Mirkhvand

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Mirkhvand
Manuscript of Mirkhvand's Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ. Copy made in Safavid Iran, dated 1635
Manuscript of Mirkhvand's Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ. Copy made in Safavid Iran, dated 1635
Born1433/34
Bukhara, Timurid Empire
Died22 June 1498 (aged 64–65)
Herat, Timurid Empire
OccupationHistorian
Notable worksRawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ
RelativesKhvandamir (grandson)

Muhammad ibn Khvandshah ibn Mahmud, more commonly known as Mirkhvand (Persian: میرخواند, also transliterated as Mirkhwand; 1433/34 – 1498), was a Persian[1] historian active during the reign of the Timurid ruler Sultan Husayn Bayqara (r. 1469–1506). He is principally known for his universal history, the Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ ("The garden of purity"), which he wrote under the patronage of the high-ranking functionary Ali-Shir Nava'i (died 1501). According to the German orientalist Bertold Spuler, the Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ is the greatest universal history in Persian regarding the Islamic world.

Life

Born in c. 1433/4 in the city of

shaykh Baha al-Din Umar Jaghara'i (died 1453) in the city of Herat, where Mirkhvand's family had distinguished themselves. Mirkhvand's brother was the sadr (head of religious fundings) of the Timurid crown prince Badi' al-Zaman Mirza (died 1514), the eldest son of the incumbent ruler Sultan Husayn Bayqara (r. 1469–1506).[2]

Mirkhvand wrote under the patronage of

Khwaja Abdullah Ansari (died 1088), near Herat. Mirkhvand died in Herat on 22 June 1498, and was buried in the shrine of Baha al-Din Umar Jaghara'i, the same place as his father.[2]

Mirkhvand's daughter's son Khvandamir (died 1535/6), whom he had trained and handed over his patronage networks, wrote a concise version of his grandfathers work in 1500, the Khulāṣat al-akhbār fī bayān aḥwāl al-akhyār ("Summary reports on the affairs of those gone by").[4][2][5]

Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ

Main article: Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ
The Sasanian king Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651) flees to the mill in Merv. From a manuscript of the Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ, dated 1595

Mirkhvand's only known work is the Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ, a history of the world since creation from a Muslim point of view, divided into a preface, seven volumes, and an epilogue. The final volume and the epilogue were incomplete at the time of Mirkhvand's death, and were later completed by Khvandamir.

Mughal India.[9]

There exist hundreds of copies of Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ, making it one of the most copied Persian history books.

European languages.[2]

According to the German orientalist Bertold Spuler, the Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ is the greatest universal history in Persian regarding the Islamic world.[11]

References

  1. ^ Melville 2020, p. 60.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bockholt 2020a.
  3. ^ Manz 2014.
  4. ^ Manz 2007, p. 61.
  5. ^ Bockholt 2020b.
  6. ^ Quinn 2020, p. 26.
  7. ^ Quinn 2020, p. 29.
  8. ^ Roemer 1986, p. 138.
  9. ^ Pollock 2003, p. 163.
  10. ^ Spuler 2003, p. 36.
  11. ^ Spuler 2003, p. 35.

Sources

  • Bockholt, Philip (2020a). "Mīrkhvānd". In Fleet, Kate;
    ISSN 1873-9830
    .
  • Bockholt, Philip (2020b). "Khvāndamīr". In Fleet, Kate;
    ISSN 1873-9830
    .
  • ISBN 978-1-139-46284-6
    .
  • Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2014). "ʿAbd al-Razzāq Samarqandī". In Fleet, Kate;
    ISSN 1873-9830
    .
  • ISBN 978-1838606886
    .
  • ISBN 978-0520228214
    .
  • Quinn, Sholeh A. (2020). Persian Historiography Across Empires: The Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Cambridge University Press.
    ISBN 978-1108842211
    .
  • Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The successors of Tīmūr". In Lockhart, Laurence;
    ISBN 0-521-20094-6
    .
  • Spuler, Bertold (2003). Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and Early Ottoman Turkey. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd.
    ISBN 978-9971774882
    .
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