Mir-Hossein Mousavi
Mir-Hossein Mousavi | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
میرحسین موسوی | |||||||||||||||
49th Prime Minister of Iran | |||||||||||||||
In office 29 October 1981 – 16 August 1989 | |||||||||||||||
President | Ali Khamenei | ||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Reza Mahdavi Kani (Acting) | ||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Office abolished | ||||||||||||||
Minister of Foreign Affairs | |||||||||||||||
In office 5 July 1981 – 15 December 1981 | |||||||||||||||
Prime Minister | Mohammad-Ali Rajai Mohammad-Javad Bahonar Reza Mahdavi Kani(Acting) Himself | ||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Mohammad-Ali Rajai (Acting) | ||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Ali Akbar Velayati | ||||||||||||||
Head of Mostazafan Foundation | |||||||||||||||
In office 4 December 1981 – 6 September 1989 | |||||||||||||||
Appointed by | Ruhollah Khomeini | ||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Mohammad-Ali Rajai | ||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Mohsen Rafighdoost | ||||||||||||||
Senior Advisor to the President of Iran[1] | |||||||||||||||
In office 12 October 1997 – 3 August 2005 | |||||||||||||||
President | Mohammad Khatami | ||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Mojtaba Samareh Hashemi | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Personal details | |||||||||||||||
Born | Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh 2 March 1942 Khameneh, Imperial State of Iran | ||||||||||||||
Political party | The Green Path of Hope (2009–present) | ||||||||||||||
Other political affiliations | Islamic Republican Party (1979–1987) Movement of Militant Muslims (1977–1979) | ||||||||||||||
Spouse |
Hossein Sharifzadegan (brother-in-law)[2] | ||||||||||||||
Residence(s) | Tehran, Iran | ||||||||||||||
Alma mater | National University of Tehran | ||||||||||||||
Occupation | Architect, educator | ||||||||||||||
Awards | Excellent Order of Independence[3] | ||||||||||||||
Signature | |||||||||||||||
Website | kaleme.org | ||||||||||||||
Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh (
In the early years of the revolution, Mousavi was the editor-in-chief of
For the 2009 Iranian Presidential election, Mousavi came out of semi-retirement and ran as one of two Reformist candidates against the administration of incumbent Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. According to official results, he did not win the election, and following alleged vote-rigging and manipulation, his campaign sparked a long protest that eventually turned into a national and international movement against the government and Supreme Leader. Despite the violent crackdown, he remains the leader of the Green Movement but has been severely restricted by Iranian authorities.[6] He is currently under house arrest along with his wife Zahra Rahnavard and Mehdi Karroubi.[7]
Early life, education, and career
He earned his undergraduate degree in architecture from the
In 1969, Mousavi married
Iranian Revolution
Mousavi and his wife had an active role in the success of the Iranian Revolution.[17] He was imprisoned for organizing street protests against the monarchy of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.[10][14] As the Iranian Revolution neared, Mousavi, whose earliest political hero was Che Guevara,[18] became more actively involved in the struggle. He initially participated in the establishment of the Jonbesh-e Mosalmanan-e Mobarez (Movement of Militant Muslims) alongside Habibollah Peyman which eventually led him to join ranks with Mohammad Beheshti, who was a close associate of the revolution leader, Ruhollah Khomeini, and abandoned his previous connections with Ali Shariati.[14]
Following the collapse of the Shah's regime in 1979, Mousavi helped Mohammad Beheshti found the Islamic Republican Party in 1979 in order to assist the establishment of the Islamic republic in Iran and hasten the overthrow of Iran's monarchy.[10] He became the political secretary of the party,[14] and chief editor of Jomhouri-e Eslami, the party's official newspaper.[14] For this, he is widely viewed as "The Architect" of the Islamic Republic both in Iran and abroad.
In mid-1979, he was appointed by Khomeini to the
Prime ministership
In August 1981, President
The conflicts between Mousavi, who belonged to the left wing of the Islamic Republic, with Ali Khamenei (the current leader of Iran), who belonged to the right wing of the Islamic Republic, continued during their eight years of shared governance.[14] However, an escalation in conflicts between the two led to Mousavi's resignation shortly after the end of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988.[14] As the prime minister, Mousavi had the full backing of Ruhollah Khomeini, the supreme leader, and he refused to accept his resignation. While his government was viewed as somewhat liberal, he was still under the pressure of hardliners, though Khomeini generally protected Mousavi from the conservatives and gave him a free rein in deciding actions for the economy.[17] However, his involvement in security matters remained less clear, and it was disputed whether or not Mousavi was involved in the killing of thousands of dissidents and minorities in Kurdistan and Mazandaran during this time. It has generally been accepted that Mousavi and Mohsen Rezaee (who was in charge of the Revolutionary Guards during this time) have never been close, though he was in charge of foreign operations, particularly in Lebanon.
Mousavi's premiership coincided with the Iran–Iraq War. He guided the country through its war with Iraq, and earned popular acclaim for his stewardship of the national economy.[10] He pioneered a bond-based economy, which many believe was responsible for a fair distribution of goods among the people throughout the Iran–Iraq War.[23] Many analysts praise his handling of Iran's economy, his civil and economic leadership during the Iran–Iraq War, and his efforts to end Iran's international isolation.[24] Others remember him as being "unpredictable" and less able to navigate Iran's labyrinthine political system than were his rivals.[25] In 1986, Mousavi played a great role in the Iran–Contra affair and secret negotiations and dealing with USA on helping them free the American hostages in Lebanon, in return for sale of the American weapons and spare-parts that Iran's army badly needed for the Iran–Iraq War.[10]
A year after the end of the
On 28 July 1989, the
Early stance on pre-revolutionary icons
Some pre-revolutionary filmmakers have accounts about celebrities who have been hurt by Mousavi's positions in his early years in office. Saeed Motalebi, an established writer and director in the pre-revolutionary era, has one of such accounts that refers to the 1982 film The Imperilled (Barzakhi-ha) which was written by him and had four pre-revolutionary male stars in the lead roles. It was directed by
1988 prison massacres
On 12 December 2018 Amnesty International published an interview of the Austrian national public service ORF (broadcaster), on 13 December 1988, with Mir Hossein Mousavi. Mousavi was asked about the mass executions inside Iran's prison at the time he was in office. Mousavi replied, “We repressed them”. Amnesty's report criticizes Mousavi's response asserting that “without explaining what he is acknowledging ... he focuses on criticizing the July 1988 armed incursion by the People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI).” The report goes on to say:[30]
Since 2009, when he re-entered politics as a Reformist opposition leader, Mir Hossein Mousavi’s response when asked about the 1988 prison massacres has often been to avoid commenting or to claim that they took place without the knowledge of his government. In this way, he has tried to justify his failure to stop, investigate or at least condemn the killings publicly. However, documents from Amnesty International’s archives show that the organization repeatedly raised its concerns about reports of mass prisoner executions with senior officials in Mir Hossein Mousavi’s government.
Retirement from politics
When Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic, died in 1989, Mousavi was no longer welcome in the government.[10] It was the start of 20 years of an almost total absence from public life for Mousavi, which many considered as a sign of his disapproval of the established government, though he did sit on two high-level government councils.[10]
In 1989, Ali Khamenei named him as a member of the
During these years, he partly retired from politics and returned to architecture and teaching, becoming President of the
Presidential candidacy
Pre-2009
Mousavi refused to run for the presidency in the 1997 elections, which caused the reformists to turn to his former Cabinet Minister, then a little-known cleric, Mohammad Khatami, who was elected by a landslide. During Khatami's administration, Mousavi served as the Senior Adviser to the President.
Mousavi was considered the leading candidate from the reformist alliance to run in the
2009 presidential candidacy
After 20 years of political silence, on 9 March 2009, Mousavi announced his intention to run in the 2009 Iranian presidential election. He stated that his main goals were: to institutionalize social justice, equality and fairness, freedom of expression, to root out corruption and to speed up Iran's stagnant process of privatization, and thus move Iran away from what he called "an alms-based economy".[citation needed] Mousavi criticized the then-current conservative President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, for his alleged economic mismanagement, asking, when Iran "was making profits from the high prices of oil, did he (Ahmadinejad) envisage a situation when the prices would fall?" On 16 March 2009, the former Iranian President Khatami withdrew from the election in support of Mir-Hossein Mousavi.[32]
Platform
Mousavi ran as an independent Principled Reformist candidate.[33] Although he is one of the original founders of the Iranian reformist camp, he shares many principles of the conservatives. Many reformist parties, among them reformist Islamic Iranian Participation Front, whose main candidate was Khatami, have supported his candidacy after the latter withdrew from the race.[34] Many supporters of the reformist movement, however, objected to Mousavi's candidacy on the grounds that he was not committed to the principles of the reformist parties.[35] Although Mousavi stated that he was not running as a reformist, he indicated that he welcomed the support of different parties, both reformist and conservative.[36] He started his campaign from the center of Iranian politics; over time, he shifted more towards the left by declaring his support for reforms. Although some active members of the conservative camp, such as Emad Afroogh, as well as the conservative newspaper Jomhouri-e Eslami, supported Mousavi's candidacy, he did not receive the official backing of any major conservative party. His candidacy made it harder for the conservatives to support Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, and large conservative parties, such as the Combatant Clergy Association, did not back the current President for a second term of office.[37]
Domestic policies
Mousavi had on numerous occasions indicated his wish to change the constitution in order to remove the existing ban on the private ownership of television stations (currently all Iranian television stations are state-owned), as well as transfer the control of the law-enforcement forces to the President (so that they represent the people, since the people directly elect the President through popular vote) from the Supreme Leader.[citation needed] He said that "the issue of non-compliance with the Iranian rules and regulations is the biggest problem that the country is currently faced with" and that he wished to put in place ways to enforce the laws further,[citation needed] and that it was also important to bring an end to keeping the populace uninformed about government matters. Among his policies were creation of a free environment for the flow of information and corrections to the national budget.[38] He wanted to promote the creation of private, non-governmental TV networks and stop the operation of the "Moral Police".[citation needed] He has spoken about his opposition to massive changes in ministries, which he claims is what Ahmadinejad has done.
The
On 30 May, Mousavi pledged that if elected he would amend "discriminatory and unjust regulations" against women, and take other measures in favour of women's rights and equality.[41] He said that he would seek to disband the so-called morality police force, and ensure that Iranian women are treated equally, with the ability to attain financial empowerment and to serve at the highest levels of decision making bodies.[41]
Foreign policies
Mousavi directly addressed activating foreign policy to boost national interest by reducing tensions with other nations. This included negotiating with U.S. President Barack Obama if "his actions are in keeping with his words".[38] He condemned Ahmadinejad's attitude toward The Holocaust (namely, that it was "a myth"), and condemned the killing of Jews in the Holocaust.[40]
Protests to the election results
The election was held on 12 June 2009. The official results showed Ahmadinejad winning by a landslide, though Mousavi and many others believed the results to be fraudulent, suggesting that the Interior Minister,
"Previously, he was revolutionary, because everyone inside the system was a revolutionary. But now he's a reformer. Now he knows Gandhi – before he knew only Che Guevara. If we gain power through aggression we would have to keep it through aggression. That is why we're having a green revolution, defined by peace and democracy."
— Mohsen Makhmalbaf, Mousavi's spokesman, 19 June 2009[46]
Due to protests, from the opposition, the Supreme Leader ordered a partial recount of the election results. The recount was a random counting of 10% of the ballots. In order to create transparency, a 12-member council showed the recount on television, and concluded that President Ahmadinejad still led Mousavi after the recount. After the recount, the Guardian council certified the election, and concluded no evidence of irregularities, and closed the dossier on the election.[47]
Beginning of the Green Movement
The Iranian Green Movement refers to a series of actions after the Iranian presidential election in 2009, in which protesters demanded the removal of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad from office.
Mousavi,
In the aftermath of the election and ensuing comments by Ahmadinejad and other conservative leaders, calling the opposition "a pile of dust" (خس و خاشاک), protests were widened and massive peaceful protests were held around the country. Although the Iranian government prohibited any gatherings of protesters in Tehran and across the country, significantly slowed down internet access, and censored any form of media supporting the opposition, hundreds of thousands of Iranians marched in defiance.
Since the election, the government has severely restricted the access of foreign and Iranian media to footage and information relating to opposition activities. As a result, scenes of the massive street protests and more frequent student protests have been filmed by participants themselves.
Death of Mousavi's nephew
Seyed Ali Mousavi was the nephew of Mousavi.
Iranian filmmaker Mohsen Makhmalbaf, the official spokesman of Mir-Hossein Moussavi's campaign abroad, told BBC News in an interview that Iranian secret police had called Seyed Ali Mousavi several times, days before he was shot, saying: "We will kill you."[52]
After he died, his body was taken to Ebn-e Sina hospital, where protesters demonstrated outside. The protesters were broken up with tear gas by the Iranian security forces. It was later revealed that the government had removed his body and taken it to an undisclosed location in an attempt to crack down on the protests.[51][53]
The Green Path of Hope
Mousavi and other reformist leaders are now working with peaceful and legal methods to widen the influence of their reforms. They have set up a new coalition, named The Green Path of Hope. Iranian political parties and movements need to be authorized by the Interior Ministry. Mousavi neither recognizes the current government as legitimate, nor is likely to receive permission; the movement was named a "path" in order bypass this law.[54]
The Green Path of Hope seeks to continue protests against Ahmadinejad's presidency following lawful and peaceful methods, and the full execution of the constitution, as Mousavi says:[55]
You can't follow some parts of the constitution and throw the rest into a bin.
Mousavi is quoted in describing the movement:[56]
The Green Path of Hope is formed for the sake of people’s rightful demands and for claiming their rights... the color green is the symbol of this movement; its slogan is demanding the impeccable implementation of the constitution, and innumerable self-motivated independent societies form the body of this movement.
According to organization officials, the movement encompasses numerous political parties, NGOs and social networks. Mousavi emphasized that existent, autonomous social networks in the community are part of this movement:[57]
During the election, our mottos supported and remained in the framework of the constitution; today we are devoted to those slogans. We believe that if the people's demands were treated fairly, instead of being distorted by the media and linked to foreigners, and the government promoted truth by fair criticism, our mottos could satisfy the public.[57]
The "Green Path" has six main members on its central council, who are connected to reformist parties, NGOs, and social networks. The main body will be ordinary protesters. The strategy is to connect existent pressures and issues in society in a social network, and to therefore lead protests in a lawful manner.[54]
Arab Spring
In the wake of the
House arrest
This section needs to be updated.(January 2020) |
Mousavi and his wife, as well as Mehdi Karoubi, another opposition figure, were put under house arrest after they urged their supporters to organize demonstrations in support of uprisings in the Arab world in February 2011.[59] On 2 February 2013, Iran's security forces arrested Mousavi's two daughters, Zahra and Nargess Mousavi, in their home.[60] The semi-official news agency ILNA reported that they were questioned, and then freed the same day.[citation needed] After the election of Hassan Rouhani as President in 2013, it was announced that Mousavi and Rahnavard would soon be freed from house arrest. However, as of 2021[update], he was still under house arrest.[61]
In 2019, Mousavi was given the right to exit his home once a week. In addition, his immediate family were also able to visit him anytime.[62] They were also given permission to use a mobile phone and satellite television.[63]
Political and academic posts
- Member of Central Campaign of Islamic Republican Party (1979–1981)
- Head of Political Office of Islamic Republican Party (1980–1981)
- Editor-in-Chief of Islamic Republican Newspaper(1981)
- Minister of Foreign Affairs (1981)
- President of Council of Cultural Revolution(1981)
- Prime Minister of Iran (1981–1989)
- President of Mostazafen Foundation of Islamic Revolution(1981–1989)
- President of Economy Council (1982–1989)
- Political adviser of president Hashemi Rafsanjani(1989–1997)
- Senior adviser of President Khatami (1997–2005)
- Member of Expediency Discernment Council (1989–2012)
- Member of Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution(1996–2012)
- President of Iranian Academy of Arts(2000–2009)
- Leader of Green Movement and The Green Path of Hope (2009– )
See also
References
- ^ "News", MEED, 41 (40–51), Economic East Economic Digest Ltd: 20, 1997,
Hossain Moussavi has been appointed as President Khatami's top adviser, it was announced on 12 October.
- ^ "Iran 'arrests activists' ahead of planned march". BBC. 11 February 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ نشانهای دولتی در روزهای پایانی خاتمی و احمدینژاد به چهکسانی رسید؟. Tasnim News Agency (in Persian). 24 August 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^ "ميرحسين موسوی از رياست فرهنگستان هنر برکنار شد". رادیو فردا. Radio Farda. 23 December 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ "میرحسین موسوی خواهان قانون اساسی جدید و تشکیل مجلس موسسان "برای نجات ایران" شد". BBC News فارسی (in Persian). Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ "Even Iran Can Change". Peyvand. 6 November 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
- ^ Iran: Further information: Opposition leaders arbitrarily held Amnesty International, 29 September 2011
- ^ "The challenger who is poised to seize Iran's presidency". The Daily Telegraph. 12 June 2009. Born in north-western Iran in 1941, Mr Mousavi is from the country's Azeri ethnic minority.
- ^ The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay?, Crawford Young, p. 127, 1993
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Mousavi, Hossein Biography".
- ^ Patrick Martin (23 June 2009). "The rebirth of an Iranian revolutionary". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 24 June 2006.
- ISBN 978-0-8179-1136-2. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
- ^ میر حسین موسوی کیست؟ (in Persian). Siavashon. 18 October 2008. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m زندگینامه نامزدها: میر حسین موسوی. BBC Persian (in Persian). 21 May 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
- ^ Alavi, Nasrin (2 June 2009). "Iran: a blind leap of faith". Open Democracy. Archived from the original on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ "A First Lady for Iran". Zeldaily. Archived from the original on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
- ^ a b c "Profile: Mir Hossein Mousavi". BBC. 16 June 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
- ^ Different This Time Archived 20 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine by Jon Taplin, Talking Points Memo, 17 June 2009
- ^ Brownlee (2007), p.103
- ^ Baktiari (1996), pp.80–1.
- ^ Amouee, Bahman Ahmadi (26 April 2009). "میرحسین موسوی، اندیشه های اقتصادی تا احساسات شاعرانه". Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ Iran under the Ayatollahs, by Dilip Hiro, p. 198
- ^ "Iran's ex-PM seen as candidate". Financial Times. 16 January 2009.
- ^ "Mir-Hossein: Attempt to Exit 20-year long Isolation? (میر حسین موسوی؛ تلاش برای خروج از انزوای ۲۰ ساله؟)" (in Persian). BBC. 3 March 2009.
- ^ Daragah, Borzou; Ramin Mostaghim; Kim Murphy (22 June 2009). "Mir-Hossein Mousavi's unusual career arc". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
- )
- ^ "Highest Grossing Iranian Films". 8 March 2011.
- ^ Entekhab.ir, پایگاه خبری تحلیلی انتخاب (18 February 1391). "ایرج قادری: جمشید آریا یک تلفن به من نزد که ببیند زنده هستم یا مرده!". fa.
- ^ "Motalebi: We Were All Dead on the Spot". 15 December 2019.
- ^ "Top Iranian officials distorted truth about 1988 killings". www.amnesty.org. 12 December 2018.
- ^ "آفتاب – افتتاح ساختمان اصلی". Aftab News. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ "Khatami will soon withdraw candidacy in favor of Mousavi: source". payvand. 15 March 2009. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
- ^ [1] [permanent dead link]
- ^ ":: پايگاه اطلاع رساني نوروز بيانيه جبهه مشاركت در حمايت از مهندس مير حسين موسوي در انتخابات دهمين دوره رياست جمهوري". Norooz News. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
- ^ "موج سوم؛ پایگاه اطلاع رسانی "پویش (کمپین) دعوت از خاتمی"". Mowj. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
- ^ "IRNA". .irna. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
- ^ "جامعه روحانیت دو پاره شد". rooz online. 22 March 2010. Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
- ^ a b "The Answer To Ahmadinejad". Der Spiegel. 27 April 2009.
- ^ "Iran's presidential candidates", BBC, 21 May 2009
- ^ a b c "Iran's Reform Candidate, Mir Hossein Mousavi, Says Open to U.S. Negotiations". Fox News Channel. 6 April 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009.
- ^ a b "Iran candidate Mousavi backs women's rights". BBC News. 30 May 2009.
- ^ Erdbrink, Thomas (13 June 2009). "Iran Election In Dispute as 2 Candidates Claim Victory". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
- ^ "Tear gas and Twitter: Iranians take their protests online". CNN. 15 June 2009.
- ^ Jeffery, Simon (29 July 2009). "Iran election protests: the dead, jailed and missing". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
- ^ "Iran police clash with protesters". CNN. 7 December 2009.
- ^ I speak for Mousavi. And Iran by Mohsen Makhmalbaf, The Guardian, 19 June 2009
- ^ "Iran upholds Ahmadinejad victory, says matter closed". Reuters. 29 June 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
- ^ دعوتنامه برگزارکنندگان مراسم ۱۸ تیر از موسوی و مهدی کروبی و محمد خاتمی. Aseman Daily News (in Persian). 5 July 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
- ^ Iranians, by hundreds of thousands, ask: Where is my vote? Miami Herald.
- ^ Several killed, 300 arrested in Tehran protests CNN, 28 December 2009
- ^ a b Hardliners seize Mousavi corpse as Iran regime hits back, The Times, 29 December 2009
- ^ Iran reformist Mousavi's nephew 'got death threats', BBC, 29 December 2009
- ^ Seven Iranian Opposition Leaders Arrested – Seyed Ali Mousavi's Body Goes Missing Archived 21 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, San Francisco Sentinel, 28 December 2009
- ^ a b Copyright: gooya.com 2010. "gooya news:: politics: جزييات "راه سبز اميد" از زبان عليرضا بهشتی: خاتمی و کروبی عضو شورای مرکزی هستند، کميتههای "راه سبز اميد" در حال شکل گيری است، ايلنا". News.gooya.com. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "پارلمان نیوز : تشکیلات "راه سبز امید" را ایجاد میکنیم تا حقوق مردم را استیفا کنیم/با برخوردهای اخیر، جا دارد انسان سر به زیر خاک کند". Parlemannews.ir. Archived from the original on 20 July 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
- ^ Mousavi announces new political party, United Press International, 16 August 2009
- ^ a b "Green path of hope, Mousavi's new organization". Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2009.
- ^ Iran unrest: MPs call for death of Mousavi and Karroubi, BBC News, 15 February 2011
- ^ "Iranian Authorities Arrest Opposition Leader's Daughters". Updated News. Reuters. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
- ^ "Daughters of Iranian Opposition Leaders Arrested". Payvand. Radio Zamaneh. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
- ^ Blair, David. "Hassan Rouhani's glaring failure to curb human rights abuses in Iran". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
- ^ "New Conditions of Mousavi and Karroubi's House-Arrest". Iran International. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- ^ "Green Movement Leaders Under House Arrest Allowed To Have Cell Phone, Sat TV". RFE/RL. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
Further reading
- ISBN 0-8130-1461-1.
- ISBN 978-0-521-86951-5.
External links
- Official site (in Persian)
- "The Political Evolution of Mousavi", PBS Frontline, 16 February 2010