, and friendly; so were the judges of the province who presided on the trial of the Chesapeake. But then it is understood that, on the other hand, merchant shippers of Halifax, and many of the people of Halifax, are willing agents and abettors of the enemies of the United States, and their hostility has proved not merely offensive but deeply injurious.[126]

The war left many fearful that the North might attempt to annex British North America, particularly after the Fenian raids began (many Americans considered the Fenian raids as retribution against British-Canadian tolerance of and even aid to Confederate Secret Service activities in Canada against the Union during the Civil War (such as the Chesapeake Affair and the St. Albans Raid).[127][128][129][130] In response, volunteer regiments were raised across Nova Scotia. British commander and Lt Governor of Nova Scotia Charles Hastings Doyle (after whom Port Hastings is named) led 700 troops out of Halifax to crush a Fenian attack on the New Brunswick border with Maine. This rather baseless scare was one of the main reasons why Britain sanctioned the creation of Canada (1867); to avoid another possible conflict with America and to leave the defence of Nova Scotia to a Canadian Government.[131]

North-West Rebellion

The

Halifax Garrison Artillery, with 32 officers. The battalion left Halifax under orders for the North-West on Saturday, April 11, 1885, and they stayed for almost three months.[132]

Prior to Nova Scotia's involvement, the province remained hostile to Canada in the aftermath of how the colony was forced into Canada. The celebration that followed the Halifax Provisional Battalion's return by train across the county ignited a national patriotism in Nova Scotia. Prime Minister Robert Borden stated that "up to this time Nova Scotia hardly regarded itself as included in the Canadian Confederation.... The rebellion evoked a new spirit.... The Riel Rebellion did more to unite Nova Scotia with the rest of Canada than any event that had occurred since Confederation." Similarly, in 1907 Governor General Earl Grey declared, "This Battalion... went out Nova Scotians, they returned Canadians." The wrought iron gates at the Halifax Public Gardens were made in the Battalion's honour.[133]

Twentieth century

Second Boer War

South African War Memorial (Halifax) by Hamilton MacCarthy, Province House, Nova Scotia

During the Second Boer War (1899–1902), the First Contingent was composed of seven Companies from across Canada. The Nova Scotia Company (H) consisted of 125 men. (The total First Contingent was a total force of 1,019. Eventually over 8600 Canadians served.) The mobilization of the Contingent took place at Quebec. On October 30, 1899, the ship Sardinian sailed the troops for four weeks to Cape Town. The Boer War marked the first occasion in which large contingents of Nova Scotian troops served abroad (individual Nova Scotians had served in the Crimean War). The Battle of Paardeberg in February 1900 represented the second time Canadian soldiers saw battle abroad (the first being the Canadian involvement in the Nile Expedition).[134] Canadians also saw action at the Battle of Faber's Put on May 30, 1900.[135] On November 7, 1900, the Royal Canadian Dragoons engaged the Boers in the Battle of Leliefontein, where they saved British guns from capture during a retreat from the banks of the Komati River.[136] Approximately 267 Canadians died in the War. 89 men were killed in action, 135 died of disease, and the remainder died of accident or injury. 252 were wounded.

Boer War Victory Parade, Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia

Of all the Canadians who died during the war, the most famous was the young Lt.

Frederick W. Borden, Canada's Minister of Militia who was a strong proponent of Canadian participation in the war.[137] Another famous Nova Scotian casualty of the war was Charles Carroll Wood (after whom Chaswood, Nova Scotia is named), son of the renowned Confederate naval captain John Taylor Wood and the first Canadian to die in the war.[138][139]

For two decades afterwards, Canadians would gather on February 27 (known in Canada as "Paardeberg Day") around memorials to the South African War to say prayers and honour veterans. This continued until the end of the

First World War, when Armistice Day (later called Remembrance Day) began to be observed on November 11.[140]

First World War

Sinking of HMHS Llandovery Castle

The

prime minister of Canada during the war was Nova Scotian Robert Borden
. For the war effort 39 units were raised in Nova Scotia, made up of 30,000 soldiers (the total population of Nova Scotia being 550,000).

During

troop ships to Europe from Canada and the United States and hospital ships returning the wounded. These factors drove a major military, industrial and residential expansion of the city.[141]

On 27 June 1917, a German U-boat torpedoed a hospital ship from the port of Halifax named HMHS Llandovery Castle. Escaping lifeboats were pursued and sunk by the U-boat and the survivors machine-gunned. Of the crew totalling 258, only twenty-four survived.[142] The commander of the ship, Lt.-Col. Thomas Howard MacDonald, was from Nova Scotia as was the nursing Matron, Margaret Marjory Fraser (daughter of Lt. Governor of Nova Scotia Duncan Cameron Fraser). Lt.-Col MacDonald died as did Fraser along with the 13 nurses under her command.

On Thursday, December 6, 1917, the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, was devastated by

world's largest man-made accidental explosion.[144]

St. Paul's Church (Halifax)

[145]

Jewish Legion, Fort Edward (Nova Scotia), (Yom Kippur, 1918)

Founders of the League of Nations included David Ben-Gurion, who became the first prime minister of Israel, and Ze'ev Jabotinsky; both men were trained at Fort Edward. At age 70, David Ben-Gurion reported on his time at Fort Edward: "I will never forget Windsor where I received my first training as a soldier and where I became a corporal."[145]

The

POW camp in Canada during World War I; a maximum of 853 prisoners were housed at one time at the old Malleable Iron foundry on the corner of Hickman and Park Streets.[146] The most famous prisoner of war at the camp was Leon Trotsky
.

Three Nova Scotian battalions saw combat in Europe as distinct fighting units –

The Royal Canadian Regiment, 85th Battalion and 25th Battalion
. The Royal Canadian Regiment, based in Halifax, was the only unit in existence at the time of the war's outbreak.

The 36th Battery, Canadian Field Artillery, was raised out of Sydney, Cape Breton in September 1915 by Major Walter Crowe, a prominent lawyer and former mayor of Sydney.[147]

The

Canadian military history and also the only Canadian Battalion composed of black soldiers to serve in World War I. The battalion was raised in Nova Scotia. 56% of the battalion was from Nova Scotia (500 soldiers). (An earlier black military unit in Nova Scotia was the Victoria Rifles (Nova Scotia)
.)

Spanish Civil War

Roy Leitch, Veteran of Spanish Civil War

The

rhodes scholar and Dalhousie University professor Roy Leitch who settled in Spryfield, Nova Scotia after the war. He later published the controversial newspaper "The Storm". From 3–18, February 1939, 421 returning soldiers of the Battalion disembarked at Halifax.[149] The last Nova Scotian veteran of the "Mac-Paps" died in the 1980s. The Canadian Government has always denied official recognition of these veterans.[150]

Second World War

Winston Churchill by Oscar Nemon, Halifax, Nova Scotia

During

Nazis for almost four years. Another Nova Scotian, William M. Jones was part of the resistance movement in Yugoslavia
.

From the start of the war in 1939 until VE Day, several of Canada's Atlantic coast ports became important to the resupply effort for the United Kingdom and later for the Allied land offensive on the Western Front. Halifax and

matériel funneled through the port, largely after the United States entered the war in December 1941. The Canadian Pacific Railway mainline from central Canada (which crossed the state of Maine
) could be used to transport in aid of the war effort.

SS Point Pleasant Park Monument, Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Although not crippling to the Canadian war effort, given the country's rail network to the east coast ports, but possibly more destructive to the morale of the Canadian public, was the Battle of the St. Lawrence, when U-boats began to attack domestic coastal shipping along Canada's east coast in the St. Lawrence River and Gulf of St. Lawrence from early 1942 through to the end of the shipping season in late 1944.

SS Caribou was a Newfoundland Railway passenger ferry that ran between Port aux Basques, in the Dominion of Newfoundland, and North Sydney, Nova Scotia between 1928 and 1942. It became infamous when it was attacked and sunk by German submarine U-69 in October 1942, while traversing the Cabot Strait as part of its three weekly SPAB convoys. As a civilian vessel, it had women and children on board, and many of them were among the 137 who died. Its sinking, and large death toll, made it clear that the war had really arrived on Canada's and Newfoundland's home front, and is cited by many historians as the most significant sinking in Canadian-controlled waters during the Second World War.[152] In the Cabot Strait, just off Cape Breton, on 25 November 1944 HMCS Shawinigan was torpedoed and sunk with all hands on board (85 crew) by U-1228.

Surrender of U-889 off Shelburne, Nova Scotia, 13 May 1945.

In World War I and World War II, German submarines torpedoed a number of allied ships near Sambro Island Light. For example, in World War II, while mine sweeping near Sambro Light Vessel on 24 December 1944 while preparing to escort a convoy, HMCS Clayoquot was hit by a torpedo aft fired by U-806.[153] She sank quickly and eight people died.[154] A large search force was sent out to deal with the U-boat however they were not successful in finding it.[153] In the early morning of 16 April 1945, just off Halifax harbour, U-190 sunk HMCS Esquimalt, killing 44 crew.

Several RN escorts were attached to the RCN for some months during 1942, with convoys in the St. Lawrence River and Gulf of St. Lawrence being formed between RCN facilities at

Sydney as well as various civilian fields, particularly in the Magdalen Islands
.

At

King and government of Norway ordered the more than 1,000 ships at sea to go to Allied ports. Camp Norway
was established at Lunenburg.

Leonard W. Murray Plaque Halifax Nova Scotia – on the corner of South St. and Barrington St

Halifax VE-Day Riot
.

In May 1945, following Germany's surrender, U-889 surrendered to the RCN at Shelburne, Nova Scotia.

Korean War

During the

United Nations Service Medal (Korea) and is commemorated on the Korean War Memorial at the Naval Museum of Alberta at HMCS Tecumseh, Calgary, Alberta.[156]

Afghanistan

There were 13 Nova Scotians among the 158 Canadians who were killed in the

War in Afghanistan.[157]

Notable Nova Scotian military figures

The following list includes those who were born in Nova Scotia, Acadia and Mi'kma'ki or those who became

naturalized citizens. Those who came for brief periods from other countries are not included (e.g. John Gorham, Edward Cornwallis, James Wolfe, Boishébert, Thomas Pichon
, etc.)

17th-18th centuries

19th century

20th century

Nova Scotian Victoria Cross Recipients

  This along with the *, indicates that the Victoria Cross was awarded posthumously

Name Date of action Conflict Unit Place of action Province of origin Notes
Philip Bent
 1917* First World War
The Leicestershire Regiment
 Polygon Wood, Belgium Nova Scotia[158]
John Croak
 1918* First World War
13th Battalion, CEF
 Amiens, France Nova Scotia[159]
William Hall 1857 Indian Mutiny HMS Shannon Lucknow, India Nova Scotia[160]
John Kerr 1916 First World War
49th Battalion, CEF
 Courcelette, France Nova Scotia[161]
James Robertson 1917* First World War
27th Battalion, CEF
 Passchendaele, Belgium Nova Scotia[162]

Communities and streets named after military leaders and battles

King Georges War

Father Le Loutre's War

Seven Years' War

American Revolution

Napoleonic Wars

Crimean War

American Civil War

Boer War

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military history of Nova Scotia.

References

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  2. ^ Also, that same year, French fishermen established a settlement at Canso.
  3. ^ Dunn (2004).
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  6. ^ Dunn (2004), p. 19.
  7. ^ Dunn (2004), p. 20.
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  13. ^ Murdoch (1865), p. 398.
  14. ^ The Nova Scotia theatre of the Dummer War is named the "Mi'kmaq-Maliseet War" by John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710–1760. University of Oklahoma Press. 2008.
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  16. ^ Benjamin Church, p. 289; John Grenier, p. 62
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Bibliography

Main article: Bibliography of Nova Scotia

External links

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