Milnrow

Coordinates: 53°36′36″N 2°06′40″W / 53.6101°N 2.1111°W / 53.6101; -2.1111
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Milnrow
Metropolitan county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townROCHDALE
Postcode districtOL16
Dialling code01706
PoliceGreater Manchester
FireGreater Manchester
AmbulanceNorth West
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Greater Manchester
53°36′36″N 2°06′40″W / 53.6101°N 2.1111°W / 53.6101; -2.1111

Milnrow is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, in Greater Manchester, England.[1][2][3] It lies on the River Beal at the foothills of the South Pennines, and forms a continuous urban area with Rochdale. It is 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Rochdale town centre, 10 miles (16.1 km) north-northeast of Manchester, and spans from Windy Hill in the east to the Rochdale Canal in the west. Milnrow is adjacent to junction 21 of the M62 motorway, and includes the village of Newhey, and hamlets at Tunshill and Ogden.

woollen
trade in the 17th century.

With the development of

Early Modern period, and the farmers, colliers and weavers formed a "close-knit population of independent-minded workers".[4] The hamlets of Butterworth coalesced around the commercial and ecclesiastical centre in Milnrow as demand for the area's flannel grew. In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution supplanted domestic woollen industries and converted the area into a mill town, with cotton spinning as the principal industry. Mass-produced textile goods from Milnrow's cotton mills were exported globally with the arrival of the railway in 1863. The Milnrow Urban District
was established in 1894 and was governed by the district council until its abolition in 1974.

Lancashire-dialect works during his time as Milnrow's schoolmaster. Rochdale-born poet Edwin Waugh was influenced by Collier's work, and wrote an extensive account of Milnrow during the mid-19th century in a tribute to him.[6] Milnrow has continued to grow in the 21st century, spurred by its connectivity to road, rail and motorway networks. Surviving weavers' cottages are among Milnrow's listed buildings, while the Ellenroad Steam Museum operates as an industrial heritage
centre.

History

The earliest evidence of human activity comes from the

flint tools on the moorland surrounding Milnrow.[7][8] A hunter-gatherer site was excavated by the Piethorne Brook in 1982, revealing a Mesolithic camp from which deer were hunted.[8] Neolithic activity is evidenced with a flint axe found at Newhey and a black stone axe found by Hollingworth Lake.[note 1][9][10] Excavations at Piethorne Reservoir in the mid-19th century combined with surveys during the 1990s revealed a spear-head (with a 5-inch (130 mm) blade) and ceramics respectively dated to Bronze Age Britain.[11][12] A Bronze-Age tumulus, funerary urn, and stone hammer or battle axe were discovered at Low Hill in 1879.[13][10] They imply the presence of Celtic Britons.[11][12] During the British Iron Age, this part of Britain was occupied by the Brigantes, but, despite ancient kilns used for dry ironstone smelting found at Tunshill,[14] it is unlikely that the tribe was attracted to the natural resources and landscape of the Milnrow area on a lasting basis.[15] Remains of a silver statue of the Roman goddess Victoria and Roman coins were discovered at Tunshill Farm in 1793,[16][17] and it is surmised that Romans traversed this area in communication with the Castleshaw Roman Fort.[15] Construction in the Victorian era is likely to have destroyed any other artifacts from the Stone Age, Bronze Age or Roman Britain.[18]

Sheep on the Rochdale Way in the rural Piethorne Valley. Livestock were kept here by the Anglo-Saxons, and butter and wool production paved the way for industrial-age farming and commercial practices.

The land was delineated during the

English toponymy implying Anglo-Saxon habitation.[22][1][23] The meaning of the name Milnrow may mean a "mill with a row of houses", combining the Old English elements myne and raw,[1] or myln and rāw,[23] or it may be a corruption of an old pronunciation of "Millner Howe", a water-driven corn mill at a place called Mill Hill on the River Beal that was mentioned in deeds dating from 1568.[24][25][26] Another explanation is that it is derived from a family with the name Milne, who owned a row of houses; a map from 1292 shows "Milnehouses" at Milnrow, other spellings have included "Mylnerowe" (1545) and "Milneraw" (1577).[25][26] Physical evidence of Anglo-Saxons or Norsemen comes from monastic inscribed stones—one of which has Latin text—discovered in 1986 at Lowhouse Farm.[22] The stones were dated to the Viking Age in the 9th-century.[22]

Seasonal farming practiced in Butterworth during the

Dissolution of the Monasteries.[39][30]

woollens was the staple industry during the early modern period
.

Shallow coal mining was recorded at Milnrow in 1610,

Act of Parliament passed in 1805 to create a turnpike from Newhey to Huddersfield.[55]

During surveys and excavations by Oxford Archaeology in the Kingsway Business Park, ten yeoman houses were identified dating to the seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth centuries. These included Moss Side Farm, Lower and Higher Moss Side Farms, Cherry Tree Farm, Lower Lane Farm, Pyche, Lane End and Castle Farm [56][57]

Butterworth Hall Mill was Milnrow's last cotton mill.

urban district council was established for the "thriving town" of Milnrow and its hinterland in 1894,[3][39] followed by the introduction of new amenities: a golf course at Tunshill in 1901,[72] and a Carnegie library at Milnrow in 1907.[73] A steam-powered tram system connected to Rochdale was authorised for Milnrow in 1904, but was resisted—and later abandoned—by the district's "influential folk" who felt that "drawing the two communities closer" would result in "hastening the annexation" of Milnrow in to Rochdale.[39] Milnrow Council approved terms with Rochdale Corporation Tramways in 1909 for an electric-powered street-level passenger tramway running from Firgrove in the west to Newhey in the south.[74]

The M62 motorway was opened through Milnrow in 1971.

Cotton spinning was the principal industry in Milnrow in the 1910s—Newhey alone had ten cotton mills employing over 2,000 people at 1911,

Beast from the East" cold weather wave in March 2018.[92][93] Stranded motorists were invited in to homes and offered food and shelter by "kindhearted" volunteers in Milnrow and Newhey while the British Army cleared the motorway.[92][93]

Governance

Although not granted by the College of Arms, a banded fleece has been an emblem of Milnrow since its former council chairman used it as a badge. The emblem alludes to Milnrow's woollen trade heritage.[94]

Lying within the

civil parish, until its dissolution in 1894.[3]

Milnrow's

Poor Law Union, and sharing power with Lancashire County Council as a constituent district of the administrative county of Lancashire.[3] Milnrow Urban District bordered the larger County Borough of Rochdale to the west, a politically independent authority which had been absorbing smaller neighbouring authorities—such as the Castleton Urban District in 1900 and the Norden Urban District in 1933—resulting in Milnrow people being "a little afraid of the borough and [...] annexation".[39] Under the Local Government Act 1972, the Milnrow Urban District was abolished, and Milnrow has, since 1 April 1974, formed an unparished area of the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, within the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester.[3] In anticipation of the new local government arrangement, Milnrow Urban District Council applied for successor parish status to be granted to the locality after 1974, but the application was not successful.[103]

From 1983 to 1997, Milnrow was represented in the

parliamentary constituency of Littleborough and Saddleworth. Between 1997 and 2010 it was within the boundaries of Oldham East and Saddleworth.[104] In 2010 Milnrow became part of the Rochdale constituency, which, as of 2017, is represented by Tony Lloyd MP, a member of the Labour Party. In 2010, The Guardian noted Milnrow as part of a "traditional heartland", where a "well of loyalty [for Labour] runs deep in the Pennine towns between Rochdale and Oldham",[105] while the 2002 Almanac of British Politics affirms Milnrow's residents "are willing to elect Liberal Democrat councillors".[106] Conservative clubs, Liberal clubs, and working men's clubs were established in Milnrow and Firgrove during the 19th and 20th centuries.[39]

Geography

Further information: Geography of Greater Manchester
A view over Newhey and Milnrow, towards Smallbridge in Rochdale. Milnrow forms a transitional zone between the Greater Manchester Built-up Area and the rural South Pennines.

At 53°36′36″N 2°6′40″W / 53.61000°N 2.11111°W / 53.61000; -2.11111 (53.6101°, −2.1111°), and 168 miles (270 km) north-northwest of central London, the centre of Milnrow stands roughly 492 feet (150 m) above sea level,[107] on the western slopes of the South Pennines, 10 miles (16.1 km) north-northeast of Manchester city centre. Blackstone Edge and Saddleworth are to the east; Rochdale and Shaw and Crompton are to the west and south respectively. Considered as the area covered by the former Milnrow Urban District, Milnrow extends over 8.1 square miles (21 km2), stretching from the Rochdale Canal in the west through to Windy Hill in the east, taking in the valley of the River Beal.[43][108] The Beal, a tributary of the River Roch, runs centrally through Milnrow from the south through Newhey.[108] The smaller Butterworth Hall Brook, which flows in to the Beal, runs east-to-west,[109] while Stanney Brook rises at High Crompton and runs along the southern edge of Milnrow and in to the Roch at Newbold in Rochdale.[39]

The 2001

social housing, and modern detached and semi-detached private family homes.[65] Farmland typically consists of undulating pastures used for stock rearing and rough grazing,[109][111] interspersed by isolated farmhouses and the Kitcliffe, Ogden and Tunshill hamlets.[65] Moorland forms the highest and most easterly part of Milnrow—the highest point is Bleakedgate Moor at 1,310 feet (399 m),[43] which forms a boundary with the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham by Denshaw. Windy Hill is another high-point amongst these moors.[43]

Milnrow's soil is typically light gravel and clay, with subsoil of rough gravel,

temperate maritime climate, like much of the British Isles
, with relatively cool summers and mild winters. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year.

In 1855, the poet Edwin Waugh said of Milnrow:

Milnrow lies on the ground not unlike a tall tree laid lengthwise, in a valley, by a riverside. At the bridge, its roots spread themselves in clots and fibrous shoots, in all directions; while the almost branchless trunk runs up, with a little bend, above half a mile towards Oldham, where it again spreads itself out in an umbrageous way.[6]

— Edwin Waugh, Sketches of Lancashire life and localities (1855)

The urban part of Milnrow broadly consists of development which has absorbed former hamlets including Butterworth Hall, Firgrove, Gallows, and Moorhouse. These now form neighbourhoods of Milnrow, but others form distinct settlements. For instance,

public house—it is a former hamlet which now forms a neighbourhood. This area occupies an ancient execution site,[24][14][114] established by the Knights Hospitaller in 1253.[32] All continue to form a composite Milnrow area within the borough of Rochdale.[24]

Demography

Further information: Demographics of Greater Manchester
The Parish Church of St James. Christians have worshiped at a church or chapel in Milnrow since 1496.

In 1855, the Rochdale-born poet Edwin Waugh described Milnrow's inhabitants as "a hardy moor-end race, half farmers, half woollen weavers".[39] Milnrow has been described as "the centre of the south Lancashire dialect",[5] while the accent of the town's inhabitants has been described variously as "strong", "common", "broad" or "northern"; a local pronunciation of Milnrow is "Milnra".[115] One of the most common surnames is Butterworth, which is native to the Milnrow area.[39] In 2016, a study in to life expectancy in Greater Manchester showed Milnrow to have one of the highest rates of longevity – second only to Whitefield – with the average woman living 82 years, and the average man for 75.[116] Robert Brearley was an early centenarian from Milnrow, who lived past his 103rd birthday between the years 1787 and 1889.[117]

According to the

2001 census,[120] and 12,800 from the Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary.[2]

Data from 2001 shows that of the residents in the electoral ward of Milnrow, which includes Newhey and the Piethorne Valley, 40.8% were married, 10.3% were cohabiting couples, and 9.5% were lone parent families. Twenty-seven per cent of households were made up of individuals, and 13% had someone living alone at pensionable age.[121] The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 45% in full-time employment, 12% in part-time employment, 7.7% self-employed, 2.6% unemployed, 2.1% students with jobs, 3.1% students without jobs, 13% retired, 4.6% looking after home or family, 7.4% permanently sick or disabled, and 2.3% economically inactive for other reasons. This was roughly in line with the national figures.[122] In 2019, Milnrow East & Newhey was estimated as having one of the highest prevalence of depression in England.[123]

The place of birth of the town's residents recorded in the 2001 census was 97% United Kingdom (including 95.04% from England), 0.6%

British Asian communities were recorded.[126]

Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1939 1951 1961 1971 2001 2011
Population 8,241 8,584 8,390 8,623 8,265 8,587 8,129 10,345 12,541 13,061
Source:A Vision of Britain through Time

Declared religion from 2001 was recorded as 80% Christian, 0.8% Muslim, 0.1% Hindu, 0.1% Buddhist, and 0.1% Jewish. Some 12.2% were recorded as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion, and 6.1% did not state their religion.

Congregational Union.[34]

Economy

Dale Street is Milnrow's main linear commercial thoroughfare, lined with convenience stores, beauty services, food outlets and other independent businesses.

Prior to deindustrialisation in the late-20th century, Milnrow's economy was linked closely with a spinning and weaving tradition which had origins with domestic workshops but evolved in parallel with developments in

farming practices occur on pastures at Milnrow's rural fringe.[109]

The biggest employers in Milnrow are Holroyd Machine Tools, part of Precision Technologies Group who have been based in the town since they moved from Manchester in 1896.

Rag Pudding are mass-produced by Jackson's Farm Fayre in their Milnrow factory.[145] In Newhey, Sun Chemical produce printer inks and supplies,[146] and Newhey Carpets design and produce carpets from a former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway warehouse.[39][147] At Ogden, textiles are dyed and finished by PW Greenhalgh.[148]

Kingsway Business Park will be a 420-acre (1.7 km2) "business-focused, mixed use development" occupying land between Milnrow and Rochdale, adjacent to junction 21 of the M62 motorway; it is expected to employ 7,250 people directly and 1,750 people indirectly by around 2020.[149] Tenants on the park in 2011 included JD Sports and Wincanton plc.[150] Kingsway Business Park tram stop was built as part of Phase 3a of Metrolink's expansion, and serves Kingsway Business Park.[151]

Landmarks

See also: Listed buildings in Milnrow
St Thomas's at Newhey has been described as "the most distinctive and splendid building in the district".[152]
Milnrow War Memorial is a Grade II listed structure listing the men who fought and died in the two world wars.

Milnrow's historic architecture is chiefly marked by its 18th-century sandstone

country house with Grade II* listed building status.[34]

The Grade II listed Church of St James, Milnrow's

James the Apostle.[160] It is part of the Church of England and lies within the Anglican Diocese of Manchester.[161] The origins of the church can be traced to a chantry or oratory built by the Byrons in the year 1400. When that ruling family moved from Milnrow to another of their homes following the Wars of the Roses, the local population was left without a place of worship and a chapel was constructed by the River Beal in 1496 to serve this community.[37] This structure existed until the 1790s, when a "poorly designed" chapel was erected and consecrated; however, due to structural weaknesses, that church was demolished in 1814.[37] Following an interim period when a "plain building" was used for worship, the present church building was built and consecrated by James Fraser, the Bishop of Manchester, on 21 August 1869.[152] Inside, the capitals have foliage decoration sculpted by the "foremost Victorian stonemason" Thomas Earp.[162][160][163]

Described as "by far the most distinctive and splendid building in the district",[152] the neo-Gothic Newhey, St Thomas parish church was built in 1876 and served a new Anglican parish of Newhey created in the same year.[164] Dedicated to Thomas the Apostle, it is part of the Church of England, and its patron is the Bishop of Manchester.[165] The church was extensively damaged in an arson attack on 21 December 2007,[166] but later restored in full.[39]

Milnrow War Memorial is located in Milnrow Memorial Park at Newhey, and is a Grade II listed structure.

42nd (East Lancashire) Division. The memorial is constructed of sandstone surmounted by a bronze statue of a First World War infantryman with rifle and fixed bayonet symbolic of the young manhood of the district in the early days of the First World War. In selecting the design the Milnrow War Memorial Committee was influenced by the statue unveiled at Waterhead in Oldham; the work of George Thomas. Thomas sculpted Milnrow's memorial in 1923. The plinth holds bronze and slate panels recording the names of those who died in the two World Wars.[168][169]

In Newhey is the

Sir Philip Stott, 1st Baronet. Now operated as an industrial heritage centre, the mill itself is no longer standing, but the steam engine (the world's largest working steam mill engine)[170] is maintained and steamed once a month by the Ellenroad Trust.[171] The museum has the only fully working cotton mill engine with its original steam-raising plant in the world.[172] Ellenroad Mill produced fine cotton yarn using mule spinning.[170] A 1907-built, working tandem compound condensing engine, made by J. & W. McNaught for Firgrove Mill in Milnrow, is displayed in the Science and Industry Museum in central Manchester.[173][174]

Transport

A long-exposure photograph of the M62 motorway at Tunshill.
Milnrow tram stop opened on the Metrolink system on 28 February 2013.

Public transport in Milnrow is co-ordinated by

Highways England motorway compound is located in Milnrow.[91][177]

Milnrow had a

navvies drafted by contractors under the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. On 12 August 1863 the line was opened to commercial traffic, and 2 November 1863 to passenger trains.[178] Milnrow railway station was originally staffed, and the line through it was dual-track; however this section was reduced to single-track in 1980.[178] Milnrow railway station closed on 3 October 2009 to be converted for use with an expanded Metrolink network.[179][180] The station reopened on 28 February 2013 as Milnrow tram stop; also opening at this time in the Milnrow area was Kingsway Business Park tram stop and Newhey tram stop.[90]

The

canals of Great Britain—passes along Milnrow's north-western boundary which divides it from the village of Wardle and districts of Belfield and Castleton in Rochdale.[181]
The Rochdale Canal was historically used as a highway of commerce for the haulage of cotton, wool, and coal to and from the area.

Bus service 182 operates to Rochdale, Newhey, Oldham, and Manchester, while services R4 and R5 serve Rochdale and the estates of Milnrow and Newhey, operated by First Greater Manchester and Burnley Bus Company.[182]

Education

See also: List of schools in Rochdale

The Free School of Milnrow was founded in 1726 and was demolished in the early-1950s.

caricaturist John Collier.[112] In the mid-19th century it was part of the British and Foreign School Society.[184] Newhey Council School was constructed in 1911,[185] and now forms Newhey Community Primary School. By 1918 there were five public elementary schools; the Milnrow and Newhey council schools; St James's of Milnrow and St Thomas' of Newhey Anglican schools; and Ogden church school.[39] Milnrow St James School evolved into the modern primary school, Milnrow Parish Church of England Primary.[186] It is a denominational school with the Church of England, linked with Milnrow's Anglican parish church, St James's. There are further primary schools named Crossgates Primary and Moorhouse Primary, both of which are non-denominational.[187][188] Crossgates Primary School won the British Council's International School Award in 2010 for its teaching of culture and global citizenship.[189] Hollingworth Academy is a secondary school in Milnrow with Academy school status.[190] It occupies the site of the former Roch Valley County Secondary School, which opened in 1968 and closed in 1990.[191] It is a co-educational school of non-denominational religion.[192]

Sports and culture

Milnrow has a "distinct and separate character".

St James's Day,[193] and in 1717, Francis Gastrell, the Bishop of Chester, wrote that Milnrow's festival was a particularly "disorderly custom".[193] Parishioners would travel as far as Marsden to gather rushes.[194] Established in 1968,[195] Milnrow and Newhey Carnival is an annual summer community parade with floats, morris dancers and brass bands.[195][196] The Milnrow Band is a British brass band ranked as a "top class group of amateur musicians".[197] It formed from a succession of mergers and amalgamations of Milnrow- and Rochdale-based brass bands,[198] the earliest of which was St Stephen's Band founded in Milnrow in 1869.[197] In 2006 it was promoted to the top-rank Championship section of Great Britain, and in 2017 were the All England Masters International Champions.[197] In his 2015 memoir, the Manchester-born comedy-singer Mike Harding recalled "a place called Milnrow, on the extreme edge of the then known world, [...where...] everything stopped for pie and peas".[199]

English Golf Union. Land in Firgrove was gifted to Milnrow Council in November 1934 for use as a sports pitch, establishing the Firgrove Playing Fields.[81] They are used for rugby league, rounders and association football,[203] and are the home of Rochdale Cobras ARLFC,[204] a club which won the British Amateur Rugby League Association "Club of the Year" award in 2011.[204] New Milnrow and Newhey Rugby League Club is a further local rugby league club.[205]

Milnrow Memorial Park includes a multi-purpose asphalt football/basketball court, a bowling green, children's play park and a concrete skatepark.

Public utilities

Ogden Reservoir is one of six Victorian-era reservoirs in Milnrow's Piethorne Valley
The M62 motorway and transmitter station on Milnrow's Windy Hill. During the Cold War, the transmitter station was networked to maintain communications across Britain in the event of nuclear warfare.

Milnrow was identified as a suitable source of drinking water on an industrial scale in the Victorian era, when the Oldham Corporation obtained rights to dam the Piethorne Brook.[206] Excavations began in 1858, and concluded in 1863 with the opening of the Piethorne Reservoir.[206] By 1869, the Oldham Corporation acknowledged there was "an absolute necessity for an extra water supply",[206] and further reservoirs were created using English compulsory purchase powers granted to the Corporation by virtue of the Oldham Improvement Act 1880.[71] In 1918, the Oldham Corporation was still one of the largest landowners in Milnrow.[39] United Utilities now operate the reservoir.[207]

In 1950, the

Kirk o'Shotts transmitting station.[208] Initially overlooked for a site in Saddleworth,[209] in the late-1950s, Windy Hill transmitter station became part of Britain's "backbone network", a series of telecommunications towers in the United Kingdom designed to maintain communications in the event of a Cold War-era nuclear attack.[210] The station forms a landmark on the landscape, adjacent to the Pennine Way long-distance footpath and M62 motorway.[211]

MW of electricity.[213]

Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, which has one station in Rochdale on Halifax Road.[215]

There are no hospitals in Milnrow—the nearest are in Oldham and Rochdale; the Royal Oldham Hospital and Rochdale Infirmary are managed by the Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, a part of the Northern Care Alliance NHS Group. The North West Ambulance Service provides emergency patient transport. Primary care and general practice occurs at Stonefield Street Surgery.[216] The Milnrow Village Practice was surveyed as the 2nd best general practice in Greater Manchester for patient experience in both 2018 and 2019.[217][218]

Notable people

See also:
List of people from Rochdale
A blue plaque commemorating the 18th-century caricaturist and satirical poet John Collier.

Lancashire dialect.[219][220] Many of his works and personal possessions are preserved in Milnrow Library,[221] and he is commemorated in the name of a "prominent pub" in central Milnrow.[43][219] Collier's great-grandson—also called John and a native of Milnrow—was one of the founding members of the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers.[4]

seismograph (known as the Milne-Shaw seismograph) to detect and measure earthquakes. Although born in Liverpool in 1850 owing to a brief visit there by his parents, Milne was raised in Rochdale and at Tunshill in Milnrow.[223][224]

Other notable people of Milnrow include

Men's 470 class at the 2012 Summer Olympics, was raised in Newhey,[228] and Martin Stapleton, a mixed martial artist who was the 2015 BAMMA World Lightweight Champion resided in Milnrow as of 2019.[229][230]

Footnote

  1. ^ Hollingworth was anciently part of the Butterworth township. It was to the north of Milnrow; but absorbed into the Littleborough Urban District in the late-19th century.[citation needed]

References

Notes

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  5. ^ a b Joyce (1993), p. 198.
  6. ^ a b Waugh 1855, p. 61
  7. ^ University of Manchester Archaeological Unit 1996, p. 4
  8. ^ a b Hartwell, Hyde & Pevsner (2004), p. 12
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  12. ^ a b c d Healey 2008, p. 11
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  44. ^ a b Fishwick 1889, p. 54.
  45. ^ Collins 1950, p. 30
  46. ^ Cresswell 1991, p. 168
  47. ^ Lewis 1848, p. 318
  48. ^ Hignett (1991), p. 10.
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Bibliography

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