Mission San Diego de Alcalá
San Diego, California 92108-2429 | |
Coordinates | 32°47′4″N 117°6′23″W / 32.78444°N 117.10639°W |
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Name as founded | La Misión San Diego de Alcalá[1] |
English translation | The Mission of Saint Didacus of Acalá[2] |
Patron | Saint Didacus of Alcalá[1] |
Nickname(s) | "Mother of the Alta California Missions"[3] |
Founding date | July 16, 1769[4] |
Founding priest(s) | Father Presidente Junípero Serra [5] |
Built | 1769 |
Architect | Fr. Jose Bernardo Sanchez |
Founding Order | First[2] |
Headquarters of the Alta California Mission System | 1769–1771[6] |
Military district | First[7][8] |
Native tribe(s) Spanish name(s) | Kumeyaay (Ipai / Tipai)[4] Diegueño[4] |
Native place name(s) | Kosoi, Nipawai[9] |
Baptisms | 6,522[10] |
Confirmations | 1,379[11] |
Marriages | 1,794[10] |
Burials | 4,322[10] |
Neophyte population | 1,455[10][12] |
Secularized | 1834[2] |
Returned to the Church | 1862[2] |
Governing body | Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego |
Current use | Parish Church |
Official name: San Diego Mission Church | |
Designated | April 15, 1970[13] |
Reference no. | 70000144[13] |
Designated | April 15, 1970[14] |
Reference no. | #242 |
Designated | October 6, 1976[15] |
Reference no. | 113 |
Website | |
missionsandiego |
Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá (
History
The former Spanish settlement at the Kumeyaay Nipawai lies within that area occupied during the late Paleoindian period and continuing on into the present day by the Native society commonly known as the
Ever since the voyages of
The original mission church was destroyed by fire in 1775 during an uprising by local indigenous people.[30] An estimated 800 "American Indians" pillaged the mission, burned it to the ground and massacred a blacksmith, a carpenter (mortally wounded), and Father Jayme, who became California's first Catholic Martyr.[16] Father Jayme is buried next to the altar in the present church.[16] Survivors of the night-long attack were one corporal and three Leather Jacket soldiers, one blacksmith, two children who were the son and nephew of the Presidio commandant, and Associate Pastor Father Vicente Fuster.[16] Father Serra then returned to the site of the original structure in 1776 to oversee the rebuilding of the mission.[16] However, the scarce amount of water and the difficulty of making the land until[16] (feasible for preparing crops to be planted by plowing and fertilizing) [31] made the re-establishment of the mission a long and difficult process.[16] From 1778 to 1795, the mission focused on horse and mule breeding, providing other missions in Alta and Baja California an average of 16 animals per year.[16] After it was restored as a Catholic mission, Mission San Diego de Alcalá saw a record number of spiritual results recorded when 567 baptisms were performed, and neophytes numbered 908.[16]
Rancho period (1834–1849)
On August 9, 1834, Governor Figueroa issued his "Decree of Confiscation".[32] The missions were offered for sale to citizens, who were unable to come up with the price, so all mission property was broken up into ranchos and given to ex-military officers who had fought in the War of Independence against Spain. On June 8, 1846, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was given to Santiago Argüello by Governor Pío Pico "...for services rendered to the government."[33] After the United States annexed California, the Mission was used by the military from 1846 to 1862.[citation needed]
California statehood (1850–1900)
20th century and beyond (1901 – present)
Father Ubach died in 1907 and restoration work ceased until 1931. In 1941, the Mission once again became a
Mission San Diego de Alcalá is located within San Diego city limits, near the intersection of Interstate 8 and Interstate 15, and approximately one mile east of Snapdragon Stadium.
Other historic designations
- California Historical Landmark #242
- California Historical Landmark #784 – El Camino Real (starting point in Alta California)
- City of San Diego Historic Designation #113
Mission industries
The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order.
The Mission San Diego was primarily supported from lands included in a Spanish royal land grant, encompassing roughly the eastern third of the current City of San Diego, as well as most of the cities of La Mesa and Lemon Grove. While not exact, its boundaries are roughly
Wine
The first vineyards planted in California were planted at the mission in 1769.[41] Father Junípero Serra planted these initial vines.[42] The vines were of the Mission variety, which were brought to Mexico in the 16th century.[43] Unfortunately, the initial plantings did not survive, with Mission San Juan Capistrano having the first surviving plantings.[44] By at least 1781, wine was being produced at the mission.[45] One source claims that the vineyard on mission lands reached up to fifty thousand acres.[46] The mission vineyards were around until at least 1823.[47]
Gallery
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Natives utilize a primitive plow to prepare a field for planting near Mission San Diego de Alcalá.
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A painting of Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it appeared in 1848 depicts the original campanario ("bell tower"), before it was reduced to rubble. The painting also shows the enclosed front portico.
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The "Alemany Plat" prepared by the United States General Land Office to define the property restored to the Catholic Church by the Public Land Commission, later confirmed by presidential proclamation on May 23, 1862.[48]
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President Abraham Lincoln's signature as it appeared on the United States Patent that restored the Mission property to the Catholic Church in 1862. This is one of the few documents that the President signed as "A. Lincoln" instead of his customary "Abraham Lincoln". [34]
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Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it stood circa 1900. Note the missing Campanario, and the exposed church, which fell into disrepair.
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Aerial view of the Mission, 2011
See also
- Spanish missions in California
- List of Spanish missions in California
- Santa Ysabel Asistencia
- Presidio of San Diego
- fleet oiler built during World War II.
- Union Station (San Diego)
- List of the oldest buildings in the United States
- Pueblo de San Diego
Notes
- ^ a b Leffingwell, p. 17
- ^ a b c d Krell, p. 71
- ^ Young, p. 14
- ^ a b c Yenne, p. 24
- ^ Ruscin, p. 196
- ^ Yenne, p. 186
- ^ Forbes, p. 202
- ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. v, 228 "The military district of San Diego embraced the Missions of San Diego, San Luis Rey, San Juan Capistrano, and San Gabriel..."
- ^ Ruscin, p. 195
- ^ a b c d Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's Missions and Missionaries of California.
- ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300–301: as of December 31, 1832. An additional 426 confirmations were performed between January 1, 1833 and December 31, 1841.
- ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300–301. 1824 saw the greatest number of neophytes attached to the Mission (1,829), whereas the smallest recorded neophyte population was ninety seven neophyte. It was seen in 1774.
- ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
- ^ a b "San Diego Mission Church". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
- ^ "Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board" (PDF). City of San Diego.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "History". Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá.
- ^ Snell, Charles (September 4, 1976). "San Diego Mission Church" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places – Inventory Nomination Form. National Park Service. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ "San Diego Mission Church" (pdf). Photographs. National Park Service. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
- ^ a b "Questions & Answers – Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá". Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
- Baja California).
- ^ As with other Spanish names given to the indigenous tribes they encountered arthas, the appellation Diegueño does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group.
- ^ Yenne, p. 8
- ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 3: September 28 was the eve of the "Feast of the Archangel Saint Michael."
- ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 6–9: November 10 was the eve of "St. Martin's Day".
- ^ Davidson, p. 2: "Sebastian Vizcaino, entering November 11–12, 1602, first applied the name San Diego de Alcalá to this port."
- ^ Morrison, p. 214
- ^ Yenne, p. 10
- ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 9
- ^ Yenne, p. 10: In January 1769 the San Carlos departed Baya de San Barnabé, followed a month later by the San Antonio, which sailed out of Cabo San Lucas. A third vessel, the San José, left New Spain later that spring but was lost at sea.
- ^ "San Diego Mission Church (San Diego de Alcala)--Early History of the California Coast--A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary".
- ^ "Till Definitions | What does till mean? | Best 29 Definitions of till".
- ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 114
- ^ Leffingwell, p. 19
- ^ a b Engelhardt 1920, p. 348
- Public Land Commissionon February 19, 1853.
- ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 223. From the '"California Archives, State Papers, Missions, vol. vi, p. 180.
- ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 211
- ^ Hall, William Hammond (1888). Irrigation in California (Southern): The Field, Water-supply, and Works, Organization and Operation in San Diego, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles Counties. California. Office of State Engineer. p. 85. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
- ^ Smythe, William Ellsworth (1907). History of San Diego, 1542–1907: An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Pioneer Settlement on the Pacific Coast of the United States. History Company. p. 77. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
- S2CID 36532399.
- . San Diego Magazine. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-78262-631-2.on June 6, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
LaMar, Jim (August 25, 2002). "Mission". Professional Friends of Wine. Archived from the originalMore than a century later, Franciscan friar Junipero Serra first planted the Mission variety in California, at Mission San Diego, in 1769.
- ^ "Mission". Calwineries Inc. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Spanish Missionaries first brought the grape to Mexico during the 16th century. The vines that Father Juniper Serra planted at Mission San Diego in 1769 probably descended from these original grapes.
- ISBN 978-0-520-92087-3.
- ISBN 978-1-4835-4599-8.
- ^ "The Winery". Social Studies Fact Cards. Toucan Valley Publications, Inc. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Several missions became known for their wine. Mission San Diego had 50,000 acres of land planted in grapevines.
- ISBN 978-0-7385-5965-0.
- ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 346
References
- Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1880–1884). History of California, vols. i–vii (1542–1890). The History Company, San Francisco.
- Chapman, Charles E. (1921). A History of California; The Spanish Period. The MacMillan Company, New York.
- Davidson, Winifred (January 1955). "San Diego in One Easy Lesson". The Journal of San Diego History. 1 (1): 2–3.
- Engelhardt, Zephyrin, O.F.M. (1920). San Diego Mission. James H. Barry Company, San Francisco.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Engelhardt, Zephyrin, O.F.M. (1922). San Juan Capistrano Mission. Standard Printing Co., Los Angeles.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Forbes, Alexander (1839). California: A History of Upper and Lower California. Smith, Elder and Co., Cornhill, London.
- Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn A., eds. (2007). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Altimira Press, Landham, MD. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1.
- Krell, Dorothy, ed. (1979). The California Missions: A Pictorial History. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park. ISBN 0-376-05172-8.
- Leffingwell, Randy (2005). California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions. Voyageur Press, Inc., Stillwater, MN. ISBN 0-89658-492-5.
- Morrison, Hugh (1987). Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period. Dover Publications, New York. ISBN 0-486-25492-5.
- Paddison, Joshua, ed. (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Heyday Books, Berkeley. ISBN 1-890771-13-9.
- Robinson, W.W. (1948). Land in California. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
- Ruscin, Terry (1999). Mission Memoirs. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego. ISBN 0-932653-30-8.
- Stern, Jean & Gerald J. Miller (1995). Romance of the Bells: The California Missions in Art. The Irvine Museum, Irvine, CA. ISBN 0-9635468-5-6.
- Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. Advantage Publishers Group, San Diego. ISBN 1-59223-319-8.
- Young, Stanley & Melba Levick (1988). The Missions of California. Chronicle Books LLC, San Francisco. ISBN 0-8118-3694-0.
External links
- Official Mission San Diego de Alcala website
- "Sociopolitical Aspects of the 1775 Revolt at Mission San Diego de Alcalá: an Ethnohistorical Approach" by Richard L. Carrico
- Spanish Wiki page with Fray Pedro Panto's biography
- Early photographs, sketches of Mission San Diego de Alcala, via Calisphere, California Digital Library
- Early History of the California Coast, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
- Listing, photographs, and drawings at the Historic American Buildings Survey
- Howser, Huell (December 8, 2000). "California Missions (101)". California Missions. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.