Missing in action
Missing in action (MIA) is a casualty classification assigned to combatants, military chaplains, combat medics, and prisoners of war who are reported missing during wartime or ceasefire. They may have been killed, wounded, captured, executed, or deserted. If deceased, neither their remains nor grave have been positively identified. Becoming MIA has been an occupational risk for as long as there has been warfare.
Problems and solutions
Until around 1912, service personnel in most countries were not routinely issued with
Additionally, the combat environment itself could increase the likelihood of missing combatants such as
The development of
History
Before the 20th century
The numerous wars which have occurred over the centuries have created many MIAs. The list is long and includes most battles which have ever been fought by any nation. The usual problems of identification caused by rapid decomposition were exacerbated by the fact that it was common practice to loot the remains of the dead for any valuables e.g. personal items and clothing. This made the already difficult task of identification even harder. Thereafter the dead were routinely buried in
World War I
The phenomenon of MIAs became particularly notable during World War I, where the mechanized nature of
Even in the 21st century, the remains of missing combatants are recovered from the former battlefields of the
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Graves of unknown French soldiers killed during World War One. Each concrete cross has a metal plaque bearing the word "Inconnu" i.e. "Unknown"
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Grave of 2 unknown German soldiers at Tyne Cot War Cemetery
World War II
There are many missing combatants and other persons in service from World War II.[33][34][35][36][37][38] In the United States Armed Forces, 78,750 personnel missing in action had been reported by the end of the war, representing over 19 percent of the total of 405,399 killed during the conflict.[39]
As with MIAs from the First World War, it is a routine occurrence for the remains of missing personnel killed during the Second World War to be periodically discovered.
During the 2000s, there was renewed attention within and without the U.S. military to finding remains of the missing, especially in the European Theatre and especially since aging witnesses and local historians were dying off.[50] The group World War II Families for the Return of the Missing was founded in 2005 to work with the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command and other governmental entities towards locating and repatriating the remains of Americans lost in the conflict.[50] The president of the group said in reference to the far more publicised efforts to find remains of U.S. dead from the Vietnam War, "Vietnam had advocates. This was an older generation, and they didn't know who to turn to."[50]
In 2008, investigators began to conduct searches on
As of November 18, 2023, according to the U.S. Department of Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, there were still 72,136 U.S. servicemen and civilians still unaccounted for from World War II.[52]
According to official US Department of Army and Department of Navy casualty records, submitted to Congress in 1946 and updated in 1953, the combined possible total of missing service personnel worldwide is closer to approximately 6600 and probably considerably fewer.[citation needed] Significantly, DPAA continues to list as "unaccounted for" the five Sullivan brothers—arguably the single most accounted-for group of WWII casualties ever recorded. Since DPAA alone designates such WWII personnel as the entire crew of the USS Arizona and most of the crew of the USS Oklahoma as both "missing" and "unaccounted for" it is likely that DPAA records keeping is irregular and prone to opinion rather than fact.[clarification needed]
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Graves of unknownEritrean Ascaris killed in 1941 during the Battle of Keren
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Grave of 3 unknown German soldiers killed during World War II, in Cannock Chase German Military Cemetery
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Monument to prisoners of war and missing soldiers in Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany
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Grave of unknown Indian Army soldier,Burma
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Grave of unknown British or Commonwealth soldier,Burma
Korean War
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: fragmented paragraphs, lack of focus, poor grammar. (June 2022) |
Korean War US MIAs repatriation (1954–2023)
Location | 1954 | 2017 |
---|---|---|
POW CAMPS | 1,200–1,273 | 883–1,200[55] |
Unsan/Chongchon area | 1,109–1,559 | 1,294–1,549[56] |
DMZ | 89 | 1,000 |
UN Cemetery | 266[57] | [233][58] |
Chosin Reservoir area | 523–1,002 | 598–1,079[59] |
Suan Camps | 0 | 185 |
Totals | 1,832–4,229 | 2,775–5,013 |
The US Department of Defense DPAA gives dates for the
In August 1953, General James Van Fleet, who had led US and UN forces in Korea, estimated that "a large percentage" of those service members listed as missing in action were alive.[63] (Coincidentally, General Van Fleet's own son Captain James Alward Van Fleet Jr was MIA from a United States Air Force mission over North Korea April 4, 1952.)
The total number of Korean War MIAS/remains not recovered was 8,154.[64] In 1954 during Operation Glory, the remains of 4,023 UN personnel were received from North Korea, of which 1,868 were Americans; of the recovered US remains, 848 could not be identified.[65][66]
Between 1982 and 2016, 781 unknown remains were recovered from North Korea, South Korea, China, Japan, and
The U.S. Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (now the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency) and the equivalent South Korean command are actively involved in trying to locate and identify remains of both countries' personnel.[69] Remains of missing combatants from the Korean War are periodically recovered and identified in both North and South Korea.[70][71] It is thought that 13,000 South Korean and 2,000 U.S. combatants are buried in the Korean Demilitarized Zone alone and never found.[72] In the summer of 2018 President Moon Jae-in of South Korea expressed his hopes to recover the remains of Korean soldiers from the DMZ.[73] South Korea MIAs are believed to number 120,000.[74]
In 2018 the remains of 1 North Korean were repatriated to North Korea from the U.S.
On Sept 27, 2018, the remains of 64 South Korean soldier MIAs were repatriated to South Korea from the United States.[75]
On June 25, 2020, the remains of 147 South Korean soldier MIAs were repatriated to South Korea from the United States.[76]
In July 2020 it is reported that 50,000 South Korean POWS were never repatriated from North Korea in 1953.[77]
The 1991–1993 United States Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs investigated some outstanding issues and reports related to the fate of U.S. service personnel still missing from the Korean War.[78] In 1996, the Defense Department stated that there was no clear evidence any of the U.S. prisoners were still alive.[79]
As of 2005[update], at least 500
In 2007 New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson traveled to Pyongong and returned with six sets of remains.[74]
In 2010, it was reported that the Obama administration was reversing the Bush administration's suspended talks in regard to North Korea MIAs.[82]
In 2011 the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) adopted Resolution # 423 calling for renewed discussions with North Korea to recover Americans missing in action.[83]
On July 27, 2011, Congressman Charles Rangel introduced a congressional resolution calling on North Korea to repatriate POW/MIAS and abductees from North Korea.[84]
In January 2012 it was announced that members of JPAC would go to North Korea in the spring to search for an estimated 5,000 MIAs in the Unsan & the Chosin Reservoir areas.[85]
In February 2012 talks were going ahead between the US and North Korea to resume discussions to recover US MIAs after seven years.[83]
On March 8, 2012, the US announced it would search for MIAs in North Korea,[81] however on March 21, 2012, US President Obama's administration suspended talks with North Korea over the recovery of US servicemen killed and missing in North Korea.[86][87]
In 2013 Korea War/Cold War Families Inc started an online petition to Obama to resolve Cold/Korean War mysteries.[88]
In October 2014, North Korea announced it was going to move the remains of about 5,000 U.S. combatants en masse in an apparent attempt to force the U.S. to restart MIA recovery.[89] North Korea also gave a warning that "... North Korea blamed the United States 'hostile policy' for causing the remains recovery missions to end. The statement warned that "remains of American soldiers would soon be lost", as they were being "carried away en masse due to construction projects of hydro-power stations, land rezoning and other gigantic natureremaking projects, flood damage, etc…"[90]
As of December 2015 the DPAA "does not currently conduct" operations in North Korea.[91][92]
On June 24, 2016, Congressmen Rangel, John Conyers, Sam Johnson introduced House Resolution No. 799[93] calling on the U.S. Government to resume talks in regard to the US MIAs.[94] On September 27, 2016, House Resolution No. 799 was referred to the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific.[95] It was not enacted.[96]
In the wake of the June 2018 meeting between U.S. President Trump and North Korean leader Kim, the U.S. received 55 boxes of MIA remains on July 27, 2018—the 65th anniversary of the Korean War truce.[97] As of September 28, 2021, 77 Korean War MIAs have been identified from these 55 boxes.[98] As of April 1, 2022 82 remains have been identified from 55 boxes; the total of remains recovered from 1996 to 2005 are 612 of whom 16 are yet unknown.[99]
On September 22, 2021, the first US-South Korean Joint repatriation service was held: U.S. received the remains of 1 of 6 U.S. soldiers to be repatriated; South Korea received remains of two of 68 ROK Soldiers to be repatriated.[100]
On February 22, 2023, the second US-South Korean Joint repatriation service was held: U.S. received from South Korea the remains of 1 U.S. Soldier.[101]
On June 25, 2023, the third US-South Korean Joint repatriation service was held: South Korea received the remains of 7 ROK soldiers of whom 1 was identified; previous repatriation ceremonies in 2012, 2016, 2018, 2020 and 2021 have returned over 200 ROK remains to South Korea.[102]
As of November 18, 2023, according to the US Department of Defense the total of working number of MIA U.S. service members is 7,486.[52][99]
Arrowhead Hill MIA
Remains of nine sets of remains of Korean War MIA servicemen have also been discovered at Arrowhead Hill, aka Hill 281
Australians MIA in Korea
A number of Australian combatants and POWs have also never been recovered from Korea.[107] Of 340 Australian servicemen killed in the Korean War, 43 are listed as MIA.[108]
North Korean unknowns
Since 1996, the remains of Korean People's Army combatants recovered from battlefield exhumations across South Korea have been buried in the Cemetery for North Korean and Chinese Soldiers, the majority of the over 770 burials are unknowns.[109]
Vietnam War
Following the Paris Peace Accords of 1973, 591 U.S. prisoners of war were returned during Operation Homecoming. The U.S. listed about 1,350 Americans as prisoners of war or missing in action and roughly 1,200 Americans reported killed in action and body not recovered.[110] By the early 1990s, this had been reduced to a total of 2,255 unaccounted for from the war, which constituted less than 4 percent of the total 58,152 U.S. service members killed.[39] This was by far the smallest proportion in the nation's history to that point.[39]
About 80 percent of those missing were airmen who were shot down over North Vietnam or Laos, usually over remote mountains, tropical rain forest, or water; the rest typically disappeared in confused fighting in dense jungles.[39] Investigations of these incidents have involved determining whether the men involved survived their shootdown and, if not, efforts to recover their remains. POW/MIA activists played a role in pushing the U.S. government to improve its efforts in resolving the fates of the missing. Progress in doing so was slow until the mid-1980s, when relations between the U.S. and Vietnam began to improve and more cooperative efforts were undertaken. Normalization of U.S. relations with Vietnam in the mid-1990s was a culmination of this process.
Considerable speculation and investigation has gone to a theory that a significant number of these men were captured as
This missing in action issue has been a highly emotional one to those involved, and is often considered the last depressing, divisive aftereffect of the Vietnam War. To skeptics, "live prisoners" is a conspiracy theory unsupported by motivation or evidence, and the foundation for a cottage industry of charlatans who have preyed upon the hopes of the families of the missing. As two skeptics wrote in 1995, "The conspiracy myth surrounding the Americans who remained missing after Operation Homecoming in 1973 had evolved to baroque intricacy. By 1992, there were thousands of zealots—who believed with cultlike fervor that hundreds of American POWs had been deliberately and callously abandoned in Indochina after the war, that there was a vast conspiracy within the armed forces and the executive branch—spanning five administrations—to cover up all evidence of this betrayal, and that the governments of Communist Vietnam and Laos continued to hold an unspecified number of living American POWs, despite their adamant denials of this charge."[112] Believers reject such notions; as Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Sydney Schanberg wrote in 1994, "It is not conspiracy theory, not paranoid myth, not Rambo fantasy. It is only hard evidence of a national disgrace: American prisoners were left behind at the end of the Vietnam War. They were abandoned because six presidents and official Washington could not admit their guilty secret. They were forgotten because the press and most Americans turned away from all things that reminded them of Vietnam."[113]
There are also a large number of
As of December 7, 2023, according to the U.S. Department of Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, US Military and Civilian personnel still unaccounted for number 1,577.[52]
Cold War
According to the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, as of May 24, 2023, there were still 126 U.S. servicemen unaccounted for from the Cold War.[52]
- April 8, 1950, a U.S. Navy Wiesbaden, Germany, was shot down by Soviet fighters over the Baltic Sea. The entire crew of 10 remains unaccounted for.
- November 6, 1951, a U.S. Navy P2V Neptune, (Bureau Number : 124283), was shot down over the Sea of Japan. The entire crew of 10 remains unaccounted for.
- June 13, 1952, a U.S. Air Force RB-29 Superfortress, (Serial Number : 44-61810), stationed at Yokota Air Base, Japan, was shot down over the Sea of Japan. The entire crew of 12 remains unaccounted for.
- October 7, 1952, a U.S. Air Force Hokkaido Island, Japan. Of the eight crewmen on board, seven remain unaccounted for.
- November 28, 1952, a CIA C-47 Skytrain aircraft flying over China was shot down, 2 captured and 2 killed; one of the two killed American civilian remains unaccounted for.[120]
- January 18, 1953, a U.S. Navy Formosa Straits. Six crew members remain unaccounted for.
- July 29, 1953, a U.S. Air Force RB-50 Superfortress, (Serial Number : 47-145), stationed at Yokota Air Base, Japan, was shot down over the Sea of Japan. Of the 17 crew members on board, 14 remain unaccounted for.
- May 6, 1954, a CIA Air transport C-119 Flying Boxcar aircraft flown by James B. McGovern Jr.flying over Northern Vietnam was shot down. One of the two Americans onboard remains unaccounted for.
- April 17, 1955, a U.S. Air Force RB-47 Stratojet, (Serial Number : 51-2054), based at Eielson Air Base, Alaska, was shot down near the southern point of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. The entire crew of three remains unaccounted for.
- August 22, 1956, a U.S. Navy P4M Mercator, (Bureau Number : 124362), was shot down off the coast of China. Of the 16 crew members on board, 12 remain unaccounted for.
- September 10, 1956, a U.S. Air Force RB-50 Superfortress, (Serial Number : 47-133), based at Yokota Air Base, Japan, with a crew of 16, was lost in Typhoon Emma over the Sea of Japan. The entire crew remains unaccounted for.
- July 1, 1960, a U.S. Air Force RB-47 Stratojet, (Serial Number : 53-4281), stationed at RAF Brize Norton, England, was shot down over the Barents Sea. Of the six crew members on board, three remain unaccounted for.
- December 14, 1965, a U.S. Air Force RB-57 Canberra, (Serial Number : 63-13287), was lost over the Black Sea, flying out of Incirlik Air Base, Turkey. The entire crew of two remains unaccounted for.
- April 15, 1969, a U.S. Navy EC-121 Warning Star, (Bureau Number : 135749), was shot down by North Korean fighters. Of the 31 men on board, 29 remain unaccounted for. (see 1969 EC-121 shootdown incident).
The 1991–1993
Indo-Pakistan War of 1971
In the
Iran–Iraq War
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The Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988 left tens of thousands of Iranian and Iraqi combatants and prisoners of war still unaccounted for.[123][124] Some counts include civilians who disappeared during the conflict.[124] One estimate is that more than 52,000 Iraqis went missing in the war.[125] Officially, the government of Iran lists 8,000 as missing.[124]
Following up on these cases is often difficult because no accurate or surviving documentation exists.[123] The situation in Iraq is additionally difficult because unknown hundreds of thousands persons are missing due to Iraq's later conflicts, both internal and external, and in Iran due to its being a largely closed society.[123] In addition, relations between the countries remained quite poor for a long time; the last POWs from the war were not exchanged until 2003[126] and relations did not begin to improve until after the regime change brought on by the 2003 onset of the Iraq War.[124] Some cases are brought forward when mass graves are discovered in Iraq, holding the bodies of Iranians once held prisoner.[124] Websites have been started to attempt to track the fates of members of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force shot down and captured over Iraq.[127]
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has been active in trying to resolve MIA issues from the war; in October 2008, twenty years after the end of the war, the ICRC forged a memorandum of understanding with the two countries to share information collected in pursuit of resolving cases.[124] Families are still desperate for knowledge about the fate of their loved ones.[123]
In Iran, efforts at answering families' questions and identifying remains are led by the
In Iraq, efforts are led by the Ministry of Human Rights.[123][125]
Gulf War
According to the
How many Iraqi forces went missing as a result of the war is not readily known, as estimates of Iraqi casualties overall range considerably.
The two cases KIABNR:[135]
- Lt. Cmdr. Barry T. Cooke, U.S. Navy, was lost on February 2, 1991, when his A-6 aircraft went down in the Persian Gulf.
- Lt. Robert J. Dwyer, U.S. Navy, was lost on February 5, 1991, when his FA-18 aircraft went down in the Persian Gulf.
Other conflicts
As of May 24, 2023, according to the US Department of Defense, the total of unaccounted for from the category of the Iraqi Theater and other conflicts is at 6. This includes Captain Paul F. Lorence (Operation El Dorado Canyon - 1986), Lt. Cmdr. Barry T. Cooke & Lt. Robert J. Dwyer (Operation Desert Storm - 1991) and civilian contractors Kirk von Ackermann, Timothy E. Bell & Adnan al-Hilawi (Operation Iraqi Freedom - 2003–2010).[136] The US Defense POW/MIA website has the following remarks: "...more than 82,000 Americans remain missing from WWII, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Cold War, and the Gulf Wars/other conflicts. Out of the 82,000 missing, 75% of the losses are located in the Indo-Pacific, and over 41,000 of the missing are presumed lost at sea (i.e. ship losses, known aircraft water losses, etc.)[137]
Animals
Military animals can also be officially declared missing in action.[138]
See also
- American Merchant Marine Veterans Memorial
- DUSTWUN (abbreviation for duty status—whereabouts unknown)
- East Coast Memorial to the Missing of World War II
- Garden of the Missing in Action
- Known unto God
- Honolulu Memorial
- Tomb of the unknown soldier
- West Coast Memorial to the Missing of World War II
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- ^ July 27,2023
- ^ "[Reportage] Joint mine removal operation begins in DMZ".
- ^ "South Korea finds likely war remains during border demining". October 25, 2018.
- ^ "South Korea unearths nine sets of war dead remains during DMZ mine-clearing operation".
- ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (October 2018). "Koreas Start Clearing Land Mines at DMZ in Effort to Ease Tensions". The New York Times.
- ^ Mark Dodd (August 5, 2010). "Call for search for Korea MIAs". The Australian. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ^ Australian War Memorial
- ^ "South Korean cemetery keeps Cold War alive". Reuters. September 10, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
- ^ "Vietnam War Accounting History". Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office. Archived from the original on November 17, 2008. Retrieved November 22, 2008.
- ^ Engelberg, Stephen (April 18, 1993). "Old M.I.A. Theory Is Given a New Life". The New York Times.
- ISBN 0-671-87118-8. p. 13.
- ^ Schanberg, Sydney (September 1994). "Did America Abandon Vietnam War P.O.W.'s?". Penthouse. Archived from the original on March 21, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2007.
- ISBN 978-0-15-601309-3. p. 458.
- ^ a b c d Mydans, Seth (April 19, 1999). "Of Soldiers Lost, but Not Forgotten, in Vietnam". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Johnson, Kay (December 18, 2002). "Vietnamese use psychics to find graves of missing relatives". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022.
- ^ "Vietnamese and US veterans cooperate in seeking MIA". Government of Vietnam. April 21, 2002.
- ^ a b Phua, Joe (May 17, 2006). "Communicating with Vietnam's war dead". BBC News.
- ^ Pham, Nga (January 14, 2009). "Fighters found in Vietnam grave". BBC News.
- ^ "Cold War Missing In Action Aviator Identified (Snoddy)". Retrieved January 14, 2018.
- ^ "Helms aides react to reports of POWs in former Soviet Union". Times-News. Associated Press. June 20, 1992. p. 8A.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Barbara Crossette (June 16, 1992). "Gulag Held M.I.A.'s, Yeltsin Suggests". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d e "Twenty years after the end of the Iran-Iraq war, tens of thousands of combatants still unaccounted for". International Committee of the Red Cross. October 16, 2008. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Red Cross: Iran and Iraq Agree to Track Those Missing in 1980s Conflict". Fox News. Associated Press. October 16, 2008.
- ^ a b "Iraq starts looking for soldiers missing in action in Kuwait, Iran". The Siasat Daily. July 2, 2009. Archived from the original on March 26, 2012.
- ^ Fathi, Nazila (March 14, 2003). "Threats And Responses: Briefly Noted; Iran-Iraq Prisoner Deal". The New York Times.
- ^ "ejection-history.org.uk". ejection-history.org.uk. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ^ International Committee of the Red Cross
- ^ "Desert Storm Captives/Unaccounted-for" (PDF). dtic.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
- ^ "Two KIA-BNR from Desert Storm". dtic.mil. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
- ^ a b McIntire, Jamie (April 23, 2003). "Initials may offer clue to missing Gulf War pilot". CNN.
- ^ Evans, Ben (January 9, 2009). "Panel calls for continuing probe of lost pilot". Associated Press.
- U.S. Department of Defense. August 2, 2009.
- ^ "Remains found of first American shot down in Gulf War". CNN. August 2, 2009.
- ^ "Iraq Theater & Other Conflicts". dpaa.mil. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
- ^ "Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency > Our Missing > Iraq & Other Conflicts". www.dpaa.mil. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
- ^ "DTIC Cold War Unaccounted For List by Last Name" (PDF). Retrieved September 27, 2018.
- ^ Dog lost in Afghan battle returns, BBC News
External links
- Media related to Missing in action at Wikimedia Commons
- The dictionary definition of missing in action at Wiktionary
- DoD Instruction 1300.18 "Personnel Casualty Matters, Policies, and Procedures" From the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, January 8, 2008
- Video presentation describing the discovery and identification of 14 German soldiers from a mas grave in Southern France
- U.S.-Russia Joint MIA/POW Commission
- Documentary showing the recovery and reburial of missing soldiers in the area of Stalingrad
- Report of the State Senate Committee on POW/MIA Affairs at the Library of Congress
- Video showing the recovery of several missing in action German soldiers from World War II in 2006