Military history of the Philippines
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The military history of the Philippines is characterized by wars between Philippine kingdoms[1] and its neighbors in the precolonial era and then a period of struggle against colonial powers such as Spain and the United States, occupation by the Empire of Japan during World War II and participation in Asian conflicts post-World War II such as the Korean War and the Vietnam War. The Philippines has also battled a communist insurgency and a secessionist movement by Muslims in the southern portion of the country.
Prehistoric period (before 1000 BC – 900 AD)
By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had developed into four distinct kinds of peoples: tribal groups, such as the
Archaeological findings dating from prehistoric eras have discovered a variety of stone and metal weaponry, such as axes, arrows and spearheads. Usually used for hunting, they also allowed tribes to battle with each other. Some more elaborate bronze pieces, such as axes and swords, were also part of the native weaponry. The making of swords involved elaborate rituals that were based mainly on the auspicious conjunctions of planets. The passage of the sword from the maker entailed a mystical ceremony that was coupled with tribal beliefs. The lowlanders of
Pre-colonial period (900 AD to 1565)
This section possibly contains original research. (September 2017) |
Ma-i and Bruneian alliance against China
By the 800s, British Historian Robert Nicholl citing Arab chronicler Al Ya'akubi, had written that on those years, the kingdoms of Muja (Then Pagan Brunei/Vijayapura) and Mayd (Ma-i) waged war against the Chinese Empire.[9]: 38
Kedatuan of Madja-as against Chola Occupied Srivijaya
In the aftermath of the Indian Chola invasion of Srivijaya (1025 AD), Datu Puti led some dissident datus from Borneo (including present day Brunei which then was the location of the Vijayapura state which was a local colony of the Hindu-Buddhist Srivijaya empire)[10] and Sumatra in a rebellion against Rajah Makatunao who was a Chola appointed local Rajah. This oral legend of ancient Hiligaynons rebelling against Rajah Makatunao have corroboration in Chinese records during the Song Dynasty when Chinese scholars recorded that the ruler during a February 1082 AD diplomatic meeting, was Seri Maharaja, and his descendant was Rajah Makatunao and was together with Sang Aji (grandfather to Sultan Muhammad Shah).[11] According to the Maragtas the dissidents against new Rajah's rule and their retinue, tried to revive Srivijaya in a new country called Madja-as in the Visayas islands (an archipelago named after Srivijaya) in the Philippines. Seeing how the actual Srivijayan Empire reached even the outer coast of Borneo, which is already neighboring the Philippines, Historian Robert Nicholl implied that the Srivijayans of Sumatra, Vijayans of Vijayapura at Brunei-Sarawak, and the Visayans in the Philippines were all related and connected to each other since they form one contiguous area.[9]: 37
According to Augustinian Friar, Rev. Fr. Santaren, Datu Macatunao or Rajah Makatunao is the “sultan of the Moros,” and a relative of Datu Puti who seized the properties and riches of the ten datus. Robert Nicholls, a historian from Brunei identified Rajah Tugao, the leader of the Malano Kingdom of Sarawak, as the Rajah Makatunao referred to in the Maragtas. The Bornean warriors Labaodungon and Paybare, after learning of this injustice from their father-in-law Paiburong, sailed to Odtojan in Borneo where Makatunaw ruled. Using local soldiers recruited from the Philippines as well as fellow pioneers, the warriors sacked the city, killed Makatunaw and his family, retrieved the stolen properties of the 10 datus, enslaved the remaining population of Odtojan, and sailed back to Panay. Labaw Donggon and his wife, Ojaytanayon, later settled in a place called Moroboro. Afterwards there are descriptions of various towns founded by the datus in Panay, other Visayan islands, and southern Luzon.[12]
Champa-Sulu War
The Chams who migrated to Sulu were called Orang Dampuan.[13] [14] The Champa Civilization and the port-kingdom of Sulu engaged in commerce with each other which resulted in merchant Chams settling in Sulu where they were known as Orang Dampuan from the 10th–13th centuries. The Orang Dampuan were slaughtered by envious native Sulu Buranuns due to the wealth of the Orang Dampuan.[15] The Buranun were then subjected to retaliatory slaughter by the Orang Dampuan. Harmonious commerce between Sulu and the Orang Dampuan was later restored.[16] The Yakans were descendants of the Taguima-based Orang Dampuan who came to Sulu from Champa.[17] Sulu received civilization in its Indic form from the Orang Dampuan.[18]
Visayan Raids against China
Antecedent to these raids, sometime between A.D. 1174 and 1190, a traveling Chinese government bureaucrat Chau Ju-Kua reported that a certain group of "ferocious raiders of China's Fukien coast" which he called the "Pi-sho-ye", believed to have lived on the southern part of
In A.D. 1273, another work written by Ma Tuan Lin, which came to the knowledge of non-Chinese readers through a translation made by the Marquis D'Hervey de Saint-Denys, gave reference to the Pi-sho-ye raiders, thought to have originated from the southern portion of
Pon-i Invasion of Philippine Kingdoms
During the 12th century, then-Hindu Brunei called "Pon-i", as reported in the Chinese annals Nanhai zhi, invaded Malilu 麻裏蘆 (present-day Manila) as it also administered
War between Sulu and Majapahit
In the mid 14th century, the Majapahit empire mentioned in its manuscript Nagarakretagama Canto 14, written by Prapanca in 1365, that the area of Solot (Sulu) was part of the empire.[22][23] Nagarakretagama was composed as a eulogy for their emperor Hayam Wuruk.[24] However, Chinese sources then report that in 1369, the Sulus regained independence and in vengeance, assaulted Majapahit and its province, Po-ni (Brunei) which Majapahit invaded, looting it of treasure and gold. A fleet from the Majapahit capital succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but Po-ni was left weaker after the attack and the Majapahit collaborating Pon-i royalty have to deal with the theft of two sacred pearls by Sulu. The Majapahit Empire, attempted to reconquer the kingdoms of Sulu and Manila but they were permanently repulsed. Furthermore, the Sulus counter-invaded deep into Majapahit held East Kalimantan and North Kalimantan[25]
War between the Moros and Cebu
During the early 1400s, Rajamuda Sri Lumay, a
Brunei's invasion of Tondo, incorporation of Sulu and establishment of Manila
The Battle of Manila (1500s) was fought in
Territorial conflict between Manila and Tondo
According to the account of Rajah Matanda as recalled by Magellan expedition members Gines de Mafra, Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz, and expedition scribe Antonio Pigafetta, Maynila had a territorial conflict with Tondo in the years before 1521.
At the time, Rajah Matanda's mother (whose name was not mentioned in the accounts) served as the paramount ruler of the Maynila polity, taking over from Rajah Matanda's father (also unnamed in the accounts), who had died when Rajah Matanda was still very young. Rajah Matanda, then simply known as the "Young Prince" Ache, was raised alongside his cousin, who was ruler of Tondo – presumed by some to be a young Bunao Lakandula, although not specifically named in the accounts.
During this time, Ache realized that his cousin, who was ruler of the Tondo polity, was "slyly" taking advantage of Ache's mother by taking over territory belonging to Maynila. When Ache asked his mother for permission to address the matter, his mother refused, encouraging the young prince to keep his peace instead. Prince Ache could not accept this and thus left Maynila with some of his father's trusted men, to go to his "grandfather", the Sultan of Brunei, to ask for assistance. The Sultan responded by giving Ache a position as commander of his naval force.
In 1521, Prince Ache was coming fresh from a military victory at the helm of the Bruneian navy and was supposedly on his way back to Maynila with the intent of confronting his cousin when he came upon and attacked the remnants of the Magellan expedition, then under the command of
Battle of Mactan
The Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521, is celebrated as the earliest reported resistance [
On March 16, 1521, the island of
Magellan deployed 49 armored men, less than half his crew, with crossbows and guns, but could not anchor near land because the island is surrounded by shallow coral bottoms and thus unsuitable for the Spanish galleons to get close to shore. His crew had to wade through the surf to make a landing and the ship was too far to support them with artillery. Antonio Pigafetta, a supernumerary on the voyage who later returned to Seville, Spain, records that Lapu-Lapu had at least 1500 warriors in the battle. During the battle, Magellan was wounded in the leg, while still in the surf. As the crew were fleeing to the boats, Pigafetta recorded that Magellan covered their retreat, turning at them on several occasions to make sure they were getting away, and was finally surrounded by a multitude of warriors and killed. The total toll was of eight crewmen killed on Magellan's side against an unknown number of casualties from the Mactan natives.
The Kedatuan of Dapitan vs the Ternate and Lanao Sultanates
By 1563, before the full Spanish colonization agenda came to Bohol, the Kedatuan of Dapitan was at war with the Sultanate of Ternate, a Papuan speaking Muslim state in the Moluccas, which was also raiding the Rajahnate of Butuan. At the time, Dapitan was ruled by two brothers named Dalisan and Pagbuaya. The Ternateans at the time were allied to the Portuguese. Dapitan was destroyed by Ternateans and Datu Dalisan was killed in battle. His brother, Datu Pagbuaya, together with his people fled to Mindanao and established a new Dapitan in the northern coast of the Zamboanga peninsula and displaced its Muslim natives. In the process, waging war against the Sultanate of Lanao and conquering territories from the Sultanate.[34]
Lucoes Mercenary Activity
Due to the conflict-ridden nature of the Philippine archipelago, warriors were forged in the many wars in the islands, thus the islands acquired a reputation for its capable mercenaries, which were soon employed all across South and Southeast Asia with some influence even manifested in East Asia at
Pinto noted that there were a number of them in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century. The Sultan of Aceh gave one of them (Sapetu Diraja) the task of holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511.
Spanish colonial period (1565–1898)
Early Spanish Conquest
- Battle of Manila (1570)
- Battle of Bangkusay Channel
- Siege of Cainta (August 1571)
Major Revolts (1567–1872)
- Dagami Revolt (1567)
- Tagalog Revolt (1574)
- Pampanga Revolt (1585)
- Tondo Conspiracy (1587)
- Dingras Revolt (1589)
- Cagayan Revolt (1589)
- Magalat Revolt (1596)
- Igorot Revolt (1601)
- Sangley Revolt (1603)
- Caquenga Revolt (1607)
- Irraya or Gaddang Revolt (1621)
- Tamblot Revolt (1621–1622)
- Bankaw revolt (1621–1622)
- Itneg Revolt (1625–1627)
- Ladia Revolt (1643)
- Sumuroy Revolt (1649–1650)
- Maniago Revolt (1660–1661)
- Malong Revolt (1660–1661)
- Almazan Revolt (January 1661)
- Chinese Revolt (1662)
- Panay Revolt (1663)
- Zambal Revolt (1681–1683)
- Dagohoy Rebellion (1744–1829)
- Agrarian Revolt (1745)
- Silang Revolt (1762–1763)
- Palaris Revolt (1762–1765)
- Basi Revolt (1807)
- Novales Revolt (1823)
- Palmero Conspiracy (1828)
- Pule Revolt (1840–1841)
Moro campaign (1569–1898)
- Battle of Cebu (1569)
- Spanish-Moro Incident (1570)
- Jolo Jihad (1578–1580)
- Cotabato Revolt (1597)
- Spanish-Moro Incident (1602)
- Basilan Revolt (1614)
- Kudarat Revolt (1625)
- Battle of Jolo (1628)
- Sulu Revolt (1628)
- Lanao Lamitan Revolt (1637)
- Battle of Punta Flechas (1638)
- Sultan Bungsu Revolt (1638)
- Mindanao Revolt (1638)
- Lanao Revolt (1639)
- Sultan Salibansa Revolt (1639)
- Corralat Revolt (1649)
- Spanish-Moro Incident (1876)
- Limahong campaign (1574–1576)
Castilian War (1578)
Cagayan battles (1582)
The 1582 Cagayan battles were a series of clashes between the forces of Colonial Philippines led by Captain Juan Pablo de Carrión and wokou (possibly led by Japanese pirates) headed by Tay Fusa. These battles, which took place in the vicinity of the Cagayan River, finally resulted in a Spanish victory.
Cambodian-Spanish War (1593–1597)
Eighty Years' War (1568–1648)
- Battle of Cavite (1600)
- Moluccas Expedition (1606)
- Siege of Manila (1609–1610)
- Battle of Playa Honda (1617, 1624)
- Formosa Expedition (1626)
- First Battle of San Salvador
- Second Battle of San Salvador
- Battles of La Naval de Manila (1646)
- Battle of Puerto de Cavite (1647)
- Battle of Abucay (1647)
Chinese insurrections (1603–1640)
Seven Years' War (1756–1763)
Wars in the Americas (1812–1821)
- Overseas Filipinos living in
- "Manilamen" recruited from San Blas join the Argentinian of French descent, Hypolite Bouchard in the assault of Spanish California during the Argentinian War of Independence.[43][44]
- Manila-born Miguel Hidalgo in the Mexican War of Independence.[45]
- Filipinos in Mexico serving under the Filipino-Mexican General Isidoro Montes de Oca assisted Vicente Guerrero in the Mexican war of independence against Spain.[46]
Cochinchina Campaign (1858–1862)
- Siege of Tourane
- Siege of Đà Nẵng[47]
- Siege of Saigon (1859–1861)[47]
- Battle of Kỳ Hòa
- Capture of Biên Hòa
Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864)
- Some 200-300 Filipinos were recruited by Frederick Townsend Ward as his personal and separate Bodyguard unit under the Ever Victorious Army against the Taiping rebels due to their fighting prowess which they showed during the group's earlier campaigns. A Filipino and a former consulate policeman Vicente Macanaya became Ward's trusted aide-de-camp and was supposed to have succeeded the American after he died in one battle. However, he was later bypassed for promotion in favor of Charles Gordon, a British soldier.[48][49][50]
Philippine Revolution and Declaration of Independence (1896–1898)
Philippine Revolution (1896–1898)
The Armed Forces of the Philippines began with the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities upon the discovered they called the
- Battle of Julian Bridge
- Battle of San Juan del Monte
- Negros Revolution
- Cry of Pugad Lawin
- Battle of Pasong Tamo
- Battle of Manila (1896)
- Battle of Noveleta
- Battle of San Francisco de Malabon
- Kawit revolt
- Battle of Imus
- Cry of Nueva Ecija
- Battles of Batangas
- Battle of San Mateo and Montalban
- Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican
- Battle of Sambat
- Battle of Pateros
- Battle of Kakarong de Sili
- Cry of Tarlac
- Battle of Perez Dasmariñas
- Battle of Zapote Bridge (1897)
- Retreat to Montalban
- Raid at Paombong
- Battle of Aliaga
- Battle of Calamba
- Battle of Alapan
- Battle of Tayabas
- Battle of Tres de Abril
- Siege of Baler
- Siege of Masbate
Spanish–American War (1898)
The first military action between American and Spanish forces was the 1898
On 12 June, 1898, Aguinaldo's forces declared the
American colonial period (1899–1941) and Japanese occupation (1942–1945)
Philippine–American War (1899–1913)
The Philippine–American War[b] was a conflict between the United States and the First Philippine Republic from 1899 through at least 1902, when the Filipino leadership generally accepted American rule. A Philippine Constabulary organized in 1901 to deal with the remnants of the insurgent movement and gradually assumed the responsibilities of the United States Army. Skirmishes between government troops and armed groups lasted until 1913, and some historians consider these unofficial extensions part of the war.[51]
- Battle of Manila (1899)
- Battle of Caloocan
- Second Battle of Caloocan
- Battle of Balantang
- Capture of Malolos
- Battle of Marilao River
- Battle of Santa Cruz
- Battle of Pagsanjan
- Battle of Paete
- Battle of Quingua
- Battle of Calumpit
- Battle of Santo Tomas
- Battle of Zapote River
- Battle of Olongapo
- Battle of San Jacinto
- Battle of Tirad Pass
- Battle of Paye
- Battle of Cagayan de Misamis
- Siege of Catubig
- Battle of Agusan Hill
- Battle of Makahambus Hill
- Battle of Pulang Lupa
- Battle of Mabitac
- Battle of Lonoy
- Battle of Balangiga
- Battle of Bayang
- Hassan uprising
- Battle of Siranaya
- Battle of Taraca
- Battle of Dolores River
- Battle of the Malalag River
- First Battle of Bud Dajo
- Second Battle of Bud Dajo
- Battle of Bud Bagsak
World War I (1914–1918)
In 1917 the
Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
During the Spanish Civil War,
World War II (1941–1945)
The first Filipino military casualty during the Second World War was serving as an aviator with British forces. First Officer Isidro Juan Paredes of the Air Transport Auxiliary was killed on November 7, 1941, when his aircraft overshot a runway and crashed at RAF Burtonwood. He was buried at Great Sankey (St Mary) Churchyard Extension, but later repatriated to the Philippines.[56] Paredes Air Station in Ilocos Norte, was named in his honor.
- Philippines campaign (1941–1942)
- Japanese invasion of Batan Island
- Japanese invasion of Vigan
- Japanese invasion of Aparri
- Japanese invasion of Legazpi
- Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf
- Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay
- Battle of Bataan
- Battle of Corregidor
- Philippine resistance against Japan
- Philippines campaign (1944–1945)
- Battle of Leyte
- Battle of Leyte Gulf
- Battle off Samar
- Battle of Ormoc Bay
- Battle of Mindoro
- Battle of Maguindanao
- Invasion of Lingayen Gulf
- Battle of Luzon
- Battle of Bessang Pass
- Raid at Cabanatuan
- Battle of Bataan (1945)
- Battle of Manila (1945)
- Battle of Corregidor (1945)
- Battle of Baguio (1945)
- Raid on Los Baños
- Invasion of Palawan
- Battle of Mindanao
- Battle of Visayas
- Battle for Cebu City
- Battle of Davao
- Battle of Mayoyao Ridge
World War II Veterans are members of the following:
- U.S. Army Forces Far East(USAFFE)
- United States Army Forces in the Philippines – Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL)
- Philippine Scouts (PS)
- Philippine Constabulary (PC)
- Commonwealth Army of the Philippines(CAP)
- Recognized Guerrilla Units (Philippine Commonwealth)
Related articles:
Korean War (1950–1953)
The Philippines joined the
- Operation Tomahawk
- Operation Ripper (The Fourth Battle of Seoul)[58]
- Battle of Bloody Ridge
- Battle of Yultong
- Battle of the Imjin River
- Battle of Heartbreak Ridge
- Battle of Hill Eerie
Vietnam War (1964–1969)
The Philippines was involved in the Vietnam War, supporting civil and medical operations. Initial deployment in 1964 amounted to 28 military personnel, including nurses, and 6 civilians. The number of AFP battalion troops who served in Vietnam swelled to 182 officers and 1,882 enlisted personnel during the period 1966-1968. Some 10,450 Philippine Armed Forces troops were dispatched to South Vietnam and primarily supported medical and other civilian pacification projects. These forces operated under the designation A or Philippine Civic Action Group-Vietnam or PHILCAG-V. Nine Filipinos were killed in the conflict. Filipino troops withdrew from Vietnam on December 12, 1969. AFP units were also sent at the same time to the Spratly Islands. The naval base at Subic Bay was used for the U.S. Seventh Fleet from 1964 until the end of the war in 1975. Subic Bay and Clark Air Base achieved maximum functionality during the war, as well as supporting an estimated 80,000 locals in allied tertiary businesses that ranged from shoe making to prostitution.
EDSA Revolution (February 22–25, 1986)
On February 22, 1986, former
Persian Gulf War (1990–1991)
The Philippines sent 200 medical personnel to assist
Iraq War (2003–2004)
The Philippines sent 60 medics, engineers and other troops to assist in the invasion of Iraq. The troops were withdrawn on the 14th of July, 2004, in response to the kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz, a Filipino truck driver. When insurgent demands were met (Filipino troops out of Iraq), the hostage was released. While in Iraq, the troops were under Polish command (Central South Iraq). During that time, several Filipino soldiers were wounded in an insurgent attack, although none died.
Communist rebellion in the Philippines
Early 1950s to present
- Hukbalahap
- New People's Army
- National Democratic Front
Moro conflict
Late 1960s to present
- Moro National Liberation Front
- Moro Islamic Liberation Front
- Abu Sayyaf Conflict
- The Burnham Hostage Crisis
- The Maundy Thursday Rescue
- Rajah Sulaiman movement
- Maute group (ISIS)
See also
- Armed Forces of the Philippines
- Philippine Air Force
- Philippine Navy
- Philippine Marine Corps
- Philippine Army
- Philippine Constabulary
- Military History of the Philippines during World War II
- History of the Philippines
- Presidential Security Group / Presidential Security Command
- Filipino Special Forces
- General Alfredo M. Santos – the first four-star general of the Philippine Army and the Armed Forces of the Philippines(1963)
- Philippine National Police
- Reform the Armed Forces Movement
- Reserve Officers' Training Corps (Philippines)
- Katipunan
- Philippine Revolutionary Army
- Armed Forces of the Philippines
- Philippine Commonwealth Army
- Luna sharpshooter
- List of conflicts in the Philippines
- List of wars involving the Philippines
Notes
- ^ The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 AD.[38]
- ^ This conflict is also known as the 'Philippine Insurrection'. This name was historically the most commonly used in the U.S., but Filipinos and some American historians refer to these hostilities as the Philippine–American War, and, in 1999, the U.S. Library of Congress reclassified its references to use this term.
References
- JSTOR 120942.
- ISBN 971-542-508-9.
- ISBN 978-0470016176.
- ^ Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). "The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association (26): 72–78. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014.
- PMID 25137359.
- ^ Legarda, Benito, Jr. (2001). "Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines". Kinaadman (Wisdom) A Journal of the Southern Philippines. 23: 40.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 45.
- ISBN 978-0-415-29777-6.
- ^ S2CID 161541098.
- ISBN 978-983-2643-74-6.
- ^ The Pre-Islamic Kings of Brunei By Rozan Yunos taken from the Magazine "Pusaka" published on year 2009.
- ^ Mga Maragtas ng Panay[dead link]: Comparative Analysis of Documents about the Bornean Settlement Tradition By Talaguit Christian Jeo N.
- ^ History of the Philippines. Chapter 3: Our Early Ancestors.
- ^ UNDERSTANDING HISTORY.
- ISBN 978-971-23-4154-0.
- ISBN 971-23-3449-X.
- ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
- ISBN 971-23-3225-X.
- ^ a b Bersales, Jobers (June 6, 2013). "Raiding China". Past Forward. Inquirer.net. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ "The Gravesite of a One Great Kingdom". discoverbohol.com. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
- ^ Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines By Wang Zhenping Page 256.
- ^ "A Complete Transcription of Majapahit Royal Manuscript of Nagarakertagama". Jejak Nusantara (in Indonesian).
- JSTOR 2717905.
- S2CID 145722369.
- ISBN 978-99917-2-372-3.
- ^ Celestino C. Macachor (2011). "Searching for Kali in the Indigenous Chronicles of Jovito Abellana". Rapid Journal. 10 (2). Archived from the original on July 3, 2012.
- ^ History for Brunei Darussalam 2009, p. 41.
- CIA World Factbook. 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
- ^ Jose Rizal, as cited by Dery, 2001
- ^ Halili 2004, p. 74
- ^ Ongsotto & Ongsotto 2002, p. 63
- ^ Halili 2004, p. 72
- ^ Ongsotto & Ongsotto 2002, p. 62
- ^ Catubig, Jonathan B. (2003). "Dapitan Kingdom: A Historical Study on the Bisayan Migration and Settlement in Mindanao, circa 1563". The Journal of History. 49 (1–4): 143.
Combes points out that, at one time in their history, the people of Panglao invaded mainland Bohol and subsequently imposed economic and political dominance in the area, such that they considered the old Boholanos their slaves by reason of war. A good example at hand was that Pagbuaya considered Si Catunao, the King of Bohol as his vassal and relative.
- ^ Bayao, Bras, Letter to the king dated Goa 1 November 1540, Archivo Nacional de Torre de Tombo: Corpo Cronologico, parte 1, maco 68, doc. 63, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194.
- ^ "Quest of the Dragon and Bird Clan; The Golden Age (Volume III)" -Lungshanoid (Glossary)- By Paul Kekai Manansala
- ^ a b Pigafetta, Antonio (1969) [1524]. First voyage round the world. Translated by J. A. Robertson. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild.
- ^ Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente [1628], Lisbon, 1777, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194.
- ^ a b Pinto, Fernão Mendes (1989) [1578]. "The Travels of Mendes Pinto". Translated by Rebecca Catz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- ISBN 0-19-580354-X.
- ^ The Mediterranean Connection by William Henry Scott Page 138 (Published By: Ateneo de Manila University) Taken from "Translated in Teixera, The Portuguese Missions, p. 166."
- ^ Williams, Rudi (June 3, 2005). "DoD's Personnel Chief Gives Asian-Pacific American History Lesson". American Forces Press Service. U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on June 15, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
- ^ Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2006). Historia de México. México, D. F.: Pearson Educación.
- ^ Mercene, Manila men, p. 52.
- ^ "Mexican Embassy unveils commemorative plaque in honor of PH war hero". Manila Times. October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
- Project MUSE 456194.
- ^ a b Gooding, Nigel. "Filipino Involvement in the French-Spanish Campaign in Indochina". nigelgooding.co.uk. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
- ^ Carr, Caleb (1992). The Devil Soldier: The Story of Frederick Townsend Ward. New York: Random House. p. 91.
- ^ "6 Famous Foreign Wars You Didn't Know Filipinos Fought In". February 8, 2017.
- ^ "Beyond Golan: Filipino global soldiers in the eyes of history". September 9, 2014.
- ISBN 971-8958-00-2.
- ^ Zena Sultana-Babao, America's Thanksgiving and the Philippines' National Heroes Day: Two Holidays Rooted in History and Tradition, Asian Journal, archived from the original on January 11, 2009, retrieved January 12, 2008
- ^ Source: Philippine Military Academy
- ^ "Schools, colleges and Universities: Tomas Claudio Memorial College". Manila Bulletin Online. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
- "Tomas Claudio Memorial College". www.tcmc.edu.ph. Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2007. - ^ Othen, Christopher. Op. cit. p.217
- ^ Casualty Details: Paredes, Isidro Juan, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, retrieved January 12, 2008 His death was registered at the Maidenhead Register of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, where his nationality is recorded as "United Kingdom".
- ^ Art Villasanta, The Philippines in the Korean War, archived from the original on October 22, 2009, retrieved July 4, 2008
- ^ "Operation Ripper - Korean War". WorldAtlas. January 17, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
External links
- Media related to Military history of the Philippines at Wikimedia Commons
- Philippine Presidential Security Group
- AFP Armaments Upgrade Forum
- Armed Forces of the Philippines Forum
- Comparative Analysis of the Use of Foreign Military Sales (FMS) and Direct Commercial Sales (DCS) in the Procurement of US Defense Articles by the Philippine Government for the Use of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
- Philippine Peacekeepers: Instruments of World Peace, Sources of National Pride