Milwaukee
Milwaukee | |
---|---|
CDT) | |
ZIP Codes | 53172, 532XX |
GNIS feature ID | 1577901[14] |
Website | city |
Milwaukee (
Milwaukee is an
Since 1968, Milwaukee has been home to
History
Name
The etymological origin of what is today officially known as the "city of Milwaukee" is disputed.[30][31][32] As Wisconsin academic Virgil J. Vogel has said, "the name [...] Milwaukee is not difficult to explain, yet there are a number of conflicting claims made concerning it.[33]
One theory says it comes from the Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwe language word mino-akking, meaning "good land",[31][34] or words in closely related languages that mean the same. These included Menominee and Potawatomi.[33] Another theory is that it stems from the Meskwaki or Algonquian languages, whose term for "gathering place" is mahn-a-waukee.[31][34] The city of Milwaukee itself claims that the name is derived from mahn-ah-wauk, a Potawatomi word for "council grounds".[35]
Some sources have claimed that Milwaukee stems specifically from an Algonquian word meaning "the good land",[36] something popularized by a line read by Alice Cooper in the 1992 comedy film Wayne's World.[31]
Regardless of its provenance, the name of the future city was spelled in a wide variety of ways prior to 1844.[37] In particular, people living west of the Milwaukee River preferred to use the modern-day spelling, while those east of the river often called it "Milwaukie".[31] Other spellings included:
- Melleokii (1679)[37]
- Millioki (1679)[37]
- Meleki (1684)[37]
- Milwarik (1699)[37]
- Milwacky (1761)[37]
- Milwakie (1779)[37]
- Millewackie (1817)[37]
- Milwahkie (1820)[37]
- Milwalky (1821)[37]
- Milwaukie (Milwaukee Sentinel headline until November 30, 1844)[37]
- Milwaukee (November 30, 1844, onwards)[37]
Native American peoples
Indigenous cultures lived along the waterways for thousands of years. The first recorded inhabitants of the Milwaukee area were various
In the second half of the 18th century, the Native Americans living near Milwaukee played a role in all the major European wars on the American continent. During the French and Indian War, a group of "Ojibwas and Pottawattamies from the far [Lake] Michigan" (i.e., the area from Milwaukee to Green Bay) joined the French-Canadian Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu at the Battle of the Monongahela.[39] In the American Revolutionary War, the Native Americans around Milwaukee were some of the few groups to ally with the rebel Continentals.[40]
After the
European settlement and thereafter
Europeans had arrived in the Milwaukee area prior to the 1833 Treaty of Chicago. French missionaries and traders first passed through the area in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Alexis Laframboise, coming from Michilimackinac (now in Michigan), settled a trading post in 1785 and is considered the first resident of European descent in the Milwaukee region.[43]
One story on the origin of Milwaukee's name says,
[O]ne day during the thirties of the last century [1800s] a newspaper calmly changed the name to Milwaukee, and Milwaukee it has remained until this day.[44]
The spelling "Milwaukie" lives on in
Milwaukee has three "founding fathers": Solomon Juneau, Byron Kilbourn, and George H. Walker. Solomon Juneau was the first of the three to come to the area, in 1818. He founded a town called Juneau's Side, or Juneautown, that began attracting more settlers. In competition with Juneau, Byron Kilbourn established Kilbourntown west of the Milwaukee River. He ensured the roads running toward the river did not join with those on the east side. This accounts for the large number of angled bridges that still exist in Milwaukee today.[46] Further, Kilbourn distributed maps of the area which only showed Kilbourntown, implying Juneautown did not exist or the river's east side was uninhabited and thus undesirable. The third prominent developer was George H. Walker. He claimed land to the south of the Milwaukee River, along with Juneautown, where he built a log house in 1834. This area grew and became known as Walker's Point.[47]
The first large wave of settlement to the areas that would later become Milwaukee County and the City of Milwaukee began in 1835, following removal of the tribes in the Council of Three Fires. Early that year it became known that Juneau and Kilbourn intended to lay out competing town-sites. By the year's end both had purchased their lands from the government and made their first sales. There were perhaps 100 new settlers in this year, mostly from New England and other Eastern states. On September 17, 1835, the first election was held in Milwaukee; the number of votes cast was 39.[48]
By 1840, the three towns had grown, along with their rivalries. There were intense battles between the towns, mainly Juneautown and Kilbourntown, which culminated with the Milwaukee Bridge War of 1845. Following the Bridge War, on January 31, 1846, the towns were combined to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee, and elected Solomon Juneau as Milwaukee's first mayor.[49]
Milwaukee began to grow as a city as high numbers of immigrants, mainly
By 1900, 34 percent of Milwaukee's population was of German background.
Most German immigrants came to Wisconsin in search of inexpensive farmland.[51] However, immigration began to change in character and size in the late 1840s and early 1850s, due to the 1848 revolutionary movements in Europe.[52] After 1848, hopes for a united Germany had failed, and revolutionary and radical Germans, known as the "Forty-Eighters", immigrated to the U.S. to avoid imprisonment and persecution by German authorities.[53]
One of the most famous "liberal revolutionaries" of 1848 was Carl Schurz. He later explained in 1854 why he came to Milwaukee,
"It is true, similar things [cultural events and societies] were done in other cities where the Forty-eighters [sic] had congregated. But so far as I know, nowhere did their influence so quickly impress itself upon the whole social atmosphere as in 'German Athens of America' as Milwaukee was called at the time."[54]
Schurz was referring to the various clubs and societies Germans developed in Milwaukee. The pattern of German immigrants to settle near each other encouraged the continuation of the German lifestyle and customs. This resulted in
Milwaukee's German element is still strongly present today. The city celebrates its German culture by annually hosting a German Fest in July
Although the German presence in Milwaukee after the Civil War remained strong and their largest wave of immigrants had yet to land, other groups also made their way to the city. Foremost among these were
For many residents, Milwaukee's South Side is synonymous with the Polish community that developed here. The group maintained a high profile here for decades, and it was not until the 1950s and 1960s that families began to disperse to the southern suburbs.[59]
By 1850, there were seventy-five Poles in
Milwaukee has the fifth-largest Polish population in the U.S. at 45,467, ranking behind
In addition to the Germans and Poles, Milwaukee received a large influx of other
Milwaukee also has a large
During this time, a small community of
By 1925, around 9,000 Mexicans lived in Milwaukee, but the Great Depression forced many of them to move back south. In the 1950s, the Hispanic community was beginning to emerge. They arrived for jobs, filling positions in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. During this time there were labor shortages due to the immigration laws that had reduced immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe. Additionally, strikes contributed to the labor shortages.[68]
In the mid-20th century, African-Americans from Chicago moved to the North side of Milwaukee.[
During the first sixty years of the 20th century, Milwaukee was the major city in which the
Historic neighborhoods
In 1892,
In the 1920s,
In the 1930s the city was severely segregated via "redlining". In 1960, African-American residents made up 15 percent of the Milwaukee's population, yet the city was still among the most segregated of that time. As of 2019, at least three out of four black residents in Milwaukee would have to move in order to create "racially integrated" neighborhoods.[24]
By 1960, Milwaukee had grown to become one of the largest cities in the United States. Its population peaked at 741,324. In 1960, the Census Bureau reported city's population as 91.1% white and 8.4% black.[71]
By the late 1960s, Milwaukee's population had started to decline as people moved to suburbs, aided by ease of highways and offering the advantages of less crime, new housing and lower taxation.[72] Milwaukee had a population of 594,833 by 2010, while the population of the overall metropolitan area increased. Given its large immigrant population and historic neighborhoods, Milwaukee avoided the severe declines of some of its fellow "Rust Belt" cities.
Since the 1980s, the city has begun to make strides in improving its economy, neighborhoods, and image, resulting in the revitalization of neighborhoods such as the
Milwaukee's European history is evident today. Largely through its efforts to preserve its history, Milwaukee was named one of the "Dozen Distinctive Destinations" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in 2006.[73]
Historic Milwaukee walking tours provide a guided tour of Milwaukee's historic districts, including topics on Milwaukee's architectural heritage, its glass skywalk system, and the Milwaukee Riverwalk.
Geography
Milwaukee lies along the shores and bluffs of
Milwaukee's terrain is sculpted by the glacier path and includes steep bluffs along Lake Michigan that begin about a mile (1.6 km) north of downtown. In addition, 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Milwaukee is the Kettle Moraine and lake country that provides an industrial landscape combined with inland lakes.
According to the
Cityscape
North–south streets are numbered, and east–west streets are named. However, north–south streets east of 1st Street are named, like east–west streets. The north–south numbering line is along the Menomonee River (east of Hawley Road) and Fairview Avenue/Golfview Parkway (west of Hawley Road), with the east–west numbering line defined along 1st Street (north of Oklahoma Avenue) and Chase/Howell Avenue (south of Oklahoma Avenue). This numbering system is also used to the north by
Milwaukee is crossed by Interstate 43 and Interstate 94, which come together downtown at the Marquette Interchange. The Interstate 894 bypass (which as of May 2015 also contains Interstate 41) runs through portions of the city's southwest side, and Interstate 794 comes out of the Marquette interchange eastbound, bends south along the lakefront and crosses the harbor over the Hoan Bridge, then ends near the Bay View neighborhood and becomes the "Lake Parkway" (WIS-794).
One of the distinctive traits of Milwaukee's residential areas are the neighborhoods full of so-called
The tallest building in the city is the U.S. Bank Center, completed in 1973.
Climate
Milwaukee's location in the
Because of Milwaukee's proximity to Lake Michigan, a convection current forms around mid-afternoon in light wind, resulting in the so-called "lake breeze" – a smaller scale version of the more common sea breeze. The lake breeze is most common between the months of March and July. This onshore flow causes cooler temperatures to move inland usually 5 to 15 miles (8 to 24 km), with much warmer conditions persisting further inland. Because Milwaukee's official climate site, Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport, is only 3 miles (4.8 km) from the lake, seasonal temperature variations are less extreme than in many other locations of the Milwaukee metropolitan area.
As the sun sets, the convection current reverses and an offshore flow ensues causing a land breeze. After a land breeze develops, warmer temperatures flow east toward the lakeshore, sometimes causing high temperatures during the late evening. The lake breeze is not a daily occurrence and will not usually form if a southwest, west, or northwest wind generally exceeds 15 mph (24 km/h). The lake moderates cold air outbreaks along the lakeshore during winter months.
Aside from the lake's influence, overnight lows in downtown Milwaukee year-round are often much warmer than suburban locations because of the
Thunderstorms in the region can be dangerous and damaging, bringing hail and high winds. In rare instances, they can bring a tornado. However, almost all summer rainfall in the city is brought by these storms. In spring and fall, longer events of prolonged, lighter rain bring most of the precipitation. A moderate snow cover can be seen on or linger for many winter days, but even during meteorological winter, on average, over 40% of days see less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) on the ground.[77]
Milwaukee tends to experience highs that are 90 °F (32 °C) or above on about nine days per year, and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on six to seven nights.[77] Extremes range from 105 °F (41 °C) set on July 24, 1934, down to −26 °F (−32 °C) on both January 17, 1982, and February 4, 1996.[78] The 1982 event, also known as Cold Sunday, featured temperatures as low as −40 °F (−40 °C) in some of the suburbs as little as 10 miles (16 km) to the north of Milwaukee.
Climate data for Milwaukee (Mitchell International Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[B] extremes 1871–present[C] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 63 (17) |
74 (23) |
84 (29) |
91 (33) |
95 (35) |
104 (40) |
105 (41) |
103 (39) |
99 (37) |
89 (32) |
77 (25) |
68 (20) |
105 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 50.5 (10.3) |
52.8 (11.6) |
67.1 (19.5) |
79.5 (26.4) |
85.8 (29.9) |
92.0 (33.3) |
93.4 (34.1) |
91.7 (33.2) |
88.1 (31.2) |
79.9 (26.6) |
65.5 (18.6) |
53.4 (11.9) |
95.0 (35.0) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 30.9 (−0.6) |
34.2 (1.2) |
44.2 (6.8) |
54.7 (12.6) |
66.5 (19.2) |
76.8 (24.9) |
81.9 (27.7) |
80.3 (26.8) |
73.5 (23.1) |
61.3 (16.3) |
47.8 (8.8) |
36.1 (2.3) |
57.3 (14.1) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 24.0 (−4.4) |
27.1 (−2.7) |
36.4 (2.4) |
46.3 (7.9) |
57.1 (13.9) |
67.6 (19.8) |
73.3 (22.9) |
72.3 (22.4) |
65.0 (18.3) |
53.0 (11.7) |
40.4 (4.7) |
29.5 (−1.4) |
49.3 (9.6) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 17.2 (−8.2) |
20.0 (−6.7) |
28.7 (−1.8) |
37.8 (3.2) |
47.8 (8.8) |
58.4 (14.7) |
64.7 (18.2) |
64.2 (17.9) |
56.4 (13.6) |
44.7 (7.1) |
33.1 (0.6) |
23.0 (−5.0) |
41.3 (5.2) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −4.5 (−20.3) |
1.0 (−17.2) |
10.6 (−11.9) |
25.6 (−3.6) |
36.3 (2.4) |
45.7 (7.6) |
54.7 (12.6) |
55.0 (12.8) |
42.3 (5.7) |
30.6 (−0.8) |
17.9 (−7.8) |
3.2 (−16.0) |
−7.9 (−22.2) |
Record low °F (°C) | −26 (−32) |
−26 (−32) |
−10 (−23) |
12 (−11) |
21 (−6) |
33 (1) |
40 (4) |
42 (6) |
28 (−2) |
15 (−9) |
−14 (−26) |
−22 (−30) |
−26 (−32) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.79 (45) |
1.69 (43) |
2.20 (56) |
3.86 (98) |
3.54 (90) |
4.38 (111) |
3.40 (86) |
3.65 (93) |
3.16 (80) |
2.78 (71) |
2.24 (57) |
1.88 (48) |
34.57 (878) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 14.9 (38) |
11.8 (30) |
6.7 (17) |
2.1 (5.3) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.3 (0.76) |
2.5 (6.4) |
10.4 (26) |
48.7 (124) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.4 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 12.2 | 11.7 | 11.1 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 8.6 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 125.5 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 10.0 | 8.1 | 5.0 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 7.3 | 35.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
72.3 | 71.9 | 71.4 | 68.5 | 68.5 | 69.7 | 71.5 | 74.9 | 75.4 | 72.5 | 74.5 | 75.9 | 72.3 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 11.7 (−11.3) |
15.4 (−9.2) |
24.6 (−4.1) |
33.6 (0.9) |
43.7 (6.5) |
54.3 (12.4) |
60.6 (15.9) |
60.4 (15.8) |
53.4 (11.9) |
41.4 (5.2) |
30.4 (−0.9) |
18.3 (−7.6) |
37.3 (3.0) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 140.2 | 151.5 | 185.4 | 213.5 | 275.5 | 304.5 | 321.1 | 281.2 | 215.1 | 178.0 | 112.8 | 104.8 | 2,483.6 |
Percent possible sunshine | 48 | 51 | 50 | 53 | 61 | 66 | 69 | 65 | 57 | 52 | 38 | 37 | 56 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)[78][79][77][80] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas [81] |
Climate data for Milwaukee | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average sea temperature °F (°C) | 37.5 (3.0) |
36.0 (2.2) |
36.2 (2.4) |
38.2 (3.4) |
40.8 (4.9) |
53.3 (11.8) |
67.9 (19.9) |
71.9 (22.2) |
66.9 (19.4) |
54.9 (12.8) |
46.9 (8.3) |
40.1 (4.5) |
49.2 (9.6) |
Source: Weather Atlas [81] |
Climate change
According to the United States'
Water
In the 1990s and 2000s, Lake Michigan experienced large
As of 2021[update], there are more than 3,000 drinking fountains in the Milwaukee Public School District; 183 had lead levels above 15 parts per billion (ppb). 15 ppb is the federal action level in which effort needs to be taken to lower these lead levels.[87] In the city, more than 10% of children test positive for dangerous lead levels in their blood as of 2019[update].[88]
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1840 | 1,700 | — | |
1850 | 20,061 | 1,080.1% | |
1860 | 45,246 | 125.5% | |
1870 | 71,440 | 57.9% | |
1880 | 115,587 | 61.8% | |
1890 | 204,468 | 76.9% | |
1900 | 285,315 | 39.5% | |
1910 | 373,857 | 31.0% | |
1920 | 457,147 | 22.3% | |
1930 | 578,249 | 26.5% | |
1940 | 587,472 | 1.6% | |
1950 | 637,392 | 8.5% | |
1960 | 741,324 | 16.3% | |
1970 | 717,099 | −3.3% | |
1980 | 636,212 | −11.3% | |
1990 | 628,088 | −1.3% | |
2000 | 596,974 | −5.0% | |
2010 | 594,833 | −0.4% | |
2020 | 577,222 | −3.0% | |
2022 (est.) | 563,305 | [10] | −2.4% |
U.S. Decennial Census[89] 2010–2020[9] |
Milwaukee is the
2020 census
As of the
The 2020 census population of the city included 1,198 people incarcerated in adult correctional facilities and 9,625 people in university student housing.[91]
According to the
Racial and ethnic groups
Race or Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) |
Race Alone | Total [D] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Black or African American (NH) | 37.8% | 40.1% | ||
White (NH)
|
32.3% | 35.4% | ||
Hispanic or Latino[E] | — | 20.1% | ||
Asian (NH) | 5.2% | 5.8% | ||
Native American (NH) | 0.4% | 1.4% | ||
Pacific Islander (NH) | 0.03% | 0.10% | ||
Other | 0.5% | 1.0% |
According to the 2010 Census, 44.8% of the population was White (37.0%
Racial composition | 2020 | 2010 | 2000 | 1990 | 1980 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Black or African American |
37.8% | 39.2% | 36.9% | 30.2% | 22.9% |
White (Non-Hispanic) |
32.3% | 37.0% | 45.5% | 60.8% | 71.4% |
Hispanic or Latino | 20.1% | 17.3% | 12.0% | 6.3% | 4.2% |
Asian |
5.2% | 3.5% | 2.9% | 1.8% | 0.7% |
Mixed |
3.6% | 2.2% |
According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, 38.3% of Milwaukee's residents reported having
The
In 2015, Milwaukee was rated as the "worst city for black Americans" based on disparities in employment and income levels.
In 2013, Mark Pfeifer, the editor of the Hmong Studies Journal, stated Hmong in Milwaukee had recently been moving to the northwest side of Milwaukee; they historically lived in the north and south areas of Milwaukee.[105] The Hmong American Peace Academy/International Peace Academy, a K–12 school system in Milwaukee centered on the Hmong community, opened in 2004.[105]
Polish people, Slavs, European Jews, people from the Mediterranean including Greeks, Italians, and Syrians immigrated to Milwaukee after 1880.[106]
Religion
As of 2010, approximately 51.8% of residents in the Milwaukee area said they regularly attended religious services. 24.6% of the Milwaukee area population identified as
The
Milwaukee is home for several
The St. Sava Serbian Orthodox Cathedral is a landmark of the Serbian community in Milwaukee, located by the American Serb hall, which the congregation also operated until putting it up for sale in January 2021 due to financial challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[110]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a presence in the Milwaukee area. The Milwaukee area has two stakes, with fourteen wards and four branches among them. The closest temple is the Chicago Illinois Temple. The area is part of the Wisconsin Milwaukee Mission.[111]
2000 census
About 30.5% of households in 2000 had children under the age of 18 living with them. 32.2% of households were
In 2000, the Census estimated at least 1,408 same-sex households in Milwaukee, or about 0.6% of all households in the city.
The city's population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 12.2% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $32,216, and the median income for a family was $37,879. Males had a median income of $32,244 versus $26,013 for females. The
Economy
Early economy
Milwaukee was situated as a port city and a center for collecting and distributing produce. Some of the new
There was intense competition for markets with
Because of its easy access to Lake Michigan and other waterways, Milwaukee's
Reshaping of the valley began with the
In 1843 George Burnham and his brother Jonathan opened a brickyard near 16th Street. When a durable and distinct cream-colored brick came out of the clay beds, other brickyards sprang up to take advantage of this resource. Because many of the city's buildings were built using this material it earned the nickname "Cream City", and consequently the brick was called Cream City brick. By 1881 the Burnham brickyard, which employed 200 men and peaked at 15 million bricks a year, was the largest in the world.
Along with the processing industries, bulk commodity storage, machining, and manufacturing entered the scene. The valley was home to the
Early in the 20th century, Milwaukee was home to several pioneer
Brewing
Milwaukee became synonymous with Germans and beer beginning in the 1840s. The Germans had long enjoyed beer and set up breweries when they arrived in Milwaukee. By 1856, there were more than two dozen breweries in Milwaukee, most of them owned and operated by Germans. Besides making beer for the rest of the nation, Milwaukeeans enjoyed consuming the various beers produced in the city's breweries. As early as 1843, pioneer historian James Buck recorded 138 taverns in Milwaukee, an average of one per forty residents. Today, beer halls and taverns are abundant in the city, but only one of the major breweries—Miller—remains in Milwaukee.[115]
Milwaukee was once the home to four of the world's largest beer breweries (Schlitz, Blatz, Pabst, and Miller), and was the number one beer producing city in the world for many years. As late as 1981, Milwaukee had the greatest brewing capacity in the world.[119] Despite the decline in its position as the world's leading beer producer after the loss of two of those breweries, Miller Brewing Company remains a key employer by employing over 2,200 of the city's workers.[120] Because of Miller's position as the second-largest beer-maker in the U.S., the city remains known as a beer town. The city and surrounding areas are seeing a resurgence in microbreweries, nanobreweries and brewpubs with the craft beer movement.[121]
The historic Milwaukee Brewery in "Miller Valley" at 4000 West State Street, is the oldest functioning major brewery in the United States. In 2008, Coors beer also began to be brewed in Miller Valley. This created additional brewery jobs in Milwaukee, but the company's world headquarters moved from Milwaukee to Chicago.
In addition to Miller and the heavily automated
Three beer brewers with Wisconsin operations made the 2009 list of the 50 largest beermakers in the United States, based on beer sales volume. Making the latest big-breweries list from Wisconsin is
Present economy
Milwaukee is the home to the international headquarters of seven
Service and managerial jobs are the fastest-growing segments of the Milwaukee economy, and health care alone makes up 27% of the jobs in the city.[128]
Culture
Milwaukee is a popular location for sailing, boating, and kayaking on Lake Michigan, ethnic dining, and cultural festivals. Often referred to as the City of Festivals,[5] Milwaukee has various cultural events which take place throughout the summer at Henry Maier Festival Park, on the lake. Museums and cultural events, such as Jazz in the Park, occur weekly in downtown parks. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Milwaukee 15th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.[129] In 2018, the city was voted "The Coolest City in the Midwest" by Vogue.[130]
Museums
Art
- The Milwaukee Art Museum is perhaps Milwaukee's most visually prominent cultural attraction, especially its $100 million wing designed by Santiago Calatrava in his first American commission.[131] The museum includes a brise soleil, a moving sunscreen that unfolds similarly to the wing of a bird.
- The Grohmann Museum at Milwaukee School of Engineering contains the world's most comprehensive art collection dedicated to the evolution of human work.[132] It houses the Man at Work collection, which comprises more than 700 paintings and sculptures dating from 1580 to the present. The museum also features a rooftop sculpture garden.
- Haggerty Museum of Arton the Marquette University campus houses several classical masterpieces and is open to the public.
- The A.O. Smith corporation, and has a terraced garden, an assortment of Renaissance art, and rotating exhibits.[133]
- Charles Allis Art Museum, in the Tudor-style mansion of Charles Allis, hosts several changing exhibits every year in the building's original antique furnished setting.
Science and natural history
- The Milwaukee Public Museum has been Milwaukee's primary natural history and human history museum for 125 years, with over 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) of permanent exhibits.[134] Exhibits feature Africa, Europe, the Arctic, Oceania, and South and Middle America, the ancient Western civilizations ("Crossroads of Civilization"), dinosaurs, the tropical rainforest, streets of Old Milwaukee, a European Village, live insects and arthropods ("Bugs Alive!") a Samson Gorilla replica, the Puelicher Butterfly Wing, hands-on laboratories, and animatronics. The museum also contains an IMAX movie theater/planetarium. Milwaukee Public Museum owns the world's largest dinosaur skull.[135]
- double helix staircasewraps around the 40-foot (12 m) kinetic sculpture of a human genome. The S/V Dennis Sullivan Schooner Ship docked at Discovery World is the world's only re-creation of an 1880s-era three-masted vessel and the first schooner to be built in Milwaukee in over 100 years. It teaches visitors about the Great Lakes and Wisconsin's maritime history.
- Parents Magazine, it exemplifies the philosophy that constructive play nurtures the mind.
- Mitchell Park Horticultural Conservatory (Mitchell Park Domes or, simply, the Domes) is a conservatory at Mitchell Park. It is owned and operated by the Milwaukee County Park System, and replaced the original Milwaukee Conservatory which stood from 1898 to 1955. The three domes display a large variety of plant and bird life. The conservatory includes the Tropical Dome, the Arid Dome and the Show Dome, which hosts four seasonal (cultural, literary, or historic) shows and one Christmas exhibit held annually in December for visitors to enjoy. The Domes are deteriorating rapidly "and the popular horticultural conservatory will close within a few years unless $30 million is found to do just basic repairs."[137]
Social and cultural history
- Pabst Mansion Built in 1892 by beer tycoon Frederick Pabst, this Flemish Renaissance Mansion was once considered the jewel of Milwaukee's famous avenue of mansions called the "Grand Avenue". Interior rooms have been restored with period furniture, to create an authentic replica of a Victorian Mansion. Nationally recognized as a house museum.
- Milwaukee County Historical Society features Milwaukee during the late 19th century through the mid-20th century. Housed within an architectural landmark, the Milwaukee's Historical Society features a panoramic painting of Milwaukee, firefighting equipment, period replicas of a pharmacy and a bank, and Children's world – an exhibit that includes vintage toys, clothes and school materials. The museum houses a research library, where scenes from the movie Public Enemies were shot.
- Wisconsin Black Historical Society,[138] whose mission is to document and preserve the historical heritage of African descent in Wisconsin, exhibiting collecting and disseminating materials depicting this heritage.
- James Cameron, featured exhibits which chronicle the injustices suffered throughout history by African Americans in the United States. The museum first closed in July 2008 as a result of financial difficulties.[139] The museum reopened in 2012 as a virtual museum with the original building demolished. As of 2018 a new building housing the museum has opened.[140][141]
- Jewish Museum Milwaukee,[142] is dedicated to preserving and presenting the history of the Jewish people in southeastern Wisconsin and celebrating the continuum of Jewish heritage and culture.
- Mitchell Gallery of Flight, at Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport, Milwaukee's aviation and historical enthusiasts experience the history of Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport with a visit to the Gallery of Flight. Exhibits include General Billy Mitchell; replicas of past and present aircraft including the Lawson Airline, the first commercial airliner; the Graf Zeppelin II, the sistership to the tragically legendary Hindenburg; a 1911 Curtis Pusher, an airplane with the propeller in the rear of the plane; and the present day giant of the sky, the 747. Other exhibits include commercial air memorabilia, early aviation engines and airport beacons.
- Harley-Davidson Museum, opened in 2008, pays tribute to Harley-Davidson motorcycles.
- Chudnow Museum of Yesteryear
Arenas and performing arts
Performing arts groups and venues include:
- Bel Canto Chorus
- First Stage Children's Theater
- Florentine Opera
- Marcus Center for the Performing Arts
- Miller High Life Theatre
- Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra
- Milwaukee Youth Arts Center
- Milwaukee Ballet
- Milwaukee Repertory Theater
- Milwaukee Opera Theatre
- Milwaukee Public Theatre
- Milwaukee Youth Theatre
- Pabst Theater
- Pioneer Drum and Bugle Corps
- Present Music
- The Melody Top
- The Rave/Eagles Ballroom
- Riverside Theater
- Skylight Music Theatre
- Wisconsin Conservatory of Music
- Turner Hall
- Fiserv Forum
- Miller Park
- UW–Milwaukee Panther Arena
- Marcus Amphitheater on the Henry Maier Festival Park SummerfestGrounds
In 1984
-
The Rave/Eagles Ballroom
-
Turner Hall
-
Marcus Center for the Performing Arts
Public art and monuments
Milwaukee has some 75 sculptures to honor the many people and topics reflecting the city's history.[143] Among the more prominent monuments are:
- Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
- Tadeusz Kościuszko
- Casimir Pulaski
- Solomon Juneau
- Abraham Lincoln
- George Washington
- Bronze Fonz
- Pope John Paul II
- Martin Luther King Jr.
- The Victorious Charge
- Leif Ericson
- Jacques Marquette
- Goethe-Schiller Monument
- Immigrant Mother
- Letter Carriers' Monument, a memorial to the National Association of Letter Carriers
-
Leif Ericsonmonument
-
Historic Lincoln Village.
Additionally, Milwaukee has a burgeoning mural arts scene.
Festivals
The city hosts an annual lakefront music festival called
Milwaukee hosts a variety of primarily ethnically themed festivals throughout the summer. Held generally on the lakefront
Cuisine
Milwaukee's ethnic cuisines include
Milwaukee County hosts the Zoo-A La Carte at the
Music
Milwaukee has a long history of musical activity. The first organized musical society, called "Milwaukee Beethoven Society" formed in 1843, three years before the city was incorporated.[146]
The large concentrations of German and other European immigrants contributed to the musical character of the city.
In the early 20th century, guitarist
bands.Milwaukee's most famous music venue is Summerfest. Founded in 1968, Summerfest features 700–800 live musical acts across 12 stages during 11 days over a 12-day period beginning in late June; while the dates adjust each year, Summerfest always includes July 4. On the Summerfest grounds, the largest venue is the American Family Insurance Amphitheater with a 23,000 person capacity. Adjacent is the BMO Harris Pavilion, which has a capacity of roughly 10,000. The BMO Harris Pavilion also hosts numerous concerts and events outside of Summerfest; other stages are also used during the numerous other festivals held on the grounds.
Venues such as
The Milwaukee area is known for producing national talents such as
Sports
Currently, Milwaukee's sports teams include:
Club | Sport | Founded | Current League | Stadium |
---|---|---|---|---|
Milwaukee Bucks | Basketball | 1968 | NBA )
|
Fiserv Forum |
Milwaukee Brewers | Baseball | 1970 | MLB )
|
American Family Field |
Milwaukee Bavarians
|
Soccer
|
1929[150] | United Premier Soccer League | Heartland Value Fund Stadium |
Marquette Golden Eagles | Basketball | 1916 | NCAA )
|
Fiserv Forum |
Milwaukee Panthers | Basketball | 1956 | NCAA )
|
UW–Milwaukee Panther Arena |
Milwaukee Admirals | Hockey | 1970 | American Hockey League | UW–Milwaukee Panther Arena |
Milwaukee Wave | Indoor soccer | 1984 | Major Arena Soccer League | UW–Milwaukee Panther Arena |
Brewcity Bruisers | Roller Derby
|
2006 | WFTDA
|
UW–Milwaukee Panther Arena |
Milwaukee Milkmen | Baseball | 2018 | American Association of Independent Professional Baseball
|
Franklin Field |
USL Milwaukee
|
Soccer | 2022 | USL Championship | Iron District Stadium |
FC Milwaukee Torrent | Soccer | 2015 | National Premier Soccer League (Men) Women's Premier Soccer League (Women) | Hart Park |
The city is represented in two of the four
Milwaukee also has a strong history of nonprofessional sports dating back to the 19th century. Abraham Lincoln watched cricket in Milwaukee in 1849 when he attended a game between Chicago and Milwaukee. In 1854, the Milwaukee Cricket Club had 150 members.[155]
Milwaukee was the host city of the International Cycling Classic, which included the men's and women's Superweek Pro Tour races, featuring cyclists and teams from across the United States and more than 20 other countries.[citation needed]
Parks and recreation
Milwaukee County is known for its well-developed
Parks and nature centers
Milwaukee's parks are home to several nature centers. The Urban Ecology Center offers programming for adults and children from its three branches located in Riverside Park, Washington Park, and the Menomonee Valley (near Three Bridges Park).[159] The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources operates a nature center at Havenwoods State Forest.[160] The city is also served by two nearby suburban nature centers. Wehr Nature Center is operated by Milwaukee County in Whitnall Park, located in Franklin, Wisconsin. Admission is free, and parking costs $5 per vehicle.[161] The Schlitz Audubon Nature Center in Bayside, Wisconsin charges admittance fees for visitors.
The Monarch Trail, on the Milwaukee County Grounds in Wauwatosa, is a 1.25-mile (2 km) trail that highlights the fall migration of the
During the summer months,
Public and farmers markets
Milwaukee Public Market, in the
Milwaukee County Farmers Markets, held in season, sell fresh produce, meats, cheeses, jams, jellies, preserves and syrups, and plants. Farmers markets also feature artists and craftspeople. Locations include: Aur Farmers Market, Brown Deer Farmers Market, Cudahy Farmers Market, East Town Farm Market, Enderis Park Farmers Market, Fondy Farmers Market, Mitchell Street Market, Riverwest Gardeners' Market, Silver Spring Farmers Market, South Milwaukee Farmers Market, South Shore Farmers Market, Uptown Farmers Market, Wauwatosa Farmers Market, West Allis Farmers Market, and Westown Market on the Park.
Government and politics
Milwaukee has a
Milwaukee has a history of giving long tenures to its mayors; from Frank Zeidler to Tom Barrett, the city had only four elected mayors (and one acting) in a 73-year period.[164] When 28-year incumbent Henry Maier retired in 1988, he held the record for longest term of service for a city of Milwaukee's size,[citation needed] and when Barrett retired in 2021, he was the longest-serving mayor of any of the United States' 50 largest cities.[165]
In addition to the election of a Mayor and Common Council on the city level, Milwaukee residents elect county representatives to the
Milwaukee has been a
Milwaukee makes up the overwhelming majority of
Milwaukee's Mexican Consultate serves 65 counties in Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.[169]
Crime
Homicide statistics
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
In 2001 and 2007, Milwaukee ranked among the ten most dangerous large cities in the United States.[171][172] Despite its improvement since then, Milwaukee still fares worse when comparing specific crime types to the national average (e.g., homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault)[173][174] The Milwaukee Police Department's Gang Unit was reactivated in 2004 after Nannette Hegerty was sworn in as chief. In 2006, 4,000 charges were brought against suspects through Milwaukee's Gang Unit.[175] In 2013 there were 105 murders in Milwaukee and 87 homicides the following year.[176] In 2015, 146 people were killed in the city.[177] In 2018, Milwaukee was ranked the eighth most dangerous city in the US.[178]
Poverty
As of 2016[update], Milwaukee currently ranks as the second poorest U.S. city with over 500,000 residents, falling behind only Detroit.[179] In 2013, a Point-In-Time survey estimated 1,500 people were homeless on Milwaukee's streets each night,[180] although as of 2022 the estimate has reduced to 832.[181] The city's homeless and poor are aided by several local nonprofits, including the Milwaukee Rescue Mission.
Election results
Year | Democratic | Republican | Third Parties
|
---|---|---|---|
2020[182] | 78.83% 194,661 | 19.60% 48,414 | 1.57% 3,875 |
2016[183] | 76.55% 188,657 | 18.43% 45,411 | 5.02% 12,377 |
2012[184] | 79.27% 227,384 | 19.72% 56,553 | 1.01% 2,896 |
2008[185] | 77.82% 213,436 | 21.03% 57,665 | 1.15% 3,152 |
2004[186] | 71.83% 198,907 | 27.35% 75,746 | 0.82% 2,268 |
Education
Primary and secondary education
Milwaukee is also home to over two dozen private or parochial high schools, such as Marquette University High School, and many private and parochial middle and elementary schools. In 1990, Milwaukee became the first city in the United States to offer a school voucher program.
Of persons in Milwaukee aged 25 and above, 89.2% have a high school diploma, and 32.4% have a bachelor's degree or higher.[189]
Higher education
Milwaukee area universities and colleges:
- Alverno College
- The Art Institute of Wisconsin
- Bryant and Stratton
- Cardinal Stritch University
- Carroll University (Waukesha)
- Concordia University Wisconsin
- Herzing University
- Marquette University
- Wauwatosa)
- Milwaukee Area Technical College
- Milwaukee Institute of Art and Design
- Milwaukee School of Engineering
- Mount Mary University
- Nashotah House
- Saint Francis de Sales Seminary
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
- Wisconsin Institute for Torah Study
- Wisconsin Lutheran College
Media
Milwaukee's daily
Milwaukee's major
Other television stations in the Milwaukee market include
There are numerous radio stations throughout Milwaukee and the surrounding area.
There are two cable
Until 2015,
Infrastructure
Health care
Milwaukee's health care industry includes several health systems. The Milwaukee Regional Medical Complex, between 8700 and 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, is on the Milwaukee County grounds. This area includes the
Other health care non-profit organizations in Milwaukee include national headquarters of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology and the Endometriosis Association.
Transportation
Airports
Milwaukee has two airports: Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport (KMKE) on the southern edge of the city, which handles the region's commercial traffic, and Lawrence J. Timmerman Airport (KMWC), known locally as Timmerman Field, on the northwest side along Appleton Avenue.
Mitchell is served by twelve airlines,[192] which offer roughly 240 daily departures and 245 daily arrivals. Approximately 90 cities are served nonstop or direct from Mitchell International. It is the largest airport in Wisconsin and the 34th largest in the nation.[193] The airport terminal is open 24 hours a day. Since 2005, Mitchell International Airport has been connected by the Amtrak Hiawatha train service, which provides airport access via train to Chicago and downtown Milwaukee. Southwest, Frontier Airlines, American Airlines, United Airlines, Air Canada, and Delta Air Lines are among the carriers using Milwaukee's Mitchell International Airport gates.[192] In July 2015, it served 610,271 passengers.[194]
Intercity rail and bus
Milwaukee's Amtrak station was renovated in 2007 to create Milwaukee Intermodal Station near downtown Milwaukee and the Third Ward to provide Amtrak riders easy access to intercity bus services. The station itself replaces the previous main railway station, Everett Street Depot. Milwaukee is served by Amtrak's Hiawatha Service passenger train up to seven times daily between Milwaukee Intermodal Station and Chicago Union Station, including a stop at the Milwaukee Airport Railroad Station, Sturtevant, Wisconsin, and Glenview, Illinois. Amtrak's Empire Builder stops at Milwaukee Intermodal Station and connects to Chicago and the Pacific Northwest, with several stops along the way.
In 2010, $800 million in federal funds were allocated to the creation of high-speed rail links from Milwaukee to Chicago and
Intercity bus services to the city include
Transit
- Bus: The Milwaukee County Transit System provides bus services within Milwaukee County. The Badger Bus station in downtown Milwaukee provides bus service between Milwaukee and Madison. An East/West Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) line between downtown and the Milwaukee Regional Medical Center is also currently under construction.[200]
- Streetcar: A modern
Past transit proposals
- Commuter rail: Milwaukee currently has no commuter rail system. Kenosha to Milwaukee Intermodal Station. However, Wisconsin repealed the legislation authorizing such efforts in June 2011, and the project is now defunct.[204]
- Light rail: A 1990s Wisconsin DOT plan determined the path forward for east-west transportation in Milwaukee to be a mix of a comprehensive light rail system, an expansion of I-94 with HOV lanes, and increased bus service to Waukesha County. Despite being awarded $289 million for this plan from the federal government, local Republican leaders rescinded support for light rail. The "locally preferred alternative" would have connected destinations including downtown Milwaukee, UW-Milwaukee, and the Milwaukee Regional Medical Center.[205]
Highways
Three of Wisconsin's
Approved in 2015, Interstate 41 follows I-94 north from the state line before turning west at the Mitchell Interchange to the Hale Interchange and then north to Green Bay via Fond du Lac, Oshkosh and Appleton. I-41/US 41/US 45 from the Hale Interchange to Wisconsin Hwy 145 is known as the Zoo Freeway.
Milwaukee has two auxiliary Interstate Highways,
Milwaukee is also served by three
Milwaukee County is also served by several
- Hwy. 24 (Forest Home Avenue)
- Hwy. 32 (Chicago Avenue, College Avenue, S. Lake Drive, Howard Avenue, Kinnickinnic Avenue, 1st Street, Pittsburgh Avenue, Milwaukee Street, State Street, Prospect Avenue NB/Farwell Avenue SB, Bradford Avenue, N. Lake Drive, Brown Deer Road)
- Hwy. 36 (Loomis Road)
- Hwy. 38 (Howell Avenue, Chase Avenue, 6th Street)
- Hwy. 57 (27th Street, Highland Avenue, 20th Street, Capitol Drive, Green Bay Avenue)
- Hwy. 59 (Greenfield Avenue/National Avenue)
- Hwy. 100 (Ryan Road, Lovers Lane Road, 108th Street, Mayfair Road, Brown Deer Road)
- Hwy. 119 (Airport Spur)
- Hwy. 145 (Fond du Lac Ave, Fond du Lac Freeway)
- Hwy. 175 (Appleton Avenue, Lisbon Avenue, Stadium Freeway)
- Hwy 181 (84th Street, Glenview Avenue, Wauwatosa Avenue, 76th Street)
- Hwy. 190 (Capitol Drive)
- Hwy. 241 (27th Street)
- Hwy. 794 (Lake Parkway)
In 2010, the Milwaukee area was ranked the 4th best city for commuters by
Water
Milwaukee's main port, Port of Milwaukee, handled 2.4 million metric tons of cargo through its municipal port in 2014.[208] Steel and salt are handled at the port.
Milwaukee connects with
Bicycle
As of 2022[update], Milwaukee has 195 miles (314 km) of on-street bicycle facilities, including various kinds of bicycle lanes, bicycle boulevards, and trails. In the following year, the city set a goal of increasing their
In 2006, Milwaukee obtained bronze-level status from the League of American Bicyclists,[210] a rarity for a city its size,[211] then silver-level status in 2019.[212]
The Bicycle Federation of Wisconsin[213] holds an annual Bike to Work Week. The event, held in May each year, has frequently featured a commuter race between a car, a bus, and a bike; and also a morning ride into work with the mayor.
In 2008, the city identified over 250 miles (400 km) of streets on which bike lanes will fit. It created a plan labeling 145 miles (233 km) of those as high priority for receiving bike lanes.[214] As part of the city's Bicycle and Pedestrian Task Force's mission to "make Milwaukee more bicycle and pedestrian friendly", as of 2008[update], over 700 bike racks have been installed throughout the city.[215] Since October 2018, when it enacted a Complete Streets policy, the city continuously considers the addition of bicycle facilities to roadways as part of new road projects.[216]
In 2009, the
In August 2014, Milwaukee debuted a
Walkability
A 2015 study by
Modal characteristics
According to the 2022 American Community Survey, 66% of working city of Milwaukee residents commuted by driving alone, 11.1% carpooled, 4.5% used public transportation, and 4.3% walked. About 2% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 12.1% of working city of Milwaukee residents worked at home.[225] In 2015, 17.9% of city of Milwaukee households were without a car, which increased to 18.7% in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Milwaukee averaged 1.3 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.[226]
City development
On February 10, 2015, a streetcar connecting the Milwaukee Intermodal Station with the city's
Northwestern Mutual Tower and Commons stands 550 feet (170 m) tall and has 32 stories, making it the second tallest building in Milwaukee.[230][231]
Fiserv Forum, a new multipurpose arena at 1111 Vel R. Phillips Avenue, has been built to accommodate the Milwaukee Bucks and Marquette Golden Eagles, as well as college and professional ice hockey games. Construction on the $524 million project began in November 2015 and opened to the public on August 26, 2018.[232] The arena is intended to be the focal point of a "live block" zone that includes public space surrounded by both commercial and residential developments. The arena has a transparent facade and a curved roof and side that is meant to evoke the water forms of nearby Lake Michigan and the Milwaukee River.[233]
In popular culture
- The American sitcom Happy Days was set in Milwaukee and ran for 11 seasons from 1974 to 1984, becoming one of the most successful sitcoms in American television history. It presented an idealized vision of life in the 1950s and early-1960s Midwestern United States.
- The American sitcom, Laverne & Shirley, a spin-off of Happy Days, which played for eight seasons on ABC from January 27, 1976, to May 10, 1983, followed the lives of Laverne DeFazio and Shirley Feeney, two friends and roommates who work as bottle-cappers in the fictitious Shotz Brewery in late 1950s Milwaukee.
- The 2004 sports comedy film, Mr. 3000, takes place in Milwaukee and features actor Bernie Mac as a member of the Milwaukee Brewers.[234]
- In the 1992 movie, Wayne's World, the two main characters, Wayne and Garth, meet rock star Alice Cooper after a show in Milwaukee. Cooper engages in a discussion with them and his band about Milwaukee and where the city's name comes from.[235][236]
- The 2011 comedy film Bridesmaids starring Kristen Wiig, Maya Rudolph and Rebel Wilson had multiple scenes set in Milwaukee, though it was filmed in California.[237]
Notable people
Sister cities
Milwaukee's
- Bomet, Kenya
- Daegu, South Korea
- Galway, Ireland
- Irpin, Ukraine
- Tarime District, Tanzania
- Zadar, Croatia
- Kragujevac, Serbia
Friendship cities
See also
- 1947 Wisconsin earthquake
- Great Lakes megalopolis
- Flag of Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Seal of Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- USS Milwaukee, 5 ships
Notes
- Waste Management facility.[75]
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Records kept January 1871 to February 1941 at the Weather Bureau Office and at General Mitchell Int'l since March 1941. For more information, see Threadex
- ^ The total for each race includes those who reported that race alone or in combination with other races. People who reported a combination of multiple races may be counted multiple times, so the sum of all percentages will exceed 100%.
- ^ Hispanic and Latino origins are separate from race in the U.S. Census. The Census does not distinguish between Latino origins alone or in combination. This row counts Hispanics and Latinos of any race.
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Further reading
- Fure-Slocum, Eric (June 2013). Contesting the Postwar City: Working-Class and Growth Politics in 1940s Milwaukee. ISBN 9781107036352.
- Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online; see index at p. 409 for list.
External links
- Official website
- Greater Milwaukee Convention Bureau
- Metropolitan Milwaukee Association of Commerce
- Milwaukee featured on NPR's State of the Re:Union
- Sanborn fire insurance maps: 1894 vol 1 vol 2