Iraqi Armed Forces
Iraqi Armed Forces | |
---|---|
General Abdel Emir Yarallah | |
Personnel | |
Military age | 18[2] |
Active personnel | 193,000[3] |
Expenditures | |
Budget | $7.4 billion (2021)[4] |
Industry | |
Foreign suppliers | |
Annual imports | $2.4 billion (2023)[5] |
Annual exports | $1.8 billion (2023)[5] |
Related articles | |
History | |
Ranks | Military ranks of Iraq |
The Iraqi Armed Forces
The armed forces of Iraq have a long but generally politicized and unsuccessful history. They were initially formed in the early 1920s. Six military
The armed forces are administered by the
The Iraqi Army was historically one of the more competent militaries in the Arab world. However, during Saddam Hussein's dictatorship and interference in military organization, the competence of the Army severely declined.
Role
Legal standing
Article 9 of the Constitution of Iraq establishes the legal basis of the Iraqi Armed Forces. Much of the wording of Article 9 draws upon Article 27 of the 2004
Part A, First Section, Article 9 states that 'The Iraqi armed forces and security services will be composed of the components of the Iraqi people with due consideration given to their balance and representation without discrimination or exclusion. They shall be subject to the control of the civilian authority, shall defend Iraq, shall not be used as an instrument to oppress the Iraqi people, shall not interfere in political affairs, and shall have no role in the transfer of authority.'[8] Parts B and C prohibit the formation of military militias outside the framework of the armed forces and prohibit armed forces personnel from standing for political office or campaigning for political candidates. Part C expressively notes that military personnel are allowed to vote in elections. Part E expressively states the Iraqi Government's commitment to the respect and implementation of Iraq's international obligations regarding the non-proliferation, non-development, nonproduction, and non-use of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. The Second Section says that military service shall be regulated by law.
Iraq's legislation on defence dates from the Coalition Provisional Authority period of 2003–2004. CPA Order 22 established the New Iraqi Army on August 18, 2003, and CPA Order 67 renamed the New Iraqi Army the Iraqi Armed Forces on March 21, 2004.[9] In the process, the New Iraqi Army was expanded to include an Army, Air Force, Coastal Defense Force, reserve forces, and other elements.
Iraq does not appear to have publicly issued a national defence review or white paper. Much of defence policy since 2003 has been set by the United States. For example, one mission objective for
History
The armed forces of
Iraqi participation in the Six-Day War was limited, principally owing to the slow reaction of the Iraqi
After the first Kurdish war ended with a
Iraqi participation in the
The Kurds started the second Kurdish war of 1974–75, but the war ended in a Kurdish defeat after the
Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
The Iran–Iraq War
Although Iraq hoped to take advantage of Iran's
Gulf War (1990–1991)
Saddam Hussein had also poured massive resources into regime protection agencies, like the
Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq had a
During the 1990s, the Iraqi Armed Forces were involved in suppressing the
Iraq War (2003-2011)
In the 1980s and 1990s, Iraq built and used an arsenal of
Saddam's government did not respond to the ultimatum in the way that the Bush Administration wanted them to. On March 19, 2003, the United States, with British,
Rebuilding the Armed Forces
The Armed Forces were formally disbanded and the Iraqi Ministry of Defense was dissolved shortly after the invasion, by
On June 25, 2003, the
In the interim, the new army had been formally established by Coalition Provisional Authority Order 22 of August 18, 2003.[1] Then on September 3, 2003, Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 28 established the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps as a temporary security agency to complement Coalition military operations in Iraq.
In April 2004, an Iraqi
On 22 April 2004, under Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 73 all personnel, facilities, and equipment of the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps were transferred to the Iraqi Ministry of Defence as a component of the Iraqi Armed Forces.
After the dissolution of the
In July 2006, a milestone was achieved when the first Iraqi province transferred to
The Iraqi Army launched its first solely planned and executed high-profile division-level operation March 25, 2008 in the Battle of Basra (2008). The IA received Coalition support only in air support, logistics and via embedded advisors. A British infantry brigade stationed at Basra International Airport was ready in a tactical overwatch role, but it did not intervene.
On January 1, 2009, the Provincial Iraqi Control process was superseded by the U.S.-Iraqi Security Agreement (see also
Structure
The Ministry of Defense (MOD) oversees the forces, as well as the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau, reporting directly to the
The
Iraqi military intelligence has been rebuilt since the army was dissolved in 2003. However it has suffered from political interference. In mid 2009 Prime Minister al-Maliki reportedly dismissed Major General Jamal Suleiman, the director of military intelligence, and took on the job himself. The Prime minister had reportedly dismissed the director of Iraqi national intelligence at the same time.[39]
Iraqi Army
The
The Iraqi Army in its modern form was first created by the
The
Light infantry brigades are equipped with small arms, machine guns, RPGs, body armor and light armored vehicles. Mechanized infantry brigades are equipped with
The Army extensively collaborated with Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces during anti-ISIL operations.
From its creation in 1922 to 2003, the army suffered from a number of serious difficulties, junior tactical leadership among them. "Iraqi forces consistently had problems because of a dearth of technical skills and a limited exposure to machinery."[45] However it also had significant strengths, particularly in two areas: logistics and combat engineering. Two impressive logistical accomplishments of the army included the ability to sustain an armoured corps in Syria during the Yom Kippur War/1973 Arab–Israeli War and their ability to move formations of corps size from one end of the country to another in days during the Iran–Iraq War.[45] Since 2003, creation of combat forces has been the priority, and logistical support was initially supplied in one way or another by the coalition. As of mid 2008, logistical problems included a maintenance crisis and ongoing supply problems.[46] Logistical capabilities have been developing, however, and the build-up of a nationwide logistical structure, with the Taji National Depot at its centre, is now well under way.
Iraqi Air Force
The
The Royal Iraqi Air Force was founded in 1931, during the period of British control in Iraq after their defeat of the Ottomans in the First World War, with only a few pilots. The Air Force considered its founding day as 22 April 1931, when the first pilots flew in from training in the
In the years following Iraqi independence, the Air Force was still dependent on the Royal Air Force. The Iraqi government allocated the majority of its military expenditure to the Army and by 1936 the Royal Iraqi Air Force had only 37 pilots and 55 aircraft. The following year, the Air Force increased its number of pilots to 127.[49] The air force used both Soviet and British aircraft throughout the 1950s and 1960s. When Saddam Hussein came to power in 1979, the air force grew quickly when Iraq ordered more Soviet and French aircraft. The air force's peak came after the long Iran–Iraq War, which ended in 1988, when it consisted of 1029 aircraft of all types (of which 550 were combat aircraft), becoming the largest air force in the region.[22] Its downfall came during the Gulf War (1990–91) and continued as U.S. and allied forces enforced no-fly zones. The remains of Iraq's air force were destroyed during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
After the invasion, the Air Force was rebuilt, receiving most of its training and aircraft from the United States. In 2007, Iraq asked Iran to return some of the scores of Iraqi fighter planes that flew there to escape destruction during the Gulf War in 1991.[50] As of 2014, Iran was receptive to the demands and was working on refurbishing an unspecified number of aircraft.[51][52]
The
Between 1977 and 1987, the Iraqi Navy received eight Osa-class missile boats, armed with P-15 Termit ("Styx") anti-ship missiles, from the Soviet Union. It also purchased four Lupo-class frigates and six Assad-class corvettes from Italy, although these were never delivered because of international sanctions following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990.[53]
The Iraqi Navy was almost completely destroyed by the Royal Navy during the Gulf War of 1991. The force had 19 ships sunk and 6 vessels damaged.[54] In total, more than 100 Iraqi ships were destroyed. The Navy was not rebuilt and played little part in the Iraq War (2003). One Soviet patrol boat was destroyed. One exception was two mine warfare vessels captured by US Navy and Coast Guard units during the assault on Al Faw; The tug Jumariya, towing a well camouflaged minelaying barge, and the tug Al Raya, which had been outfitted as a minelayer itself.[55] Of the units that remained by late 2002, most were in a poor state of repair and the crews were in a poor state of readiness. Whatever units that remained after 1991 were used primarily for safeguarding Saddam's palaces on the Tigris river.[56]
The Navy "was reformed in 2003 around five Taiwanese-built 28-meter Predator -class patrol boats, calling itself the Iraqi Coast Guard until December 2004, when it assumed the navy title."[57] By the time the force "assumed its new identity as the Iraqi Navy in December [2004], it had mustered a force of 600, including 200 naval infantry who guard" Iraq's two oil platforms."
In July 2008 it was reported that the Iraqi Navy was building a second Marine battalion.
Headed by Rear Admiral Muhammad Jawad, the navy had plans to build six
The Iraqi Navy is designed for coastal water protection; preventing the smuggling of people, oil and weapons; and to protect the country's oil platforms. As a result, it mainly needs patrol boats. These may be backed up by fast attack craft. The patrol boats need to have the ability to launch
Challenges for the armed forces
Poor levels of internal security have stifled attempts to build any national banking or credit systems. In lieu of such organizations, Iraqi units operate at any given time with an estimated 10–20% absenteeism rate due to soldiers temporarily leaving their units to deliver their pay back to their families.[60] This can be especially grueling if the unit is on deployment outside of their home province as the absenteeism time is naturally increased.
In addition, all military hospitals under the Saddam regime were looted and abandoned during the 2003 invasion of Iraq; thus as of April 2007 the Army had no military hospitals.[61] There is only one military prosthetics facility in the country and virtually no mental health or burn treatment services. Wounded Iraqi soldiers are expected to receive treatment either at civilian hospitals or if possible, at Coalition medical facilities.[61] Corruption practices spurred partly by over-taxation at these civilian hospitals significantly drive up costs to the soldier. Due to overwhelming red tape within the Iraqi military compensation system, it is commonplace for the soldier to end up bearing the financial brunt of medical expenses.[61]
Purchases from U.S. Industry
U.S. foreign military sales (FMS) to Iraq during the fiscal year 2020 included:
- AeroVironment unmanned aircraft systems, maintenance, and training[62]
- BAE Systems Inc. MK90 grain[63]
- Chemring cartridge actuated devices/propellant actuated devices, which can be used in ejection seats[64]
- General Dynamics vehicle logistics support and training in Taji, Iraq[65]
- Lockheed Martin long range radar systems[66]
- Lockheed Martin Integrated Air Defense System sustainment[67]
- Navistar Defense transport trucks, recovery vehicles, and spare parts[68]
- Northrop Grumman ATK contractor logistic support for Iraq's Textron Cessna 208 and Cessna 172 fleet[69]
- Rapiscan Systems contractor logistics support for M60 mobile scanning vehicle systems[70]
- Scientia Global digital mobile radio equipment and training[71]
- Spartan Air Academy contractor logistics support for T-6A aircraft at Balad Air Base[72]
- and M16A4 rifles from Colt and FN America LLC.[73]
Defense industry under Saddam Hussein
Under Saddam Hussein's presidency, Iraq had constructed state-of-the-art production facilities for the rocket propellant at Hillah, south of Baghdad, and assembled the missiles at Falluja, west of the Iraqi capital. At the time, Iraq was believed to be way ahead of its then rival Iran's arms producing industry. The Iraqis were producing a ground-to-ground missile with a 400-mile range known as the Husayn, a variant of the Soviet Scud rocket. They lobbed dozens of these terrifying missiles into Tehran in the late stages of their war with Iran during the so-called "War of the Cities." In addition, the Iraqis were believed to have the best stocks of rocket artillery in the Third World. They were producing a rocket with a 35-mile range modeled on the Brazilian Astros 2, a copy of the Soviet Frog 7, and their own 55-mile-range Liath rocket that was reportedly capable of carrying a chemical warhead. The Iraqis were also building a 30-mile-range surface-to-surface rocket known as the Ababil, which was designed to carry a sophisticated cluster-bomb warhead. Other Iraqi munitions projects included
There was an Iraqi biological weapons program (not to be confused with Iraqi chemical weapons program) under Saddam Hussein until the end of 1991 Gulf War. By the time Iraqis were testing biological warheads (containing anthrax and botulinum toxin) in Iraq's deserts, the 1980 to 1988 Iran–Iraq war had come to an end.[74] In December 1990 the Iraqis had filled 100 R-400 bombs with botulinum toxin, 50 with anthrax, and 16 with aflatoxin. In addition, 13 Al Hussein missile warheads were filled with botulinum toxin, 10 with anthrax, and 2 with aflatoxin. These weapons were deployed in January 1991 to four locations for use against the U.S. forces only as "weapons of last resort" in case they stormed the gates of Baghdad. Since this never happened in 1991, Saddam found their use unnecessary. Iraq destroyed its biological arsenal after the 1991 war.
The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) in Britain published in September 2002 a review of Iraq's military capability, and concluded that Iraq could assemble nuclear weapons within months if fissile material from foreign sources were obtained.[75] Dr. Mahdi Obeidi, who created Saddam's nuclear centrifuge program that had successfully enriched uranium to weapons grade before the 1991 Gulf War, stated in an op-ed in The New York Times that although Iraqi scientists possessed the knowledge to restart the nuclear program, by 2002 the idea had become "a vague dream from another era."[76] Iraqi scientists under Saddam Hussein included
International military cooperation
From 2003 to 2010, the
Lt Gen Bednarek succeeded Caslen.In 2010, U.S. Army Major General
While Iran has been accused of involvement in the
See also
- List of current equipment of the Iraqi Armed Forces
- Uniforms of Iraqi Armed Forces
- Military ranks of Iraq
Notes
- romanized: Al-Quwwat Al-Musallahah Al-Iraqiyyah, Kurdish: هێزە چەکدارەکانی عێراق
- Arabic: حرب الخليج الأولى, الحرب الإيرانية العراقية The war is known in the Arab world and other countries as the First Gulf War
References
- ^ a b Coalition Provisional Authority (August 18, 2003). "Coalition Provisional Authority Order No. 22 of 2003, Creation of a New Iraqi Army".
- ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Iraq". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
- ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (2022). The Military Balance 2022. London: Routledge. p. 345.
- ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (2022). The Military Balance 2022. London: Routledge. p. 346.
- ^ a b Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (24 April 2022). "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- ^ Pollack 2002, pp. 264–66.
- S2CID 211419988
- ^ There is no single authoritative translation of the Constitution. These translations are drawn from the translation by the United Nations, accessible at http://www.uniraq.org/documents/iraqi_constitution.pdf Archived 2012-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, page 5 of 43.
- ^ Order 22: Creation of a New Iraqi Army and Order 67: Ministry of Defense, accessed 26 March 2010
- ^ Al-Marashi & Salama 2008, p. 215.
- ^ Samir al-Khalil, Republic of Fear, 1990, p.170
- ^ Library of Congress Country Studies: Iraq, 'Iraq as an independent monarchy,' 1988, accessed March 2010
- ISBN 978-0-7881-5108-8.
- ^ This section is drawn from Pollack 2002, p.167
- ^ This section is drawn from Pollack, 2002, p.177–178
- ^ Pollack, 2002, p.175, citing Dupuy, Elusive Victory, 532–534, Herzog, Arab–Israeli Wars, 303–04, Edgar O'Ballance, No Victor, No Vanquished, 317–18, and Tzvi Ofer, The Iraqi Army in the Yom Kippur War, transl. Hatzav, Tel Aviv: Ma'arachot, 1986, p.128–65. Pollack notes that the various accounts of Iraqi operations on the Golan Heights are highly contradictory. He relies on Ofer, 1986, which is an Israeli General Staff critique of the official Iraqi General Staff analysis of the battle.
- ^ Pollack 2002, 182–183
- ISBN 978-0-393-32597-3.
- ^ Segal, David (28 January 2009). "The Iran-Iraq War: A Military Analysis". Foreign Affairs. 66 (Summer 1988) – via www.foreignaffairs.com.
- OCLC 48783766.
- ^ For a 1992 estimate of Iraq's armed forces, see James Bruce, "How Saddam is picking up the pieces a year after 'Storm'," Jane's Defence Weekly, 22 February 1992, 284. This piece estimates that Iraq might have 250 intact aircraft and between 22 and 27 divisions.
- ^ a b c Broder & Jehl 1990.
- ^ Moger, Jourden Travis (2021). "BETWEEN DESERT STORM AND IRAQI FREEDOM: U.S. ARMY OPERATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST, 1991-2001". history.army.mil. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
- ^ Friedman 1992, pp. 61, 109, 349–52.
- ^ Rathmell RAND 2005.
- ^ "Northrop Grumman Awarded $48 Million Contract to Train New Iraqi Army". Northrop Grumman Newsroom. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
- ^ Wright & Reese 2008, p. 436.
- ^ "The Continuing Challenge of Building the Iraqi Security Forces, Report from the US Congress Armed Services Committee. June 27, 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2007.
- ^ Robinson 2022.
- ^ Carter Malkasian, "A Thin Blue Line in the Sand," Democracy, issue #5, Summer 2007. Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "US Army Counterinsurgency Field Manual, December 2006" (PDF). army.mil. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- ^ "DoD Bloggers Roundtable Conference Call with David Kilcullen. May 25, 2007" (PDF). defendamerica.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- ^ "Transcript of interview with Ltd Gen Martin Dempsey, June 1 2007" (PDF). defendamerica.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- ^ DoD News Briefing with Brig. Gen. Dana Pittard, June 25, 2007
- ^ Rayburn & Sobchak 2019, p. 577.
- ^ "Iraq", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-03-02, retrieved 2023-03-11
- ^ NATO opens the Joint Staff College in Ar Rustamiyah in Baghdad, Iraq Archived 2007-06-12 at the Wayback Machine – NATO Training Mission – Iraq
- ^ "Annex H 2010 Updates, January 2010". Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ^ Maad Fayad, Al Maliki dismissed military intelligence chief and took on his role Archived 2011-05-01 at the Wayback Machine, October 2009. See also Nick Padlo, 'Iraqi Intelligence at the Brigade/Division level: Systemic Deficiencies and Training Solutions', smallwarsjournal.com, 2008
- ^ Wright & Reese 2008, pp. 434, 438, 453, 476–7.
- The Huffington Post. 15 October 2011. Archivedfrom the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
- ^ "Graft Hobbles Iraq's Military In Fighting Isis". The New York Times. 23 November 2014. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
- ^ U.S. Department of Defense, Coalition team assists in building combat force, Daniel M. Swanson Archived 2009-11-23 at the Wayback Machine, April 3, 2008
- ^ , Article on MNF-I website, 20 April 2006
- ^ a b Pollack, 2002, p. 265
- ^ Lieutenant Colonel Thomas M. Magee, USAR, "Commentary: Fostering Iraqi Army Logistics Success", Army Logistician, July–August 2008
- ^ a b c "Iraqi Air Force". Global security IQAF. globalsecurity.org. 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-09-10. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
- ^ a b Cooper, Tom (2003). "Iraqi Air Force Since 1948 Part 1". Air Combat Information Group. Archived from the original on 2016-07-10. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
- ^ Al-Marashi & Salama 2008, p. 35.
- ^ Colvin, Ross (2007-08-05). "Iraq air force wants Iran to give back its planes". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
- ^ "With new US planes slow to arrive, Iraq seeks remnants of Saddam's air force to bomb ISIL". 2014-06-28. Archived from the original on 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
- ^ "Iraq cobbling together makeshift air force to fight ISIS". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
- ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (1991). The Military Balance 1991-92. London: Brassey's. p. 108.
- ^ Friedman 1992, p. 361-364.
- ^ "Ship to Shore Logistics – 04 (History – 2003 Iraq)". Think Defence. 5 August 2013. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ Global Security. "Iraqi Navy".
- ^ Axe, David (August 2005). "On Its Own: The Iraqi Navy in 2005". Proceedings. Archived from the original on 2005-11-06. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
- ^ DJ Elliott (4 July 2008). "Iraqi Security Forces Order of Battle: July 2008 Update". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq – February 2006 Report to Congress" (PDF). 17 February 2006. p. 45. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
- ^ Cordesman, Anthony H., Iraqi Force Development and the Challenge of Civil War, CSIS, April 26, 2007, p. 72
- ^ a b c Karin Brulliard, "For Iraqi Soldiers, A Medical Morass", The Washington Post, May 7, 2005.
- ^ "Contracts for September 25, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Contracts for July 31, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Contracts for February 20, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Contracts for May 29, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Contracts for December 23, 2019". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Contracts for September 30, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Contracts for March 18, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Contracts for December 5, 2019". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Contracts for December 31, 2019". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Contracts for January 22, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Contracts for June 29, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Contracts for April 29, 2020". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ Foroutan Abbas, Medical experiences of Iraq's Chemical Warfare Baqiyatallah Univ. Med. Sci., Tehran 2003
- ^ "Iraq Dossier:Director's press statement". The International Institute for Strategic Studies. September 9, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-10.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
- ^ Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction (SIGIR), Quarterly Report to the United States Congress, April 30, 2013, p.9
- ^ Allied Rapid Reaction Corps, Lt. Gen. Caslen assumes command of NTM-I, leads OSC-I to strengthen ISF
- ^ "Maj. Gen. Cucolo interview, DVIDS, February 17, 2010". DVIDS. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ^ British Broadcasting Corporation, Iranians to train Iraq's military, July 7, 2005
Bibliography
- Broder, JOHN M.; Jehl, DOUGLAS (13 August 1990). "Iraqi Army: World's 5th Largest but Full of Vital Weaknesses : Military: It will soon be even larger. But its senior staff is full of incompetents, and only a third of its troops are experienced". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- Friedman, Norman (1992). Desert Victory: The War for Kuwait. United States Naval Institute Press (distributed by Airlife Publishing Ltd. in UK). ISBN 1-55750-255-2.
- IISS (2019). The Military Balance 2019. Routledge. ISBN 978-1857439885.
- Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002). Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–91. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-3733-9.
- Rathmell, Andrew, Olga Oliker, Terrence K. Kelly, David Brannan, and Keith Crane, eds. Developing Iraq’s Security Sector: The Coalition Provisional Authority’s Experience. MG-365-OSD. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2005.
- Rayburn, Joel D; Sobchak, Frank K (2019). The U.S. Army in the Iraq War – Volume 1: Invasion – Insurgency – Civil War, 2003-2006. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press.
- Robinson, Colin D. (2022). "Why Did Rebuilding the Afghan and Iraqi Armies Fail?". The RUSI Journal. 167 (4–5): 26–39. S2CID 254388006.
- Wright, Donald R.; Reese, Timothy (2008). On Point II Transition to the New Campaign: The U.S. Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom May 2003-January 2005. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press.
Further reading
- Jane's Pointer, 'Iraq changes command structure,' 1993
- Michael Eisenstadt, 'The Iraqi Armed Forces Two Years On,' Jane's Intelligence Review, March 1993, p. 121–127
- Hemphill, Paul (1979) `The Formation of the Iraqi Army, 1921–33', in Abbas Kelidar (ed.) The Integration of Modern Iraq, pp. 88–110. London: Croom Helm.
- Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln/London, 2002
- Andrew Rathmell, 'Iraq's Military: Waiting for Change,' Jane's Intelligence Review, Vol. 7, No.2, February 1995, p. 76–80
- Al-Marashi, Ibrahim; Salama, Sammy (2008). Iraq's Armed Forces: An Analytical History. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-40078-7. (one callmark UA853.I72 ALM)
- Sean Boyle, 'In wake of Desert Fox, Saddam moves to tighten his grip,' Jane's ChemBio Web/Geopolitical Resources (also Jane's Intelligence Review), 2 February 1999.
- Iraqi PMO. "رئيس مجلس الوزراء @MAKadhimi يؤكد أنّ تطوير المؤسسات الأمنية واصلاحها هي من أولويات المنهاج الوزاري الذي ينصّ على تعزيز أداء الأجهزة الأمنية المختلفة وتحقيق التكامل المطلوب بينها، والعمل بمبدأ أنَّ كلَّ القوات العسكرية والأمنية في خدمة الشعب وتطلعاته ووحدته وأمنه ... Pic.twitter.com/TYAN3Au34v." Twitter, 28 May 2020, twitter.com/IraqiPMO/status/1265950977829601282.
External links
- Ministry of Defence (in Arabic)
- Ministry of Defence