Minneapolis
Minneapolis | ||
---|---|---|
Minnehaha Falls | ||
City 429,954 | | |
• Estimate (2022)[8] | 425,096 | |
• Rank |
| |
• Density | 7,962.11/sq mi (3,074.21/km2) | |
• UTC–5 (CDT) | ||
ZIP Codes | 55401-55419, 55423, 55429-55430, 55450, 55454-55455, 55484-55488 | |
Area code | 612 | |
FIPS code | 27-43000[4] | |
GNIS ID | 655030[4] | |
Website | MinneapolisMN.gov |
Minneapolis,
The city's major arts institutions include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, and the Guthrie Theater. Four professional sports teams play downtown. Prince is survived by his favorite venue, the First Avenue nightclub. Minneapolis is home to the University of Minnesota's main campus. The city's public transport is provided by Metro Transit and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits.
Residents adhere to more than fifty religions, and thousands choose to volunteer their time. Despite its well-regarded quality of life,[17] Minneapolis faces a pressing challenge in the form of stark disparities among its residents—arguably the most critical issue confronting the city in the 21st century.[18] Governed by a mayor-council system, Minneapolis has a political landscape dominated by the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), with Jacob Frey serving as mayor since 2018.
History
Dakota homeland, city founded
Two Indigenous nations inhabited the area now called Minneapolis.
Purchasing most of modern-day Minneapolis,
Under pressure from US officials[38] in a series of treaties, the Dakota ceded their land first to the east, and then to the west of the Mississippi, the river that runs through Minneapolis.[39][d] Dakota leaders twice refused to sign the next treaty until they were paid for the previous one.[51]In the space of sixty years, the US had seized all of Dakota land. In the decades following these treaty signings, the federal US government rarely honored their terms.[52] After closing in 1858, the University of Minnesota was revived using land taken from the Dakota people under the Morrill Land-Grant Acts in 1862.[53][e]
At the beginning of the American Civil War, annuity payments owed in June 1862 to the Dakota by treaty were late, causing acute hunger among the Dakota.
While the Dakota were being expelled, Franklin Steele laid claim to the east bank of Saint Anthony Falls,[71] and John H. Stevens built a home on the west bank.[72] Residents had divergent ideas on names for their community. In 1852, Charles Hoag proposed combining the Dakota word for 'water' (mni[g]) with the Greek word for 'city' (polis), yielding Minneapolis. In 1851 after a meeting of the Minnesota Territorial Legislature, leaders of east bank St. Anthony lost their bid to move the capital from Saint Paul.[77] In a close vote, Saint Paul and Stillwater agreed to divide federal funding:[77] Saint Paul would be the capital, while Stillwater would build the prison. The St. Anthony contingent eventually won the state university.[77] In 1855 with a charter from the legislature, Steele and associates opened the first bridge across the Mississippi; the toll bridge cost pedestrians three cents ($0.98 in 2023).[78] In 1856, the territorial legislature authorized Minneapolis as a town on the Mississippi's west bank.[73] Minneapolis was incorporated as a city in 1867, and in 1872, it merged with St. Anthony.[79]
Water power, lumber, and flour milling
Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi, which was used as a source of energy.[16] A 1989 Minnesota Archaeological Society analysis of the Minneapolis riverfront describes the use of water power in Minneapolis between 1880 and 1930 as "the greatest direct-drive waterpower center the world has ever seen".[80] Minneapolis earned the nickname "Mill City."[81][15] The city's two founding industries—lumber and flour milling—developed in the 19th century nearly concurrently. Flour milling overshadowed lumber for some decades; nevertheless, each came to prominence for about fifty years.[h] The city's first commercial sawmill was built in 1848, and the first gristmill in 1849.[83][i]
A lumber industry was built around forests in northern Minnesota, largely by lumbermen emigrating from
Growing use of steam power freed lumbermen and their sawmills from dependence on the falls.
Disasters struck the city in the late 19th century. Dug under the river at
The hard red spring wheat grown in Minnesota became valuable—$0.50 profit per barrel in 1871 ($12.72 in 2023) increased to $4.50 in 1874 ($121.00 in 2023)[114]—and Minnesota "patent" flour was recognized at the time as the best bread flour in the world.[110] By 1895, through the efforts of silent partner William Hood Dunwoody, Washburn-Crosby exported four million barrels of flour a year to the United Kingdom.[115] When exports peaked in 1900, fourteen percent of America's grain was milled in Minneapolis[110] and about one third of that was shipped overseas.[116] Overall production peaked at 18.5 million barrels in 1916.[117]
Decades of
Other industries develop
In 1886, businessman George D. Munsing found that itchy wool underwear could be covered in silk. His Minneapolis textile business—known then as Munsingwear, today owned by Perry Ellis[133]—lasted a century and in 1923, was the world's largest manufacturer of underwear.[134] In 1922, inventor David W. Onan founded Onan Corporation (bought by Cummins in 1986[135]), that built and sold generators in Minneapolis.[136] Onan brought electricity to midwestern markets before power lines covered the country, and supplied about half the generator sets the US military used during World War II.[137] Frederick McKinley Jones invented mobile refrigeration in Minneapolis, and with his associate founded Thermo King in 1938.[138] Medtronic, founded in a Minneapolis garage in 1949,[139] and today domiciled in Ireland, as of 2022 usually appears in lists of the world's largest medical device makers.[140]
Minnesota's computer industry was the largest and most varied in the US beginning in the 1950s, and in 1989 employed 68,000 people.
In the 1960s, developers and city leaders successfully contended with shopping attractions in suburbia[148]—the pioneering Southdale Center[149] and later the Mall of America.[150] The new Minneapolis Skyway System and the Nicollet Mall brought with them a heyday for downtown.[151]
Social tension
In many ways, the 20th century was a difficult time of bigotry and malfeasance, beginning with four decades of corruption.[152] Known initially as a kindly physician, mayor Doc Ames made his brother police chief, ran the city into crime, and tried to leave town in 1902 according to historian Iric Nathanson.[153] Lincoln Steffens published Ames's story in "The Shame of Minneapolis" in 1903.[154] The Ku Klux Klan was a force in the city from 1921[155] until 1923.[156] The gangster Kid Cann engaged in bribery and intimidation between the 1920s and the 1940s.[157] After Minnesota passed a eugenics law in 1925, the proprietors of Eitel Hospital sterilized people at Faribault State Hospital.[158]
The city was relatively unsegregated before 1910,[160] with a Black population of less than one percent,[161] when a developer wrote the first restrictive covenant based on race and ethnicity into a Minneapolis deed.[162] Realtors adopted the practice, thousands of times preventing non-Whites from owning or leasing properties;[163] this practice continued for four decades until the city became more and more racially divided.[164] Though such language was prohibited by state law in 1953 and by the federal Fair Housing Act of 1968,[165] restrictive covenants against minorities remained in many Minneapolis deeds as of the 2020s, and in 2021 the city gave residents a means to discharge them.[166]
During the summer of 1934 and the financial downturn of the Great Depression, the Citizens' Alliance, an association of employers, refused to negotiate with teamsters. The truck drivers union executed strikes in May and July–August.[167] Charles Rumford Walker explains in his book American City that Minneapolis teamsters succeeded in part due to the "military precision of the strike machine".[168] The union victory ultimately led to 1935 and 1938 federal laws protecting workers' rights.[169]
From the end of World War I in 1918 until 1950,
Between 1958 and 1963—in the largest urban renewal plan undertaken in America as of 2022[update][176]—Minneapolis demolished "skid row". Gone were 35 acres (10 ha) with more than 200 buildings, or roughly 40 percent of downtown, including the Gateway District and its significant architecture, such as the Metropolitan Building.[177] Efforts to save the building failed but encouraged interest in historic preservation.[177]
In 1968, relocated Native Americans founded the American Indian Movement[178] in Minneapolis,[179] and its A.I.M. Survival School, later called Heart of the Earth,[180] taught native traditions to children until closing in 2008.[181] In a backlash of the "dominant" White voters, Charles Stenvig, a law-and-order candidate, became mayor in 1969, and governed for nearly a decade until 1977.[182][183] After their marriage license was denied in 1970, a same-sex Minneapolis couple appealed all the way to the US Supreme Court in Baker v. Nelson.[184] They managed to get a license and marry in 1971,[184] forty years before Minnesota legalized same-sex marriage in 2013, and Obergefell v. Hodges did so nationwide in 2015.[185]
Immigration helped to curb the city's mid-20th century population decline. But because of a few radicalized persons, the city's large Somali population was targeted with discrimination after 9/11, when its hawalas or banks were closed.[186]
On May 25, 2020, 17-year-old
Structural racism
Minneapolis has a history of structural racism[195] and has racial disparities in nearly every aspect of society.[196] Some historians and commentators have said White Minneapolitans used discrimination based on race against the city's non-White residents. As White settlers displaced the indigenous population during the 19th century, they claimed the city's land,[197] and Kirsten Delegard of Mapping Prejudice explains that today's disparities evolved from control of the land.[160] Discrimination increased when flour milling moved to the East Coast and the economy declined.[198] The I-35W highway built in 1959 under the Interstate Highway System[199] cut through Black and Mexican neighborhoods.[200]
The foundation laid by racial covenants on residential segregation, property value, homeownership, wealth, housing security, access to green spaces, trees and parks, and health equity shapes the lives of people in 2022.[201] The city wrote in a decennial plan that racially discriminatory federal housing policies starting in the 1930s "prevented access to mortgages in areas with Jews, African-Americans and other minorities", and "left a lasting effect on the physical characteristics of the city and the financial well-being of its residents."[202]
Discussing a Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis report on how systemic racism compromises education in Minnesota,[203] Professor Keith Mayes says, "So the housing disparities created the educational disparities that we still live with today."[204] Professor Samuel Myers Jr. says of redlining, "Policing policies evolved that substituted explicit racial profiling with scientific management of racially disparate arrests. ... racially discriminatory policies became institutionalized and 'baked in' to the fabric of Minnesota life."[205][l] In 2020, government efforts to address these disparities include declaring racism a public health emergency,[207] and zoning changes passed by the 2018 Minneapolis City Council 2040 plan.[208]
Geography
The history and economic growth of Minneapolis are linked to water, the city's defining physical characteristic.
Minneapolis is sited above an
A 1959 report by the US
Neighborhoods
Minneapolis has 83 neighborhoods and 70 neighborhood organizations.[222] In some cases, two or more neighborhoods act together under one organization.[223]
Around 1990, the city set up the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP), in which every one of the city's eighty-some neighborhoods participated.
In 2018,
Climate
Minneapolis experiences a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification),[237] that is typical of southern parts of the Upper Midwest; it is situated in USDA plant hardiness zone 5a.[238][239][240] Minneapolis has cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers, as is typical in a continental climate. The difference between average temperatures in the coldest winter month and the warmest summer month is 58.1 °F (32.3 °C).
The Minneapolis area experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, and fog. The highest recorded temperature is 108 °F (42 °C) in July 1936 while the lowest is −41 °F (−41 °C) in January 1888.[241] The snowiest winter on record was 1983–1984, when 98.6 in (250 cm) of snow fell.[242] The least-snowy winter was 1930–1931, when 14.2 inches (36 cm) fell.[242] According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the annual average for sunshine duration is 58 percent.[243]
Climate data for Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport, Minnesota (1991–2020 normals,[n] extremes 1872–present)[o] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 58 (14) |
65 (18) |
83 (28) |
95 (35) |
106 (41) |
104 (40) |
108 (42) |
103 (39) |
104 (40) |
92 (33) |
77 (25) |
68 (20) |
108 (42) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 42.5 (5.8) |
46.7 (8.2) |
64.7 (18.2) |
79.7 (26.5) |
88.7 (31.5) |
93.3 (34.1) |
94.4 (34.7) |
91.7 (33.2) |
88.3 (31.3) |
80.1 (26.7) |
62.1 (16.7) |
47.1 (8.4) |
96.4 (35.8) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 23.6 (−4.7) |
28.5 (−1.9) |
41.7 (5.4) |
56.6 (13.7) |
69.2 (20.7) |
79.0 (26.1) |
83.4 (28.6) |
80.7 (27.1) |
72.9 (22.7) |
58.1 (14.5) |
41.9 (5.5) |
28.8 (−1.8) |
55.4 (13.0) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 16.2 (−8.8) |
20.6 (−6.3) |
33.3 (0.7) |
47.1 (8.4) |
59.5 (15.3) |
69.7 (20.9) |
74.3 (23.5) |
71.8 (22.1) |
63.5 (17.5) |
49.5 (9.7) |
34.8 (1.6) |
22.0 (−5.6) |
46.9 (8.3) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 8.8 (−12.9) |
12.7 (−10.7) |
24.9 (−3.9) |
37.5 (3.1) |
49.9 (9.9) |
60.4 (15.8) |
65.3 (18.5) |
62.8 (17.1) |
54.2 (12.3) |
40.9 (4.9) |
27.7 (−2.4) |
15.2 (−9.3) |
38.4 (3.6) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −14.7 (−25.9) |
−8 (−22) |
2.7 (−16.3) |
21.9 (−5.6) |
35.7 (2.1) |
47.3 (8.5) |
54.5 (12.5) |
52.3 (11.3) |
38.2 (3.4) |
26.0 (−3.3) |
9.2 (−12.7) |
−7.1 (−21.7) |
−16.9 (−27.2) |
Record low °F (°C) | −41 (−41) |
−33 (−36) |
−32 (−36) |
2 (−17) |
18 (−8) |
34 (1) |
43 (6) |
39 (4) |
26 (−3) |
10 (−12) |
−25 (−32) |
−39 (−39) |
−41 (−41) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.89 (23) |
0.87 (22) |
1.68 (43) |
2.91 (74) |
3.91 (99) |
4.58 (116) |
4.06 (103) |
4.34 (110) |
3.02 (77) |
2.58 (66) |
1.61 (41) |
1.17 (30) |
31.62 (803) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 11.0 (28) |
9.5 (24) |
8.2 (21) |
3.5 (8.9) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.8 (2.0) |
6.8 (17) |
11.4 (29) |
51.2 (130) |
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) | 8 (20) |
9 (23) |
8 (20) |
2 (5.1) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
4 (10) |
7 (18) |
9 (23) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.6 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 11.2 | 12.4 | 11.8 | 10.4 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 9.7 | 118.8 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 9.3 | 7.3 | 5.2 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 4.5 | 8.8 | 38.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
69.9 | 69.5 | 67.4 | 60.3 | 60.4 | 63.8 | 64.8 | 67.9 | 70.7 | 68.3 | 72.6 | 74.1 | 67.5 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 4.1 (−15.5) |
9.5 (−12.5) |
20.7 (−6.3) |
31.6 (−0.2) |
43.5 (6.4) |
54.7 (12.6) |
60.1 (15.6) |
58.3 (14.6) |
49.8 (9.9) |
37.9 (3.3) |
25.0 (−3.9) |
11.1 (−11.6) |
33.9 (1.0) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 156.7 | 178.3 | 217.5 | 242.1 | 295.2 | 321.9 | 350.5 | 307.2 | 233.2 | 181.0 | 112.8 | 114.3 | 2,710.7 |
Percent possible sunshine | 55 | 61 | 59 | 60 | 64 | 69 | 74 | 71 | 62 | 53 | 39 | 42 | 59 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
Source 1: | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[248] |
Cityscape
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1860 | 5,809 | — | |
1870 | 13,066 | 124.9% | |
1880 | 46,887 | 258.8% | |
1890 | 164,738 | 251.4% | |
1900 | 202,718 | 23.1% | |
1910 | 301,408 | 48.7% | |
1920 | 380,582 | 26.3% | |
1930 | 464,356 | 22.0% | |
1940 | 492,370 | 6.0% | |
1950 | 521,718 | 6.0% | |
1960 | 482,872 | −7.4% | |
1970 | 434,400 | −10.0% | |
1980 | 370,951 | −14.6% | |
1990 | 368,383 | −0.7% | |
2000 | 382,618 | 3.9% | |
2010 | 382,578 | 0.0% | |
2020 | 429,954 | 12.4% | |
2022 (est.) | 425,096 | [8] | −1.1% |
US Decennial Census[249] 2020 Census |
2020[250] | 2010[250] | 1990[251] | 1970[251] | 1950[251] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone | 58.0% | 60.3% | 77.5% | 92.8% | — |
Black or African American alone | 18.9% | 18.3% | 13.0% | 4.4% | 1.3% |
Hispanic or Latino | 10.4% | 10.5% | 2.1% | 0.9% | — |
Asian alone |
5.8% | 5.6% | 4.3% | 0.4% | 0.2% |
Other race alone | 0.5% | 0.3% | — | — | — |
Two or more races |
5.2% | 3.4% | — | — | — |
The Minneapolis area was originally occupied by
Settlers from
Chinese began immigration in the 1870s and Chinese businesses centered on the
The population of Minneapolis grew until 1950 when the census peaked at 521,718—the only time it has exceeded a half million. The population then declined for decades; after World War II, people moved to the suburbs, and generally out of the Midwest.[281]
In 1910, there were approximately 2,500 Black residents,[282] and by 1930, Minneapolis had one of the nation's highest literacy rates[283] among Black residents.[284][285] However, discrimination prevented them from obtaining higher-paying jobs.[286] In 1935, Cecil Newman and the Minneapolis Spokesman led a year-long consumer boycott of four area breweries that refused to hire Blacks.[287] Employment improved during World War II, but housing discrimination persisted.[288] Between 1950 and 1970, the Black population in Minneapolis increased by 436 percent.[287] After the Rust Belt economy declined in the 1980s, Black migrants were attracted to Minneapolis for its job opportunities, good schools, and relatively safe neighborhoods.[289]
In the 1990s, immigrants from the Horn of Africa began to arrive,[290] from Eritrea, Ethiopia, and particularly Somalia.[291] Immigration from Somalia slowed following a 2017 executive order.[292] As of 2022, about 3,000 Ethiopians and 20,000 Somalis reside in Minneapolis.[293][p]
The Williams Institute reported that the Twin Cities had an estimated 4.2% LGBT adult population in 2020.[295] In 2022, the Human Rights Campaign gave Minneapolis its highest score possible on the Municipal Equality Index of support for the LGBTQ+ population.[296]
Census and estimates
Minneapolis is the country's 46th largest city.
The most common ancestries in Minneapolis according to the 2021
The 2021 ACS reported that the median household income in Minneapolis was $69,397. It was $97,670 for families, $123,693 for married couples, and $54,083 for non-family households.
In Minneapolis, African Americans comprised approximately 20% of the population as of 2020.[299] Blacks owned homes at a rate one-third that of White families.[307] In the metro area, Black home ownership declined between 2000 and 2018; in the Twin Cities for that period, 93 percent of new Black households rented their homes.[308] In 2018, the median income for a Black family was $36,000, which was $47,000 less than a White family's median income. This income gap was one of the largest in the country, with Black Minneapolitans earning about 44% of what White Minneapolitans earned annually.[307]
Religion
The indigenous Dakota people believed in the Great Spirit, and were surprised that not all European settlers were religious.[310]
Twin Cities residents are 70 percent
Aligning with a national trend, the metro area's next largest group after Christians is the 23 percent
Economy
Rank | Company/Organization |
1 | Hennepin Healthcare |
2 | Target Corporation |
3 | Hennepin County
|
4 | Wells Fargo |
5 | Ameriprise Financial |
6 | U.S. Bancorp |
7 | Xcel Energy |
8 | City of Minneapolis
|
9 | SPS Commerce |
10 | RBC Wealth Management
|
Minneapolis rank |
Corporation | US rank | Revenue (in millions) |
1 | Target Corporation | 33 | $109,120 |
2 | U.S. Bancorp | 149 | $27,401 |
3 | Xcel Energy | 271 | $15,310 |
4 | Ameriprise Financial | 289 | $14,347 |
5 | Thrivent | 412 | $9,347 |
Early in the city's history, millers were required to pay for wheat with cash during the growing season, and then to store the wheat until it was needed for flour.[325] The Minneapolis Grain Exchange was founded in 1881; located near the riverfront, it is the only exchange as of 2023 for hard red spring wheat futures.[326]
Along with cash requirements for the milling industry, the large amounts of capital that lumbering had accumulated stimulated the local banking industry and made Minneapolis a major financial center.
Minneapolis area employment is primarily in trade, transportation, utilities, education, health services, and professional and business services. Smaller numbers of residents are employed in manufacturing, leisure and hospitality, mining, logging, and construction.[329]
In 2022, the Twin Cities metropolitan area tied with
Arts and culture
Visual arts
During the
The Minneapolis Institute of Art (Mia) is located in south-central Minneapolis on the 10-acre (4 ha) former homestead of the Morrison family.[343] The collection of more than 90,000 artworks spans six continents and about 5,000 years.[344] Perhaps reflecting the ambitions of the founders, competition winner McKim, Mead & White designed a complex seven times the size of what opened in 1915.[345]
Frank Gehry designed Weisman Art Museum, which opened in 1993, for the University of Minnesota.[346] A 2011 addition by Gehry doubled the size of the galleries.[347] The Museum of Russian Art opened in a restored church in 2005, and hosts a collection of 20th-century Russian art and special events.[348] Northeast Minneapolis Arts District hosts 400 independent artists, a center at the Northrup-King Building, and recurring annual events.[349]
Theater and performing arts
Minneapolis has hosted theatrical performances since the end of the American Civil War.[351] Early theaters included Pence Opera House, the Academy of Music, Grand Opera House, Lyceum, and later the Metropolitan Opera House, which opened in 1894.[352] Fifteen of the fifty-five Twin Cities theater companies counted in 2015 by Peg Guilfoyle had a physical site in Minneapolis. About half the remainder performed in variable spaces throughout the metropolitan area.[353]
In his social history of
Minneapolis purchased and renovated the
Music
Minnesota Orchestra plays classical and popular music at Orchestra Hall under music director Thomas Søndergård.[362] The orchestra won a 2014 Grammy for their recording of Symphonies Nos. 1 & 4 by Sibelius,[363] and a 2004 Grammy for composer Dominick Argento with their recording of Casa Guidi.[364] Minneapolis's opera companies include Minnesota Opera,[365] the Gilbert & Sullivan Very Light Opera Company,[366] and Really Spicy Opera.[367]
Singer and multi-instrumentalist Prince was a child prodigy,[368] born in Minneapolis and an area resident for most of his life.[369] Minneapolis became what Pitchfork called the "center of music in the '80s" thanks to the nightclub First Avenue and musicians like Prince, Hüsker Dü, and The Replacements.[370] The city hosts several other concert venues including the Cedar and the Dakota,[371] and Live Nation books the Armory and the Uptown Theater.[372] As her fame increased, Lizzo lived in Minneapolis for about five years,[373] and other hip hop acts such as Atmosphere featured the city and Minnesota in their lyrics.[374][375]
Charity
Philanthropy and charitable giving have been part of the Minneapolis community since the 1800s.[376] According to AmeriCorps, in 2017,[q] Minneapolis–Saint Paul, with 46.3 percent of the population volunteering, had the highest proportion of volunteers among US cities.[377] Catholic Charities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul is one of the largest non-profit organizations in the state, and a provider of several social services.[378]
A decades-old NGO with a $75 million annual budget located in Minneapolis,[379] Alight helps millions of refugees in Africa and Asia with water, shelter, and economic support.[380]
Historical museums
Exhibits at
The American Swedish Institute occupies a former mansion on Park Avenue.[387] The American Indian Cultural Corridor, about eight blocks on Franklin Avenue, houses All My Relatives Gallery.[388] In 2013, the Somali Museum of Minnesota opened on Lake Street.[389] The Minnesota African American Heritage Museum and Gallery was founded in 2018.[390]
Libraries and literary arts
In 2008, the Minneapolis Public Library merged with the Hennepin County Library. Fifteen of the system's 41 branches serve Minneapolis.[391] The downtown Central Library, designed by César Pelli, opened in 2006.[392] Seven special collections hold resources for researchers.[393]
The nonprofit literary presses Coffee House Press, Graywolf Press, and Milkweed Editions are based in Minneapolis.[394] The University of Minnesota Press publishes books, journals, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.[395] The Open Book facility houses The Loft Literary Center, Milkweed, and the Minnesota Center for Book Arts.[396] Other Minneapolis publishers are 1517 Media,[397] Button Poetry,[398] and Lerner Publishing Group.[399]
Cuisine
After the flight to the suburbs began in the 1950s,
Minneapolis-based individuals who have won the food industry James Beard Foundation Award include chef Gavin Kaysen,[406] writer Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl,[407] television personality Andrew Zimmern,[408] and chef Sean Sherman,[409] whose restaurant Owamni received James Beard's 2022 best new restaurant award.[410]
Conceived in Minneapolis as a malted milkshake in candy form, the
Annual events
Each January and February, a series of events called The Great Northern is held in Minneapolis.
The annual MayDay Parade is held in south Minneapolis in May.[418] Other events include Art-A-Whirl[419] in May; Twin Cities Pride,[420] the Stone Arch Bridge Festival,[421] and Twin Cities Juneteenth[422] in June; Sister Cities Day,[423] Minnehaha Falls Art Fair, and Loring Park Art Festival in July;[424] the Minneapolis Aquatennial,[425] the Minnesota Fringe Festival,[426] the Uptown Art Fair, Powderhorn Art Fair, and Downtown Minneapolis Street Art Festival in August;[424] the Minneapolis Monarch Festival in September that celebrates the monarch butterfly's 2,300-mile (3,700 km) migration;[427] and in October, the Twin Cities Marathon which is a Boston Marathon qualifier.[428]
Sports
Minneapolis has four professional sports teams. The American football team Minnesota Vikings and the baseball team Minnesota Twins have played in the state since 1961. The Vikings were a National Football League expansion team and the Twins were formed when the Washington Senators relocated to Minnesota.[429] The Twins won the World Series in 1987 and 1991, and have played at Target Field since 2010.[430] The Vikings played in the Super Bowl following the 1969, 1973, 1974, and 1976 seasons, losing all four games.[431] The basketball team Minnesota Timberwolves returned National Basketball Association (NBA) basketball to Minneapolis in 1989, and were followed by Minnesota Lynx in 1999. Both basketball teams play in the Target Center.[432] In the 2010s, the Lynx were the most-successful Minnesota professional sports team and a dominant force in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), winning four WNBA championships from 2011 to 2017.[433]
Minnesota Wild, a National Hockey League team, play at the Xcel Energy Center;[434] and the Major League Soccer soccer team Minnesota United FC play at Allianz Field, both of which are located in Saint Paul.[435]
In addition to professional sports teams, Minneapolis hosts a majority of the
Six
Parks and recreation
Landscape architect Horace Cleveland's "crowning achievement" is the Minneapolis park system.[443] In the 1880s, he preserved geographical landmarks and linked them with boulevards and parkways.[444] In their introduction to a modern reprint of Cleveland's treatise on landscape architecture, Nadenicek and Neckar add that "Cleveland was successful in Minneapolis in great measure because he operated with kindred spirits" like William Watts Folwell and Charles M. Loring.[445] In his book The American City: What Works, What Doesn't, Alexander Garvin wrote Minneapolis built "the best-located, best-financed, best-designed, and best-maintained public open space in America".[446]
The city's parks are governed and operated by the independent Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board park district.[447] Beyond its network of 185 neighborhood parks,[448] the park board owns the city's canopy of trees,[449] and nearly all land that borders the city's waterfronts.[450] The park board owns property outside the city limits including the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary which is part of its largest park, Theodore Wirth Park, shared with Golden Valley, Minnesota.[451]
Theodore Wirth, park superintendent from 1906 to 1935, built parkways for the automobile, dredged lakes, sculpted land, and managed details of park expansion.[452] Superintendent in the 1960s and 1970s, Robert W. Ruhe created neighborhood parks and recreation centers in hitherto underserved areas.[453] In 2022, 500 participants[454] ages 14 to 24 served as Teen Teamworks recruits for on-the-job training in green careers[455] or as future park employees.[456]
As of 2020, approximately 15 percent of land in Minneapolis is parks, in accordance with the national median, and 98 percent of residents live within one-half mile (0.8 km) of a park.
Cleveland lobbied for a park on the riverfront to include the city's other waterfall.
Minneapolis's climate provides opportunities for winter activities such as
Government
The
The Minneapolis City Council has 13 members who represent the city's 13 wards.[474] In 2021, a ballot question shifted more weight from the city council to the mayor, a change that proponents had tried to achieve since the early 20th century.[475] The mayor and city council now share responsibility for the city's finances.[476] The city's primary source of funding is property tax,[477] and there is a sales tax of 9.03 percent[478] on purchases made within the city, which is a combination of state, county, special district taxes, a city sales tax of 0.50 percent, and a local use tax for out-of-state purchases.[479][480] The Park and Recreation Board is an independent city department with nine elected commissioners who levy their own taxes, subject to city charter limits.[447] The Board of Estimation and Taxation, which oversees city levies, is also an independent department.[481]
The restructured mayor's role created a new Minneapolis Office of Community Safety, with its commissioner overseeing the police and fire departments, 911 dispatch, emergency management, and violence prevention.[482] In 2023, the city renewed[483] a pilot cooperation with the police department and a mental health services company, Canopy Mental Health & Consulting, to respond to some 911 calls that do not require police.[484]
After the murder of George Floyd in May 2020, about 166 police officers left of their own accord either to retirement or to temporary leave—many with PTSD[485]—and a crime wave resulted in more than 500 shootings.[486] A Reuters investigation found that killings surged when a "hands-off" attitude resulted in fewer officer-initiated encounters.[487] Violent crime rose three percent across Minneapolis in July 2022 compared with 2021,[488] and in 2020, it rose 21 percent compared to the average of the previous five years.[489] Violent crime was down for 2022 in every category except assaults. Carjackings, gunshots fired, gunshot wounds, and robberies decreased, and homicides were down 20 percent compared to the previous year.[490]
In 2023, the US Justice Department (DOJ) proposed 28 immediate "remedial" steps as it completed its investigation of the city's policing practices.[491] Among DOJ findings, Minneapolis police officers routinely used excessive force, discriminated against people, and, with the city, violated people's rights.[492] In 2022, the Minnesota Department of Human Rights completed its two-year investigation of the police department[493] that found a "pattern or practice of race discrimination in violation of the Minnesota Human Rights Act".[494] The state stipulated that the federal decree would take precedence in the case of conflicts, and city leaders sought one monitor to oversee both, to assure a single measure of compliance.[491] The 2023 city budget planned for one negotiated consent decree, and the statutory minimum of 731 officers in the police department, which had been short of that minimum.[495]
In 2015, the city council passed a resolution making
Education
Primary and secondary
Volunteer missionaries,[500] the Pond brothers received permission from the US Indian agency[501] at Fort Snelling in 1834 to teach new farming techniques and a new religion to Chief Cloud Man and his community on the east shore of Bde Maka Ska.[310] That year, J. D. Stevens and the Ponds built an Indian mission near Lake Harriet, which was the first educational institution in Minneapolis.[310] In the treaty of 1837, the US promised payment to the Dakota but instead gave the monies to the missionaries earmarked for education, and in protest, fewer than ten Dakota students attended.[502] When more settlers moved to the area, by 1874, ten school buildings served nearly 4,000 students. The city of Minneapolis joined with St. Anthony and by 1922, together they enrolled 70,000 students.[503]
Minneapolis Public Schools served 28,689 K–12 students as of October 2022,[505] in more than fifty schools, divided between community and magnet.[506] As of 2023, enrollment was declining about 1.5 percent per year, and approximately 60 percent of school age children attended district schools.[505] Many students enrolled in alternatives such as charter schools, of which the city has thirty as of 2023.[507] By state law, charter schools are open to all students and are tuition free.[508] In 2022, about 1200 at-risk students attended district Contract Alternative Schools.[509]
The public school district adopted a comprehensive district design beginning with the 2020–2021 school year to address academics, equity, financial sustainability, and to end disadvantages for students of color and students from low-income neighborhoods. The design changed student placement, changed the boundaries for almost all schools, moved magnet schools to central locations and narrowed the magnet types, standardized many start times to improve bus service, and gave every student a community elementary and middle school in their neighborhood. Students may attend a community school by request and be accepted to the school in their neighborhood. Students entered a lottery to be enrolled in a magnet school.[506] Eight high schools had school-based clinics with a doctor, nurses, a mental health counselor, and a registered dietitian.[510] School district demographics differed from the city's. White students made up 41 percent, Black students 35 percent, Hispanic 14 percent, and 5 percent each were Asian and Native American.[511] English-language learners were about 17 percent,[511] in a district that spoke 100 languages at home.[512] About 15 percent were special education students.[511] As of fall 2023, every public school student in the state receives one free breakfast and one free lunch each school day.[513] In 2022, the district's graduation rate was 77 percent, an improvement of three percent over the previous year.[514]
Colleges and universities
The University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus is headquartered in Minneapolis.[515] With more than 50,000 students in 2023, it is the sixth largest campus in the US by enrollment.[516] College rankings for 2023 place the school in the range of 44th[517] (2022) to 185th for academics worldwide.[516][515] QS found a decline in rank over a decade.[515] Shanghai found excellence in ecology, business management, library & information science, and biotechnology.[517] Among the 2,000 schools U.S. News & World Report compared in its 2022–2023 best global universities rankings, the University of Minnesota was 57th.[518] The state's land-grant university,[519] the school has unusual autonomy that has existed in Minnesota since 1858, when the state constitution included the provision: regents are in control, independent of city government.[520]
The city has more than twenty-five licensed career schools. These institutions offer short term training, some diplomas, and certificates in a wide variety of fields including business, yoga, Pilates, portfolio development, CompTIA certification, floral design, cosmetology, construction, healthcare, information technology, and for those who wish to become a personal trainer, ophthalmic technician, or phlebotomy technician.[530]
Media
As of March 2024, Minnesota Newspaper Association members who publish in Minneapolis include Insight News,
Media Tales called Minnesota a "plentiful" source of national trade magazines; companies in Minneapolis publish Foodservice News and Franchise Times.[542] Some other magazines published in the city are American Craft;[543] business publications Enterprise Minnesota[544] and Twin Cities Business;[545] the literary journal Rain Taxi;[546] university student publications Great River Review,[547] Minnesota Journal of International Law,[548] and Minnesota Law Review;[549] and professional magazines Architecture Minnesota,[550] Bench & Bar,[551] and Minnesota Medicine.[552]
In 2023, Nielsen found the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area to be the 15th largest designated market area, down from 14th in 2022.[553] About 75 radio stations may be heard in the Minneapolis market, some of them distantly.[554] The Twin Cities have 1,742,530 TV homes.[555] TV Guide lists 151 TV channels for Minneapolis.[556]
Krista Tippett, awarded a Peabody and the National Humanities Medal, produced the On Being project from her Minneapolis studio.[557]
Infrastructure
Transportation
The 2020 census found that the average commute to work for the Minneapolis population was 22 minutes.[558] The most common means of transportation to work was driving alone (45 percent), the least common was bicycling (1.7 percent), and others were carpooling (6.5 percent), taking public transit (5.6 percent), and walking (4.8 percent).[558]
A division of the Metropolitan Council, Metro Transit operates public transportation in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area.[559] The system has two light rail lines, one commuter rail line, about six bus rapid transit (BRT) lines,[560] and about 90 bus lines with over 8,000 stops.[561] As of 2021, riders of Metro Transit system-wide were 44 percent persons of color.[562] Bus ridership in the Twin Cities was 91.6 million in 2019, a three-percent decline over the previous year and part of a national trend in falling local bus ridership, while commuter rides were down, and ridership on light rail and BRTs remained steady or grew slightly.[563]
The
Hundreds of homeless people nightly sought shelter on Green Line trains until overnight service was cut back in 2019.[568] Short more than a hundred police officers, in 2022, the Metro Council hired community groups to help police light rail stations; these non-profits can guide passengers to mental health services and shelters.[569] In 2023, crime in the Metro Transit system spiked 32% over the previous January, but for the year, ridership was up 15% to about 60% of the pre-pandemic level.[569]
Evie Carshare, owned by Minneapolis and Saint Paul since 2022, is a fleet of 145 electric cars available for one-way trips in a 35-square-mile (91 km2) area of the Twin Cities.[570]
Minneapolis has 16 miles (26 km) of on-street protected bikeways, 98 miles (158 km) of bike lanes and 101 miles (163 km) of off-street bikeways and trails.[571] Off-street facilities include the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway, Midtown Greenway, Little Earth Trail, Hiawatha LRT Trail, Kenilworth Trail, and Cedar Lake Trail.[572] Replacing Nice Ride in 2023, for part of the year Lime, Spin and Veo had bicycles and scooters for rent with an app.[573]
In 2007, the Interstate 35W bridge over the Mississippi, which was overloaded with 300 short tons (270,000 kg) of repair materials, collapsed, killing 13 people and injuring 145. The bridge was rebuilt in 14 months.[574]
The Minneapolis Skyway System, 9.5 miles (15.3 km) of enclosed pedestrian bridges called skyways, links 80 city blocks downtown with access to second-floor restaurants, retailers, government, sports facilities, doctor's offices and other businesses that are open on weekdays.[575]
Fifteen commercial passenger airlines serve Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport (MSP).[576] MSP is the headquarters of Sun Country Airlines.[577] After it merged with Northwest Airlines in 2009, Delta Air Lines flew 80% of the airport's traffic,[578] and MSP was Delta's second-largest US hub.[579]
Services and utilities
Xcel Energy supplies electricity,[580] and CenterPoint Energy provides gas.[580] The water supply is managed by four watershed districts that correspond with the Mississippi and three streams that are river tributaries.[581]
The city has nineteen fire stations.[582] Requests for non-emergency information or service requests can be made through Minneapolis 311. The call center operates in English, Spanish, Hmong, and Somali, and offers 220 language options.[583] Email, TTY, text, voice, and a mobile app can access the center.[584]
The Minneapolis Department of Public Works is responsible for services including snow plowing, solid waste removal, traffic and parking, water treatment, transportation planning and maintenance, and fleet services for the city.[585] Among its engineering functions, the department was increasing the capacity of a 4,200-foot (1,300 m) storm water tunnel system 80 feet (24 m) under Washington to Chicago Avenues, and had completed 97 percent of the excavation phase and 41 percent of the lining phase as of August 2023.[586] Designed for downtown's concrete landscape, the system will drain runoff into the Mississippi in case of a 100-year storm.[587]
Downtown Improvement District ambassadors, who are identified by their blue-and-green-yellow fluorescent jackets, daily patrol a 120-block area of downtown to greet and assist visitors, remove trash, monitor property, and call police when they are needed. The ambassador program is a
Health care
Cardiac surgery was developed at the university's Variety Club Heart Hospital,[591] where by 1957, more than 200 patients—most of whom were children—had survived open-heart operations.[592] Working with surgeon C. Walton Lillehei, Medtronic began to build portable and implantable cardiac pacemakers about this time.[593]
Hennepin Healthcare, a public
In 2021, opioid overdoses killed 197 people in Minneapolis.
The Mashkiki Waakaa'igan Pharmacy—funded by the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa—dispenses free prescription drugs and culturally sensitive care to members of any federally recognized tribes living in Hennepin and Ramsey counties, regardless of insurance status.[601]
Notable people
Sister cities
Minneapolis's sister cities are:[602]
See also
- List of tallest buildings in Minneapolis
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota
- USS Minneapolis, 4 ships (including 2 as Minneapolis-Saint Paul)
Notes
- ^ Pronounced /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/ ⓘ MIN-ee-AP-ə-lis)[12]
- ^ The University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online requires a Dakota font to read special characters.[28] Here, Dakota to Latin alphabet transliteration is borrowed from Lerner Publishing in Minneapolis.[29]
- ^ Because President Thomas Jefferson had not authorized Pike's trip, which was made at the behest of James Wilkinson, the new governor of the Louisiana territory, Pike did not have the authority to make a treaty.[30] Pike valued the land at $200,000 in his journal but omitted the value in Article 2 of the treaty. Pike gave the chiefs 60 US gallons (230 L) of liquor and $200 in gifts at the signing.[31] In 1808, the US Senate authorized one hundredth of Pike's estimate and added acreage,[31] paying $2,000 for the land in 1819.[32]
- ^ In the 1851 Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and Treaty of Mendota, the US took all Dakota land west of the Mississippi,[40] about 24 million acres (97,000 km2),[41] in exchange for a 10-mile (16 km) wide reservation on the Minnesota River[42] and about $3 million ($110 million in 2023). Ater expenses, the Dakota were promised fifty years of annuities in goods[43] and interest on $1,360,000 and $1,410,000; the US kept the principal.[44] The Dakota could not read English, and their interpreters worked for the US.[39] In Mendota, negotiator Wakute said he feared signing a treaty because the prior treaty was changed from the one he had signed.[45] Indeed, the US Congress ratified amendments after the fact, and refused to consider payment unless the Dakota agreed to their new terms—in 1852 Congress struck the reservation from the final treaty.[46] Negotiators Luke Lea and Alexander Ramsey had promised the Dakota they would prosper, and rushed the transaction.[47] The chiefs were asked to sign a third paper in 1851—onlookers assumed it was a third copy of the treaty[48]—that Ramsey later declared was a "solemn acknowledgment" of the Dakota's debt to traders.[49] Ramsey, as territorial governor, enforced the trader's paper, distributing the monies to himself, Henry Sibley, and their friends.[50]
- ^ The Treaty of 1837 forced Dakota to make the largest land cession—all of their land east of the Mississippi.[54] Then the Dakota ceded more of their land in the Treaty of 1851.[55]
- ^ Part of the delay was a month's indecision in the US Treasury about appropriating gold or greenbacks and in Congress, which was preoccupied with Civil War finance. Gold arrived in the region just a few hours after settlers had been killed and war had begun.[58]
- ^ In Atwater's history, Baldwin gives the Sioux word as Minne.[73] Riggs gives mini.[74] Williamson who was most familiar with Santee has Mini, and in the Yankton dialect, mni.[75] Here, mni is from the University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online.[76]
- ^ "Minneapolis would be the nation's flour capital for 50 years." and "Begun in 1848, timber milling had lasted for almost 50 years."[82]
- ^ These mills were the first built for commerce. Earlier, soldiers from Fort Snelling built a sawmill in 1820, and a grist mill in 1823, on the west bank near the falls.[84][85]
- ^ The computer industry in Minnesota began in 1946, when work in Washington, DC, and Ohio transferred to Saint Paul, where Engineering Research Associates was founded.[142]
- ^ Control Data moved office in 1962, at the request of chief designer Seymour Cray, to Cray's hometown of Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, to give fewer distractions[145] as he and colleagues built the CDC 6600, generally called the first supercomputer. Corporate offices remained in Minneapolis until 1960 when they moved to the suburbs.[146]
- ^ Separately, Myers describes how the Minneapolis police department's adoption of CODEFOR in 1998 increased policing in areas of Minneapolis that were disproportionately nonwhite, with dual results: "Minority residents are afforded improved safety and law enforcement services; minority offenders unsurprisingly may be disproportionately apprehended for relatively minor transgressions in order to achieve the higher levels of safety."[206]
- ^ In a 1975 article, reporter John Carman said the city's highest point is 967 feet (295 m) at Deming Heights Park in the Waite Park neighborhood.[220] The US Geological Survey lists the highest elevation as 980 feet (300 m) but does not give a location.[219] Geography professor John Tichy said the highest point is the site of Waite Park Elementary School at approximately 985 feet (300 m) above sea level.[221] All of the cited sources that list locations say the highest point is within the Northeast section of the city.
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e., the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at the said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for Minneapolis/Saint Paul were kept by the Saint Paul Signal Service in that city from January 1871 to December 1890, the Minneapolis Weather Bureau from January 1891 to April 8, 1938, and at Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport (KMSP) since April 9, 1938.[244]
- ^ As of 2021, Wilder Research reported that around 86,610 Somalis lived in Minnesota.[294]
- ^ AmeriCorps, formerly known as the Corporation for National and Community Service, has had no information for volunteer rates in Minneapolis–Saint Paul since 2017.
- ^ About a decade late, the Southwest line is expected to open in 2027, and has cost $1.8 billion as of 2022.[565]
References
- ^ a b c "Saint Paul vs. Minneapolis". Visit Saint Paul. Archived from the original on October 18, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ "Minneapolis St. Paul". American Automobile Association. Archived from the original on October 18, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ "Official Seal of the City of Minneapolis". City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original on October 18, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Minneapolis, Minnesota", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, retrieved May 1, 2023
- ^ Swanson, Kirsten (November 5, 2021). "Voters approve charter amendment to change Minneapolis government structure". KSTP-TV. Hubbard Broadcasting. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
- US Census Bureau. Archivedfrom the original on July 24, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
- ^ US Census Bureau. Archivedfrom the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
- ^ US Census Bureau. June 25, 2023. Archivedfrom the original on July 11, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
- US Census Bureau. Archivedfrom the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
- US Census Bureau. Archivedfrom the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
- ^ "Total Real Gross Domestic Product for Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI (MSA)". fred.stlouisfed.org. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
- ^ "Minnesota Pronunciation Guide". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- from the original on May 13, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
- US Census Bureau. July 1, 2021. Archivedfrom the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
- ^ a b Sturdevant, Andy (September 26, 2012). "Tangletown: a neighborhood that feels like its name". MinnPost. Archived from the original on October 18, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ US National Park Service. December 11, 2017. Archivedfrom the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
- ^ Thompson, Derek (March 2015). "The Miracle of Minneapolis". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 25, 2023. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
By spreading the wealth to its poorest neighborhoods, the metro area provides more-equal services in low-income places, and keeps quality of life high just about everywhere.
- ^ Weber 2022, p. 4, "The overarching goal is to take what may be the most significant issue facing contemporary Minneapolis—the crippling disparities among its people, exposed to the world in 2020, after the murder of George Floyd—and present a history that examines why those disparities exist, even as the city makes a legitimate argument for itself as a must-see or must-live kind of place.".
- ^ Lass 2000, p. 40.
- ^ Furst, Randy (October 8, 2021). "Which Indigenous tribes first called Minnesota home?". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
- ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 365n.
- ^ McConvell, Rhodes & Güldemann 2020, pp. 560, 564, "Finally in this time frame other groups of Ojibwes began pushing to the west and southwest, at the expense of the Dakota groups".
- ^ Treuer 2010, p. 3.
- ^ a b c Westerman & White 2012, p. 15.
- ^ Weber 2022, p. 6.
- ^ Westerman & White 2012, pp. 3–4, "William H. Keating, a geologist who came to the Minnesota area on an exploratory expedition in 1823, observed, 'The Dacotas have no tradition of having ever emigrated, from any other place, to the spot on which they now reside...'.
- ^ DeCarlo 2020, p. 15.
- ^ "Bdeota O™uåwe". University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
- ^ Kimmerer & Smith 2022, p. 302.
- ^ Weber 2022, p. 14.
- ^ a b Westerman & White 2012, p. 141.
- ^ Weber 2022, p. 13.
- ^ Stipanovich 1982, p. 4.
- ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 77.
- ^ Watson, Catherine (September 16, 2012). "Ft. Snelling: Citadel on a Minnesota bluff". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 82.
- ^ a b "Historic Fort Snelling: The US Indian Agency (1820–1853)". Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ^ Westerman & White 2012, p. 4, "government officials put great pressure on Dakota leaders to be quick about signing a treaty...".
- ^ a b "Minnesota Treaties". Minnesota Historical Society. August 14, 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
- ^ Lass 2000, p. 108.
- ^ Westerman & White 2012, p. 182.
- ^ Folwell 1921, p. 216.
- ^ Westerman & White 2012, p. 171.
- ^ Anderson 2019, p. 30.
- ^ Westerman & White 2012, pp. 5, 188.
- ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 197.
- ^ Wingerd 2010, pp. 189–192.
- ^ Westerman & White 2012, p. 180–181.
- ^ Westerman & White 2012, p. 191.
- ^ Anderson 2019, pp. 32–33. Anderson examined the Dousman Papers to formulate estimates of the funds that were diverted to White officials.
- ^ Wingerd 2010, pp. 187, 193.
- ^ "Treaties". Minnesota Historical Society. July 31, 2012. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
These treaties, which were almost wholly dishonored by the U.S. government...
- ^ Vue, Katelyn (July 7, 2020). "Over 150 years ago, tribal land revived the University. Now, American Indian leaders, students and faculty want this history addressed". Minnesota Daily. Archived from the original on November 25, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
- ^ Almeroth-Williams, Tom. "The great university land-grab". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
The Treaty of 1837 gave 1,062,334 acres, more than any other land cession, to 33 LGUs
- ^ Bhattacharya, Ananya (July 10, 2023). "Native Americans are struggling to put a dollar value on how much "land-grab" universities owe them". Quartz. Archived from the original on November 25, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
- ^ a b "The US-Dakota War of 1862". Minnesota Historical Society. November 23, 2015. Archived from the original on September 20, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ Blegen 1975, p. 265–267.
- ^ Folwell 1921, pp. 237–238.
- ^ Anderson 2019, p. 55: "...they had to beg for food from the settlers or starve".
- ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 307, The uprising involved at most 1,000 of the Dakota population of more than 7,000.
- ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 309.
- ^ Wingerd 2010, pp. 309, 314.
- ^ a b "US-Dakota War of 1862". Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
- ^ Leonard 1915, search for "refugees".
- ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 313, "what could only be termed a kangaroo court...".
- ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 319.
- ^ Wingerd 2010, p. 320.
- ^ Vogel 2013, p. 540.
- ^ Anderson 2019, p. 188.
- ^ "Forced Marches & Imprisonment". Minnesota Historical Society. August 23, 2012. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
- US National Park Service. Archivedfrom the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
- US National Park Service. Archivedfrom the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2019.
- ^ a b Baldwin 1893a, p. 39.
- ^ Riggs 1992, p. 314.
- ^ Williamson 1992, p. 257.
- ^ "mni". University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
- ^ American Historical Society. Courtesy Star Tribune and the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, in McKinney, Matt (August 19, 2022). "How did Stillwater become home to Minnesota's first prison?". Star Tribune. Archivedfrom the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
- ^ Reicher, Matt (May 6, 2014). "Father Louis Hennepin Bridge was first to span Mississippi". MinnPost. Archived from the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
- ^ "A History of Minneapolis: Governance and Infrastructure". Hennepin County Library. Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2023.
- ^ Anfinson 1990, Chapter 4 Interpretive Potentials.
- ^ "About Us". City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
- ^ Anfinson et al. 2003.
- ^ Gras 1922, pp. 300–301.
- ^ Liebling & Morrison 1966, p. 18.
- ^ Kane 1987, p. 165.
- ^ Blegen 1975, p. 320.
- ^ Larson 2007, p. 15.
- ^ Lass 2000, p. 175.
- ^ Lass 2000, pp. 173–174.
- ^ Larson 2007, p. 146.
- ^ Larson 2007, pp. 7, 29.
- ^ Lass 2000, p. 173.
- US National Park Service. p. 2. Archived(PDF) from the original on June 12, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
- ^ Hart, Joseph (June 11, 1997). "Lost City". City Pages. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- ^ Kane 1987, p. 108, "Another factor which contributed to the decline of sawmilling at the falls was steam power".
- ^ a b Kane 1987, p. 106.
- ^ Lass 2000, p. 180.
- ^ Risjord 2005, p. 131, "By then, however, the pine woods were virtually exhausted".
- ^ Lass 2000, p. 180, Here, Lass calls the lumbermen's actions as cutting at a "rapacious rate", and calls out a "rapacious assault on the coniferous forests" on page 196.
- ^ National Park Service and United States Department of the Interior (1966). "The National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings: Theme XVII-b" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 27, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
The last of Minneapolis' once great sawmills, that of Frederick Weyerhaeuser and Associates, closed forever in 1919.
- ^ a b c Lamm Carroll, Jane (October 27, 2015). "Engineering the Falls: The Corps of Engineers' Role at St. Anthony Falls". St. Paul District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
- ^ Kane 1987, pp. 81, 122.
- ^ Liebling & Morrison 1966, p. 181.
- ^ de Beaulieu, Ron (Winter 2023). "History: The Mill Explosion". Minnesota Alumni. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
- ^ Blegen 1975, p. 352.
- ^ Lileks, James (August 10, 2018). "Minnesota Moment: Grain Belt stopped Northeast fire of 1893". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on November 22, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
- ^ Danbom 2003, p. 274.
- ^ Watts 2000, p. 95.
- ^ Watts 2000, p. 92.
- ^ a b c d e f Danbom 2003, p. 277.
- ^ Watts 2000, p. 96.
- ^ Lass 2000, p. 162.
- ^ Kane 1987, p. 118.
- ^ Watts 2000, p. 94.
- ^ Gray 1954, pp. 33–35.
- ^ Gray 1954, p. 41.
- ^ Liebling & Morrison 1966, p. 180.
- ^ Lass 2000, p. 238.
- ^ Lass 2000, p. 238, "The anticipated decline came rather abruptly during the 1920s. By the end of that decade the Mill City produced only slightly more than half as much flour as it had at its zenith, and ranked third after Buffalo and Kansas City, Missouri.".
- ^ Kane 1987, pp. 156, 166, 171.
- ^ Kane 1987, p. 164.
- ^ Kane 1987, p. 171.
- ^ Kane 1987, p. 174.
- ^ Kane 1987, p. 186.
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Works cited
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Further reading
- Lindeke, Bill (February 24, 2015). "About that 'Miracle'". Twin Cities Daily Planet. Archived from the original on February 25, 2015.
- Lowery, Wesley (June 10, 2020). "Why Minneapolis Was the Breaking Point". The Atlantic. Atlantic Monthly Group.
External links
- Official website
- "Minneapolis Past" — documentary produced by Twin Cities Public Television.