Minor campaigns of 1815
Minor campaigns of 1815 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the War of the Seventh Coalition | |||||||
Strategic situation in Western Europe in June 1815 | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
France | |||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
(Armée du Rhin) Jean Lamarque (Armée de l'Ouest — Vendée and Loire) |
Prince of Schwarzenberg (Upper Rhine), Duke of Casalanza (Upper Italy), Johann Frimont (Naples) Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly (Russia) von Hake |
On 1 March 1815
The Battle of Waterloo, followed as it was by the advance of the armies of Blücher and Wellington upon Paris, was so decisive in its effects, and so comprehensive in its results, that the great object of the War — the destruction of the power of Napoleon Bonaparte and the
French deployments
Upon assumption of the throne, Napoleon found that he was left with little by the Bourbons and that the state of the Army was 56,000 troops of which 46,000 were ready to campaign.[2] By the end of May the total armed forces available to Napoleon had reached 198,000 with 66,000 more in depots training up but not yet ready for deployment.[3]
By the end of May Napoleon had deployed his forces as follows:[4]
- I Corps (D'Erlon) cantoned between Lille and Valenciennes.
- II Corps (Reille) cantoned between Valenciennes and Avesnes.
- III Corps (Vandamme) cantoned around Rocroi.
- IV Corps (Gerard ) cantoned at Metz.
- VI Corps (Lobau) cantoned at Laon.
- Cavalry Reserve (Grouchy) cantoned at Guise.
- Mortier) at Paris.
The preceding corps were to be formed into
- V Corps – Armée du Rhin[5] (Rapp); cantoned near Strasbourg, with a strength of 46 guns[citation needed] and 20,000–23,000 men[6]
More troops guarded the south east frontier from Basel to Nice, and covered Lyons:
- VII Corps
- I Corps of Observation – Armée du Jura
- II Corps of Observation – Brune): based at Toulon, with a strength of 10,000 men.
There were two other major deployments:
- 8,000 men under Clausel cantoned around Toulouse and under Decaen cantoned around Bordeaux guarding the Pyrenean frontier.[13][14]
- La Vendée to quell a Royalist insurrection in that region.[4]
Upper Rhine frontier
Coalition order of battle
Army of the Upper Rhine (Austo-German Army)
The Austrian military contingent was divided into three armies. This was the largest of these armies, commanded by Field Marshal
Corps | Commander | Men | Battalions | Squadrons | Batteries |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I Corps | Master General of the Ordnance, Count Colloredo |
24,400 | 86 | 16 | 8 |
II Corps | General Prince Hohenzollern-Hechingen | 34,360 | 36 | 86 | 11 |
III Corps | Field Marshal the Crown Prince of Württemberg | 43,814 | 44 | 32 | 9 |
IV Corps (Bavarian Army) | Field Marshal Prince Wrede | 67,040 | 46 | 66 | 16 |
Austrian Reserve Corps | General der Kavallerie Archduke Österreich-Este | 44,800 | 38 | 86 | 10 |
Blockade Corps | 33,314 | 38 | 8 | 6 | |
Saxon Corps | 16,774 | 18 | 10 | 6 | |
Totals | 264,492[16] | 246 | 844 | 66 |
Swiss army
This army was composed entirely of Swiss. The Swiss General Niklaus Franz von Bachmann commanded this army. This force was to observe any French forces that operated near its borders. Its composition in July was:[17]
- I Division – Colonel von Gady
- II Division – Colonel Fuessly
- III Division – Colonel d'Affry
- Reserve Division – Colonel-Quartermaster Finsler
Total 37,000[18]
Planning
According to the general plan of operations projected by Prince Schwarzenberg, this army was to cross the Rhine in two columns. The right column, consisting of the III Corps, under Field Marshal the
Start of the campaign
As soon as Prince Schwarzenberg was made acquainted with the commencement of hostilities in what is now Belgium, he gave his orders for the advance of his Army. The IV (Bavarian) Corps was directed immediately to cross the
A Russian Corps, under General Count Lambert, forming the advanced guard of the army of Count Barclay de Tolly, was attached to the IV (Bavarian) Corps of Prince Wrede; who was to employ it principally in keeping up the communication with the North German Corps under Prussian General von Hacke.[20][21]
Austrian right wing
Austrian IV Corps
On 19 June, the Bavarian Army crossed the Rhine at
The right column, under Lieutenant General Count Beckers, attacked Saarbrücken, where it was opposed by the French General
The left column, consisting of the First Infantry Division, under Lieutenant General Baron von Ragliovich and of the First Cavalry Division, under Prince
The Fourth Infantry Division, under Lieutenant General Baron Zollern, advanced towards the Fortress of Bitche; which, however, the French commandant, General Kreutzer, refused to surrender.[23]
The Russian corps, under Count Lambert, attached to the right wing of Prince Wrede's Army, advanced as far as Ottweiler and Ramstein.[23]
Prince Wrede halts at Nancy
On 24 June, Prince Wrede occupied
On 26 June, Prince Wrede Headquarters were at Morhenge; and, on 27 June, his advanced posts penetrated as far as Nancy, where he established his headquarters on 28 June. From St. Dieuze Wrede detached units to the left, in order to discover the march of General Rapp; who, however, was still on the Rhine, and whose retreat had thus become cut off by the occupation of Nancy.[24]
Prince Wrede halted at Nancy, to await the arrival of the Austrian and Russian corps. Upon his right Lieutenant General Czernitscheff crossed the
After remaining four days in the vicinity of Nancy and Lunéville, Prince Wrede received an order from Prince Schwarzenberg to move at once upon Paris, with the IV (Bavarian) Corps; which was destined to become the advanced guard of the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine. This order was given in consequence of the desire expressed by the Duke of Wellington and Prince Blücher; that the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine should afford immediate support to their operations in front of Paris. On 5 July the main body of the Bavarian Army reached
Austrian III Corps
On 22 June, a portion of the Austrian III Corps, under the Crown Prince of Württemberg. took possession of the entrenchments of
The Crown Prince was directed to proceed by Wissembourg and Haguenau with a view to complete, in conjunction with the IV (Bavarian) Corps, the plan of intercepting the retreat of General Rapp.[26]
On 24 June, the III Corps advanced to
The Crown Prince of Württemberg engaged General Rapp's Army of the Rhine on 28 June at the Battle of La Suffel, but despite outnumbering the French two to one, the Austrian forces were repelled. Rapp, however, withdrew into the Fortress of Strasbourg shortly after the action, Austrian numbers telling. The loss of the III Corps on this occasion amounted to 75 officers, and 2,050 men, killed and wounded, while that of the French was about 3,000 men.[30]
Austrian left wing
The Austrian I and II corps and the Reserve Corps, forming the left wing of the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine, crossed this river at
General suspension of hostilities
The III Corps remained in front of Strasbourg until 4 July when it was relieved by the arrival of the Austrian II Corps, under Prince Hohenzollern from the vicinity of
On 7 July, Württemberg reached Lunéville, but instead of proceeding to its original destination of Nancy, on 9 July the III Corps took the road to Neufchâteau, advancing in columns; one via
With the exception of a few sorties of little consequence, General Rapp remained very quiet in the Fortress of Strasbourg. The news of the capture of Paris by the British and Prussian troops led to a Suspension of Hostilities which was concluded on 24 July and extended to the Fortress of Strasbourg, Landau, La Petite-Pierre, Huningue, Sélestat, Lichtenberg, Phalsbourg, Neuf-Brisach and Belfort.[34]
Italian frontier
Coalition order of battle
Army of Upper Italy (Austro-Sardinian Army)
This was the second largest of Austria's contingents. Its target was Lyons. General Johann Maria Philipp Frimont commanded this army. Its composition in June was:[35]
- I Corps – Feldmarschall-Leutnant Paul von Radivojevich
- II Corps – Feldmarschall-Leutnant Ferdinand, Graf Bubna von Littitz
- Reserve Corps – Feldmarschall-Leutnant Franz Mauroy de Merville
- Sardinian Corps – General Count Latour
Total 50,000.[18]
Austrian Army (Army of Naples)
General Bianchi commanded the Austrian Army of Naples.[a] This was the smaller of Austria's military contingents, and it had already defeated Murat's army in the Neapolitan War. Its objective in the current campaign was the capture of Marseilles and Toulon. It was not composed of Neapolitans as the army's name may suggest and as one author has supposed.[36] There was however a Sardinian force in this area forming the garrison of Nice under Lieutenant-General Giovanni Pietro Luigi Cacherano d'Osasco,[37] which may have been where this misunderstanding has arisen. The Army of Naples composition in June was:[38]
Total 23,000[18]
French order of battle
The French Army of the Var[18] (II Corps of Observation).[7]
Based at Toulon and commanded by Marshal
- 24th Infantry Division;[40]
- 25th Infantry Division;[40]
- 14th Chasseurs à Cheval Cavalry Regiment[41]
- 22 guns;[7]
Total 5,500–6,116 men.[42]
Start of the campaign
The Austrian Army of Italy, composed of Austrian and
Baron Frimont's' Army was divided into two Corps: the I Corps under Lieutenant Field Marshal
French abandon the passes of the Jura
Marshal Suchet had received orders from Napoleon to commence operations on 14 June and by rapid marches to secure the mountain passes in the
To secure the passage of the river
Fort l'Ecluse surrendered to the Austrians
In the meantime, the Austrian Reserve Corps under
The troops of the Austrian I Corps which, in the meantime, were left in front of the Fort l'Ecluse, had commenced a bombardment and this, after twenty-six hours duration, considerably damaged the fort. A powder magazine exploded, which caused a general conflagration; to escape which the garrison rushed out, and
Surrender of Lyons
On 3 July, General
On 10, July a detachment, under Major General von Pflüger, was pushed on to Mâcon on the Saône and gained possession of the tête-de-pont constructed there, and of the place itself.[49]
On 7 July, the II Corps, under Count Bubna, reached
Count Bubna's II Corps and the Reserve Corps, by simultaneous movements, assembled together in front of Lyons on 9 July. An armistice was solicited by the garrison on 11 July, and granted upon condition that Lyons and the entrenched camp should be evacuated and that the French VII Corps (Marshal Suchet's) retire behind the Loire, keeping Suchet's advanced posts within a stipulated line of demarcation.[49]
General armistice
On 9 July, the Sardinian Lieutenant-General d'Osasco, who had been detached to Nice, concluded an armistice with Marshal Brune, who commanded the Armée du Var, in front of the Maritime Alps.[50][b]
Having secured possession of the line of the Rhône as far down as its confluence with the Isère, and also of that part of the Saône between Mâcon and Lyons, the Army of Italy now proceeded towards the upper line of the latter river, leaving the II Corps under Count Bubna at Lyons, in front of Marshal Suchet. The I Corps marched upon Chalon-sur-Saône, in order to gain the tête-de-pont at that point. At this time, the French Armée du Jura under General Lecourbe was at Salins, between Dole and Pontarlier. As Besançon had not yet been invested, Baron Frimont detached a part of the Reserve Corps under General Hecht, to Salins, whilst General Folseis detached from the I Corps towards Dole. The advanced guard of the I Corps had arrived in front of the tête-de-pont at Châlons and had completed its dispositions for attack when the place surrendered. By the advance, at the same time, of Hecht upon Salina and of Folseist from Dole upon Besançon, the retreat of the French General Lapane was completely cut off. This led to a convention which stipulated the dissolution of the National Guard, the surrender of all the officers, and the abandonment of one of the forts of Salins to the Austrians.[51]
On 20 July, the I Corps advanced from Chalon-sur-Saône as far as Autun. Besançon having in the meantime been occupied by the Austrian troops of the Army of the Upper Rhine, a junction was effected with the latter by the Army of Italy by Dijon;[50] and thus terminated all hostilities on that side of France.[50]
Other campaigns
The Russians followed the northern wing of the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine into France and towards Paris while to its north the German Corps helped elements of the armies of Blücher and Wellington subdue some of the French frontier forts which did not immediately surrender to Coalition forces.
Russian army
Russian order of battle
Field Marshal Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly commanded the First Russian Army. In June it consisted of the following:[52]
- III Army Corps – General Dokhturov
- IV Army Corps – General Raevsky
- V Army Corps – General Sacken
- VI Army Corps – General Langeron
- VII Army Corps – General Sabaneev[53]
- Reserve Grenadier Corps – General Yermolov
- II Reserve Cavalry Corps – General Wintzingerode
- Artillery Reserve – Colonel Bogoslavsky
Total 200,000[18]
Campaign
The main body of the First Russian Army, commanded by Field Marshal Count Barclay de Tolly and amounting to 167,950 men, crossed Germany rapidly in three main columns. The right column, commanded by General
German Corps
The German Corps (or the North German Federal Army) was part of the Prussian Army above, but was to act independently much further south. It was composed of contingents from the following nations of the
Fearing that Napoleon was going to strike him first, Blücher ordered this army to march north to join the rest of his own army.[56] The Prussian General Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf initially commanded this army before he fell ill on 18 June and was replaced temporarily by the Hessen-Kassel General von Engelhardt (who was in command of the Hessen division) and then by Lieutenant General Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake.[57][58] Its composition in June was:[59][60][c]
- Hessen-Kassel Division (Three Hessian infantry brigades, cavalry brigade and two artillery batteries), commanded by General Engelhardt
- Thuringian Brigade (12 battalions of infantry), commanded by Major General Egloffstein (Weimar)
Total 25,000[18]
The German Corps, which was composed of contingent forces supplied by the small principalities of north Germany was assembled, in the middle of April, in the vicinity of
It remained in this position until 16 June when its commander, General von Engelhard (in the absence of Count Kleist who was ill), advanced from Trier to
On 28 June, Lieutenant General von Hacke, who had been appointed to the command of the German Corps, directed the advance guard to move upon
Lieutenant General von Hake finding that, notwithstanding his bombardment of Mézières which he commenced on 27 June, his summons to surrender was unheeded by the commandant, General Lemoine, undertook a regular siege of the place and opened trenches on 2 August. On 13 August the French garrison gave up the town and retired into the citadel, which surrendered on 1 September.[45]
The efforts of the German Corps were now directed upon the fortress of Montmédy, around which it had succeeded in placing twelve batteries in position by 13 September. After an obstinate resistance, the garrison concluded a convention on 20 September by which it was to retire, with arms and baggage, behind the Loire. After the capture of Montmédy, the German Corps went into cantonments in the department of the Ardennes whence it returned home in the month of November.[45]
British Mediterranean contingent
This was Great Britain's smaller military expedition. It was composed of British troops from the garrison of
La Vendée
Army of the West,[7] – Armée de l'Ouest[18] (also known as the Army of the Vendée and the Army of the Loire) – originally formed as the Corps of Observation of the Vendée. This army was formed to suppress the Royalist revolt in the Vendée region of France which was up in revolt at Napoleon Bonaparte's return. It was commanded by General Jean Maximilien Lamarque.
The total planned strength was 10,000 to 12,000 men, but the highest estimate of total strength is 6,000 men.[66]
Other mobilisations
For mobilisations that did not take an active part in operations, or were just planned mobilisations, see the article "Military mobilisation during the Hundred Days".
See also
- Fortifications of Vauban
Notes
- ^ Chandler names General Onasco as the commander of the Austrian Army of Naples (Chandler 1981, p. 30) however, both Plotho and Vaudoncourt name Bianchi as commander of this army (Plotho 1818, pp. 76, 77 (Appendix), and Vaudoncourt 1826, p. 94 (Book I, Chapter I))
- ^ David Chandler gives a slightly different account: Brune fell back slowly, before Neapolitan forces under the command of General d'Osasco, into the fortress city of Toulon and that Brune did not surrender the city and the naval arsenal contained within until 31 July (Chandler 1981, p. 181).
- ^ A third brigade, the Mecklenburg Brigade commanded by General Prince of Mecklenburg-Schwerin is included in Plotho, but not by Hofschröer & Embleton (Plotho 1818, p. 56; Hofschröer & Embleton 2014, p. 42).
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 764, 779, 780.
- ^ Chesney 1868, p. 34.
- ^ Chesney 1868, p. 35.
- ^ a b Beck 1911, p. 371.
- ^ Chandler 1981, p. 180.
- ^ Armée du Rhin men
- 20,000 (Beck 1911, p. 371)
- 20,4056 (Chalfont 1979, p. 205)
- 23,000. (Chandler 1981, p. 30)
- ^ a b c d e Chalfont 1979, p. 205.
- ^ a b c d Chandler 1981, p. 181.
- ^ Armée des Alpes guns
- 42 (Zins 2003, pp. 380–84)
- 46 (Chalfont 1979, p. 205)
- ^ Armée des Alpes men
- 13,000–20,000 (Siborne 1895, p. 775)
- 23,500 (Chandler 1981, p. 30)
- 15,767 (Chalfont 1979, p. 205)
- ^ Armée du Jura: men
- 5,392 (Chalfont 1979, p. 205)
- 8,400 (Chandler 1981, p. 30)
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 775, 779.
- ^ Beck 1911, p. 371 for commanders and the number of men.
- ^ Andersson 2009 for where the armies were cantoned.
- ^ Siborne 1895, p. 767.
- ^ Although Siborne estimated the number at 264,492, David Chandler estimated the number 232,000 (Chandler 1981, p. 27).
- ^ Chapuisat 1921, table 2.[page needed]
- ^ a b c d e f g Chandler 1981, p. 30.
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 767, 768.
- ^ a b c Siborne 1895, p. 768.
- ^ McGuigan 2009, § Siege Train.
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 768, 769.
- ^ a b c d Siborne 1895, p. 769.
- ^ a b Siborne 1895, p. 770.
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 770, 771.
- ^ a b Siborne 1895, p. 771.
- ^ The "line of the Queich" was of some age as it is also mentioned by Sir Edward Guest in "Wars of the Eighteenth Century Vol IV (1783–1795)" pub 1862, section "1793: Wars of the German Frontier", p. 158
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 771, 772.
- better source needed]
- ^ Siborne 1895, p. 772.
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 773, 774.
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 772, 773.
- ^ Siborne 1895, p. 773.
- ^ Siborne 1895, p. 774.
- ^ Plotho 1818, pp. 74, 75 (Appendix).
- ^ Chandler 1981, p. 27.
- ^ Schom 1992, p. 19.
- ^ Plotho 1818, pp. 76, 77 (Appendix).
- ^ a b Pappas 2008.
- ^ a b Vaudoncourt 1826, Book I, Chapter I, p. 110.
- ^ Houssaye 2005, p. [page needed]
- ^ Army of the Var, men:
- 5,500 (Chandler 1981, p. 30)
- 6,116 (Chalfont 1979, p. 205)
- ^ a b Siborne 1895, p. 775.
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 775, 776.
- ^ a b c d e Siborne 1895, p. 776.
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 776, 777.
- ^ Siborne 1895, p. 777.
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 777, 778.
- ^ a b c Siborne 1895, p. 778.
- ^ a b c Siborne 1895, p. 779.
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 778, 779.
- ^ Plotho 1818, pp. pp. 56–62 (Appendix (chapter XII)).
- ^ Mikaberidze 2002.
- ^ Siborne 1895, pp. 51, 52, 774.
- ^ Plotho 1818, p. 54.
- ^ Hofschröer 1999, p. 182.
- ^ Hofschröer 1999, pp. 179, 182.
- ^ Pierer 1857, p. 605, 2nd column.
- ^ Plotho 1818, Appendix (Chapter XII) p. 56.
- ^ Hofschröer & Embleton 2014, p. 42.
- ^ Siborne 1895, p. 765.
- ^ a b Siborne 1895, pp. 765, 766.
- ^ a b McGuigan 2009, § Netherlands Corps.
- ^ Anonymous 1838, p. [page needed].
- ^ Parkinson 1934, pp. 416–418.
- ^ Muret, p. 435.
- ^ Gildea 2008, pp. 112, 113.
- ^ Philp & Hambridge 2015.
References
- Andersson, M. (2009). "100 Days: § Napoleon's reaction". Napoleonic Wars website. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2011.[better source needed]
- Anonymous (1838). Geschichte des Feldzugs von 1815 in den Niederlanden und Frankreich als Beitrag zur Kriegsgeschichte der neuern Kriege. […] Part II (in German). Berlin, Posen and Bromberg: Ernst Siegfried Mittler.
- Barbero, Alessandro (2006). The Battle: a new history of Waterloo. Walker & Company. ISBN 0-8027-1453-6.
- Beck, Archibald Frank (1911). Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 371–381. . In
- Chalfont, Arthur Gwynne Jones, ed. (1979). Waterloo: Battle of Three Armies. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 0-2839-8235-7.
- Chandler, David (1981) [1980]. Waterloo: The Hundred Days. Osprey Publishing.
- Chapuisat, Édouard (1921). Der Weg zur Neutralität und Unabhängigkeit 1814 und 1815 (in German). Bern: Oberkriegskommissariat.
- Chesney, Charles Cornwallis (1868). Waterloo lectures: a study of the campaign of 1815. London: Longmans Green and Company.
- Gildea, Robert (2008). Children of the Revolution: The French, 1799–1914 (reprint ed.). Penguin UK. pp. 112, 113. ISBN 978-0-14-191852-5.
- Glover, Michael (1973). Wellington as Military Commander. London: Sphere Books.
- Parkinson, C. (1934). "CHAPTER XII - Algiers". Edward Pellew. London: Northcote. pp. 416–418.
- Gurwood, ed. (1838). The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington. Vol. 12. London: John Murray.
- Hofschröer, Peter (2006). 1815 The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, his German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras. Vol. 1. London: Greenhill Books.
- Hofschröer, Peter (1999). 1815: The Waterloo Campaign: The German victory, from Waterloo to the fall of Napoleon. Vol. 2. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-368-4.
- Hofschröer, Peter; Embleton, Gerry (2014). The Prussian Army of the Lower Rhine 1815. Osprey Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-78200-619-0.
- Houssaye, Henri (2005). Napoleon and the Campaign of 1815: Waterloo. Naval & Military Press.
- McGuigan, Ron (2009) [2001]. "Anglo-Allied Army in Flanders and France – 1815: Subsequent Changes in Command and Organization". The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 31 May 2012.[better source needed]
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2002). "Russian Generals of the Napoleonic Wars: General Ivan Vasilievich Sabaneev". The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 31 May 2012.[better source needed]
- Pappas, Dale (July 2008). "Joachim Murat and the Kingdom of Naples: 1808 – 1815". The Napoleon Series. Retrieved 31 May 2012.[better source needed]
- Philp, Mark; Hambridge, Katherine; et al. (2015). "The Treaty of Cholet and the Pacification of the Vendée". University of Warwick online exhibition.
- Pierer, H.A. (1857). "Russisch-Deutscher Krieg gegen Frankreich 1812-1815". Pierer's Universal-Lexikon (in German). Vol. 14. p. 605, 2nd column.
- Plotho, Carl von (1818). Der Krieg des verbündeten Europa gegen Frankreich im Jahre 1815 (in German). Berlin: Bei Karl Friedrich Umelang.
- Raa, F.J.G. ten (1980) [1900]. De uniformen van de Nederlandsche zee—en landmacht hier te lande en in de kolonien... (in Dutch). Historical Section of the Royal Netherlands Army. OL 3849493M.
- Schom, Alan (1992). One Hundred Days: Napoleon's Road to Waterloo. New York: Atheneum.
- Sørensen, Carl (1871). Kampen om Norge i Aarene 1813 og 1814 (Battle for Norway in the years 1813 and 1814) (in Danish). Vol. 2. Copenhagen.
- Vaudoncourt, Guillaume de (1826). Histoire des Campagnes de 1814 et 1815 en France (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: A. de Gastel.
- Wellesley, Arthur, ed. (1862). Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington. United Services. Vol. 10. London: John Murray.
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- Attribution
- This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Siborne, William (1895). "Supplement section". The Waterloo Campaign 1815 (4th ed.). Birmingham, 34 Wheeleys Road. pp. 767–780.
Further reading
- Labarre de Raillicourt, Dominique (1963). Les généraux des Cents jours et du gouvernement provisoire (mars-juillet 1815) Dictionnaire biographique, promotions, bibliographies et armorial (in French). Paris: Chez l'auteur.
- Six, Georges (1934). Dictionnaire biographique des généraux & amiraux Français de la Révolution et de l'Empire (1792–1814) (Two volumes) (in French). Paris, Librairie Saffroy.