Pongamia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Millettia pinnata
)

Pongamia
Flowers
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Millettieae
Genus: Pongamia
Adans.
(1763), nom. cons.
Species:
P. pinnata
Binomial name
Pongamia pinnata
(L.) Pierre (1898)
Varieties[1]
  • Pongamia pinnata var. minor (
    Benth.
    ) Domin
  • Pongamia pinnata var. pinnata
Synonyms[1]
List
    • Cajum pinnatum (L.) Kuntze (1891)
    • Cytisus pinnatus L. (1753)
    • Galedupa pinnata (L.) Taub. (1894)
    • Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi (1989)
    • Pongamia glabra Vent. (1803), nom. superfl.
    • Pongamia pinnata var. typica Domin (1926), not validly publ.

Pongamia pinnata is a species of tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, native to eastern and tropical Asia, Australia, and the Pacific islands.[1][2][3][4] It is the sole species in genus Pongamia.[5] It is often known by the synonym Millettia pinnata. Its common names include Indian beech and Pongame oiltree.[3][4]

Description

Pongamia pinnata is a

cuneate at the base, ovate or oblong along the length, obtuse-acuminate at the apex, and not toothed on the edges. They are a soft, shiny burgundy when young, and mature to a glossy, deep green as the season progresses, with prominent veins underneath.[7]

Flowering generally starts after 3–4 years with small clusters of white, purple, and pink

fragrant and grow to be 15–18 mm (0.59–0.71 in) long. The calyx of the flowers is bell-shaped and truncated, while the corolla is a rounded ovate shape with basal auricles and often with a central blotch of green color.[4][9]

Croppings of

indehiscent pods can occur by 4–6 years. The brown seed pods appear immediately after flowering, and mature in 10 to 11 months. The pods are thick-walled, smooth, somewhat flattened, and elliptical, but slightly curved with a short, curved point. The pods contain within them one or two bean-like brownish-red seeds, but because they do not split open naturally, the pods need to decompose before the seeds can germinate. The seeds are about 1.5–2.5 cm (0.59–0.98 in) long with a brittle, oily coat, and are unpalatable in natural form to herbivores.[7][9][10][6]

Pongamia pinnata is an

diploid legume tree, with a diploid chromosome number of 22.[9] Root nodules are of the determinate type (as those on soybean and common bean) formed by the causative bacterium Bradyrhizobium
. trad

  • In Oahu, Hawaii
    In Oahu, Hawaii
  • Inflorescence
    Inflorescence
  • Pollen grains
    Pollen grains
  • Fruits
    Fruits
  • Leaves with galls
    Leaves with galls
  • Pods, Rempek beach, Gangga, North Lombok
    Pods, Rempek beach,
    North Lombok

Range and habitat

The species is naturally distributed in tropical and temperate Asia, from India to Japan to Thailand to

oolitic limestone, and will grow in most soil types, even with its roots in salt water.[12]

The tree is well suited to intense heat and sunlight, and its dense network of lateral roots and its thick, long

root nodules promote nitrogen fixation, a symbiotic process by which gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air is converted into ammonium (NH4+, a form of nitrogen available to the plant). M. pinnata is also a freshwater flooded forest species, as it can survive total submergence in water for few months continuously. M. pinnata trees are common in Tonlesap lake swamp forests in Cambodia.[citation needed
]

P. pinnata is now broadly distributed across India, Asia, Africa, northern Australia and the Pacific and Caribbean Islands and has been cultivated and transported since the 19th century or earlier. As a result, some literature declares M. pinnata naturalized in Africa and certain parts of the United States, while its status as naturalized or native is uncertain in other regions.[13]

Taxonomy

The species was first described as Cytisus pinnatus by

paraphyletic within Millettia, and the species was reclassified as Pongamia pinnata, the sole species in the revived genus Pongamia.[14]

Uses

Pongamia pinnata is well-adapted to

sand dunes.[11]

Pongamia pinnata seeds generally contain oil (27-39%), protein (17-37%), starch (6-7%), crude fiber (5-7%), moisture (15-20%) and ash content (2-3%).

Banyuwangi, use the bark to treat scabies.[19] It can be grown in rainwater harvesting ponds up to 6 m (20 ft) in water depth without losing its greenery and remaining useful for biodiesel production.[20]

Degani et al have published a review of the applications of P. pinnata.[21] Studies have shown seedlings with tolerance to salinity levels between 12 and 19 dS/m,[22] with an ability to tolerate salinity stresses of 32.5 dS/m. [23] M. pinnata is therefore capable of using irrigation that is considered saline (>4.7 dS/m) and in soils considered saline (>4 dS/m).

Research

Pacific Renewable Energy trial plantation in Caboolture, Queensland

The seed oil has been found to be useful in diesel generators, and along with

castor, it is being explored in hundreds of projects throughout India and the third world as feedstock for biodiesel.[24] P. pinnata as a biofuel is commercially valuable to the rural populations of places such as India and Bangladesh, where the plant grows abundantly, because it can support the socioeconomic development of these areas.[25][26]

Several unelectrified villages have used pongamia oil, simple processing techniques, and diesel generators to create their own grid systems to run water pumps and electric lighting.[27]

Research indicates potential use of P. pinnata as a food source for cattle, sheep and poultry, as its byproduct contains up to 30% protein.[28][29] A report commissioned and financed by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH found that the protein-rich byproduct can be free from alkaloids and therefore a dietary source of protein for humans.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Pongamia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  3. ^ a b "Plants profile for Millettia pinnata (pongame oiltree)". PLANTS Profile. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
  4. ^
    B.Hyland; T. Whiffen; R.A. Kerrigan. "Pongamia pinnata var. pinnata". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants (RFK8). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government
    . Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  5. ^ Pongamia Adans. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  6. ^ a b Argent, G., A. Saridan, EJF. Campbell, & P. Wilkie. "Leguminosae". Manual of The Larger and More Important Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. :366. Samarinda: Forest Research Institute.
  7. ^ a b Orwa C.; Mutua A.; Kindt R.; Jamnadass R.; Simons A. (2009). "Pongamia pinnata; Fabaceae - Papilionoideae; (L.) Pierre; pongam, karanj, karanga, kanji" (PDF). Agroforestry Database version 4.0. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  8. ^ Giesen, W., S. Wulffraat, M. Zierenand & L. Scholten (2007). Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia[permanent dead link]: 198-9. Bangkok :FAO and Wetlands International. ISBN 974-7946-85-8
  9. ^ a b c "Weed Risk Assessment : Pongamia" (PDF). Daff.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
  10. ^ a b c d Yogesh, Gokhale; Sharma, JV; Sharma, Priya; Burnwal, Kundan (March 2020). "CULTIVATION AND HARVESTING OF PONGAMIA PINNATA (KARANJ)" (PDF). MARKET STUDY OF THE EXISTENT AND POTENTIAL Indian Pongamia Pinnata Seeds Market: 7. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  11. ^ a b c Pongamia pinnata - a nitrogen fixing tree for oilseed Archived 2016-01-17 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ a b c "Factsheet from New crops at Purdue University". Hort.purdue.edu. 1998-01-08. Retrieved 2013-09-28.
  13. ^ "Pongamia Risk Assessment" (PDF). Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  14. ^ Wendy E. Cooper, Darren M. Crayn, Frank A. Zich, Rebecca E. Miller, Melissa Harrison, Lars Nauheimer "A review of Austrocallerya and Pongamia (Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae) in Australia, and the description of a new monotypic genus, Ibatiria," Australian Systematic Botany, 32(4), 363-384, (29 August 2019) https://doi.org/10.1071/SB18039
  15. ^ "Pongamia Factsheet" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-09-28.
  16. PMID 21799691
    .
  17. ^ Heyne, Karel (1987). Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia 2: 1005. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan. Dutch version: [http://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten02heyn#page/306/mode/2up -1916- II: 306.
  18. Rumpf, G.E. (1743). Herbarium Amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, ... Pars III: 183, Tab. cxvii
    . Amstelaedami :apud Franciscum Changuion, Joannem Catuffe, Hermannum Uttwerf. MDCCXLIII.
  19. ^ Koorders, SH. & Th. Valeton. 1895. Bijdrage tot de kennis der Boomsorten op Java. no. 2: 93. Meded. uit 's Lands Plantentuin no. XIV. Batavia: G. Kollf & co. (as Pongamia glabra.)
  20. ^ "Rain water harvesting by fresh water flooded forests". Scribd.com. Retrieved 2013-09-28.
  21. S2CID 252558634
    .
  22. S2CID 12335333
    .
  23. ^ Singh, K (1990). "Effect of soil salinity and sodicity on seedling growth and mineral composition of Pongamia pinnata and Araucaria cunninghamii". Tropical Ecology. 31 (2): 124–130 – via CAB Direct.
  24. PMID 15939268
    .
  25. doi:10.1155/2014/647324
    .
  26. S2CID 2790680
    . Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  27. ^ "On Biodiesel". Tve.org. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved 2013-09-28.
  28. S2CID 37994181
    .
  29. ^ Heuzé V., Tran G., Delagarde R., Hassoun P., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Karanja (Millettia pinnata). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/636
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pongamia&oldid=1218217809"