Minesweeper

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Minesweeper (disambiguation).
Minesweeper J 636 underway in British coastal waters during World War II.

A minesweeper is a small warship designed to remove or detonate naval mines. Using various mechanisms intended to counter the threat posed by naval mines, minesweepers keep waterways clear for safe shipping.[1]

History

The earliest known usage of the naval mine dates to the Ming dynasty.[2] Dedicated minesweepers, however, only appeared many centuries later during the Crimean War, when they were deployed by the British. The Crimean War minesweepers were rowboats trailing grapnels to snag mines. Minesweeping technology picked up in the Russo-Japanese War, using aging torpedo boats as minesweepers.

A minesweeper cutting loose moored mines

In Britain, naval leaders recognized before the outbreak of

Royal Navy Reserve became the predecessor of the mine sweeping forces with specially designed ships and equipment to follow. These reserve Trawler Section fishermen and their trawlers were activated, supplied with mine gear, rifles, and uniforms, and paid as the first minesweepers.[4] The dedicated, purpose-built minesweeper first appeared during World War I with the Flower-class minesweeping sloop. By the end of the War, naval mine technology had grown beyond the ability of minesweepers to detect and remove mines.[5]

Minesweeping made significant advancements during World War II. Combatant nations quickly adapted ships to the task of minesweeping, including Australia's 35 civilian ships that became auxiliary minesweepers.[6] Both Allied and Axis countries made heavy use of minesweepers throughout the war. Historian Gordon Williamson wrote that "Germany's minesweepers alone formed a massive proportion of its total strength, and are very much the unsung heroes of the Kriegsmarine."[7] Naval mines remained a threat even after the war ended, and minesweeping crews were still active after VJ Day.[8] After the Second World War, Allied countries worked on new classes of minesweepers ranging from 120-ton designs for clearing

mechanized landing craft to sweep shallow harbors in and around North Korea.[10]

As of June 2012[update], the U.S. Navy had four minesweepers deployed to the Persian Gulf to address regional instabilities.[11][12] The Royal Navy also has four minesweepers stationed in the Persian Gulf as part of the 9th Mine Counter-Measures Squadron.

Operation and requirements

Magnetic naval minesweeper as a monument in Kotka, Finland
Siegburg, a modern Ensdorf-class minesweeper of the German Navy

Minesweepers are equipped with mechanical or electrical devices, known as "sweeps", for disabling mines. The modern minesweeper is designed to reduce the chances of it detonating mines itself; it is

constructed using wood, fiberglass , or non-ferrous metal, or is degaussed to reduce its magnetic signature.[13]

Mechanical sweeps are devices designed to cut the anchoring cables of moored mines, and preferably attach a tag to help the subsequent localization and neutralization. They are towed behind the minesweeper and use a towed body (e.g.,

paravane
) to maintain the sweep at the desired depth and position. Influence sweeps are equipment, often towed, that emulate a particular ship signature, thereby causing a mine to detonate.

There are two modes of operating an influence sweep: MSM (mine setting mode) and TSM (target simulation mode or target setting mode). MSM sweeping is founded on intelligence on a given type of mine, and produces the output required for detonation of this mine. If such intelligence is unavailable, the TSM sweeping instead reproduces the influence of the friendly ship that is about to transit the area. TSM sweeping thus clears mines directed at this ship without knowledge of the mines. However, mines directed at other ships might remain.[14][15]

The minesweeper differs from a

mine countermeasure vessels
(MCMV), a term also applied to a vessel that combines both roles.

Basic minesweepers of project 1265. USSR

See also

References

  1. ISBN 9780199891580
    .
  2. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 203–205.
  3. ^ Bacon, Sir Reginald (1919). The Dover patrol 1915-1917. G. D. Doran co. p. 146.
  4. ISBN 0-85052-908-5
    .)
  5. ISBN 9780195130751
    .
  6. ISBN 9780195517842
    .
  7. ISBN 9781782000006
    .
  8. ISSN 0032-4558
    .
  9. ISBN 9780004720654
    . Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  10. ISSN 0032-4558
    . Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  11. ^ Cavas, Christopher P. (March 15, 2012). "U.S. doubling minesweepers in Persian Gulf". NavyTimes. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  12. ^ "Four U.S. Navy minesweepers arrive in the Gulf". Reuters. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  13. ISBN 0-7614-7333-5
    . Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  14. ^ Dick Linssen and Åshild Bergh (2000): "Target Simulation Mode Mine Sweeping - SWEEPOP", pamphlet, 4 pages, TNO Physics and Electronics Laboratory, The Netherlands.
  15. ^ P A Brodtkorb, B-E Marthinsen, M Nakjem, R Fardal (2005): "Royal Norwegian Navy (RNoN) introduces new mine sweeping capabilities", Undersea Defence Technology (UDT) Europe, conf. proc., Amsterdam.

Further reading

External links

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