Missionary
This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. (July 2021) |
A missionary is a member of a religious group that is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.[1][2]
In the Latin translation of the Bible, Jesus Christ says the word when he sends the disciples into areas and commands them to preach the gospel in his name. The term is most commonly used in reference to Christian missions, but it can also be used in reference to any creed or ideology.[3]
The word mission originated in 1598 when
By religion
Buddhist missions
The first Buddhist missionaries were called "Dharma Bhanaks", and some[
Buddhism was spread among the
Padmasambhava, The Lotus Born, was a sage guru from Oḍḍiyāna who is said to have transmitted Vajrayana Buddhism to Bhutan and Tibet and neighbouring countries in the 8th century.
The use of missions, councils, and monastic institutions influenced the emergence of Christian missions and organizations, which developed similar structures in places that were formerly Buddhist missions.[12]
During the 19th and 20th centuries, Western intellectuals such as
In Canada, the immense popularity and goodwill ushered in by
In the early 1990s, the French Buddhist Union (UBF, founded in 1986) estimated that there are 600,000 to 650,000 Buddhists in France, with 150,000 French converts among them.[16] In 1999, sociologist Frédéric Lenoir estimated there are 10,000 converts and up to five million "sympathizers", although other researchers have questioned these numbers.[17]
In 1968 Leo Boer and Wener van de Wetering founded a
Perhaps the most widely visible Buddhist leader in the world is
Lewis M. Hopfe in his "Religions of the World" suggested that "Buddhism is perhaps on the verge of another great missionary outreach" (1987:170).
Christian missions
A Christian missionary can be defined as "one who is to witness across cultures".[2] The Lausanne Congress of 1974, defined the term, related to Christian mission as, "to form a viable indigenous church-planting movement". Missionaries can be found in many countries around the world.
In the Bible, Jesus Christ is recorded as instructing the apostles to make disciples of all nations (Matthew 28:19–20, Mark 16:15–18). This verse is referred to by Christian missionaries as the Great Commission and inspires missionary work.
Historic
The Christian Church expanded throughout the
During the
Much contemporary Catholic missionary work has undergone profound change since the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965, with an increased push for indigenization and inculturation, along with social justice issues as a constitutive part of preaching the Gospel.
As the
Just as the Bishop of Rome had jurisdiction also in territories later considered to be in the Eastern sphere, so the missionary efforts of the two 9th-century
The
Under the
Early
The Danish government began the first organized Protestant mission work through its
Much
Modern
With a dramatic increase in efforts since the 20th century, and a strong push since the Lausanne I: The International Congress on World Evangelization in Switzerland in 1974,
Internationally, the focus for many years in the later 20th century was on reaching every "people group" with Christianity by 2000. Bill Bright's leadership with Campus Crusade, the Southern Baptist International Mission Board, The Joshua Project, and others brought about the need to know who these "unreached people groups" are and how those wanting to tell about the Christian God and share a Christian Bible could reach them. The focus for these organizations transitioned from a "country focus" to a "people group focus". (From "What is a People Group?" by Dr. Orville Boyd Jenkins: A "people group" is an ethnolinguistic group with a common self-identity that is shared by the various members. There are two parts to that word: ethno and linguistic. Language is a primary and dominant identifying factor of a people group. But there are other factors that determine or are associated with ethnicity.)
What can be viewed as a success by those inside and outside the church from this focus is a higher level of cooperation and friendliness among churches and denominations. It is very common for those working on international fields to not only cooperate in efforts to share their gospel message, but view the work of their groups in a similar light. Also, with the increased study and awareness of different people groups, western mission efforts have become far more sensitive to the cultural nuances of those they are going to and those they are working with in the effort.
Over the years, as indigenous churches have matured, the church of the
Nigeria, and other countries have had large numbers of their Christian adherents go to other countries and start churches. These non-western missionaries often have unparalleled success; because, they need few western resources and comforts to sustain their livelihood while doing the work they have chosen among a new culture and people.
One of the first large-scale missionary endeavors of the British colonial age was the
The
The
In 1809, the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews was founded, which pioneered mission amongst the Jewish people; it continues today as the
Maryknoll
In Montreal in 1910, Father James Anthony Walsh, a priest from Boston, met Father Thomas Frederick Price, from North Carolina. They agreed on the need to build a seminary for the training of young American men for the foreign Missions. Countering arguments that the Church needed workers here[ambiguous], Fathers Walsh and Price insisted the Church would not flourish until it sent missioners overseas.[30] Independently, the men had written extensively about the concept, Father Price in his magazine Truth, and Father Walsh in the pages of A Field Afar, an early incarnation of Maryknoll Magazine.[31] Winning the approval of the American hierarchy, the two priests traveled to Rome in June 1911 to receive final approval from Pope Pius X for the formation of the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America, now better known as the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers.[32]
Hindu missions
Hinduism was introduced into Java by travellers from India in ancient times. Several centuries ago, many Hindus left Java for Bali rather than convert to Islam. Hinduism has survived in Bali ever since.[33] Dang Hyang Nirartha was responsible for facilitating a refashioning of Balinese Hinduism. He was an important promoter of the idea of moksha in Indonesia. He founded the Shaivite priesthood that is now ubiquitous in Bali, and is now regarded as the ancestor of all Shaivite pandits.[34]
Historically, Hinduism has only recently had a large influence in western countries such as the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Canada. Since the 1960s, many westerners attracted by the world view presented in Asian religious systems have converted to Hinduism.
Paramahansa Yogananda, an Indian yogi and guru, introduced many westerners to the teachings of meditation and Kriya Yoga through his book, Autobiography of a Yogi.[37]
Swami Vivekananda, the founder of the Ramakrishna Mission is one of the greatest Hindu missionaries to the West.
Ananda Marga missions
- Education: creating and managing primary, post-primary, and higher schools, research institutes
- Relief: creating and managing children's and students' homes for destitute children and for poor students, cheap hostels, retiring homes, academies of light for deaf dumb and crippled, invalid homes, refugee rehabilitation
- Tribal: tribal welfare units, medical camps
- Women's welfare: women welfare units, women's homes, nursing homes
Islamic missions
Dawah means to "invite" (in Arabic, literally "calling") to Islam, which is the second largest religion with 2.0 billion members.[44] From the 7th century, it spread rapidly from the Arabian Peninsula to the rest of the world through the initial Muslim conquests and subsequently with traders and explorers after the death of Muhammad.
Initially, the spread of Islam came through the Dawah efforts of Muhammad and his followers. After his death in 632 CE, much of the expansion of the empire came through conquest such as that of North Africa and later Iberia (
The missionary movement peaked during the Islamic Golden Age, with the expansion of foreign trade routes, primarily into the Indo-Pacific and as far south as the isle of Zanzibar as well as the Southeastern shores of Africa.
With the coming of the
During the
The spread of Islam towards
There is evidence of Arab Muslim traders entering Indonesia as early as the 8th century.
Recently, Muslim groups have engaged in missionary work in Malawi. Much of this is performed by the
Several South African, Kuwaiti, and other Muslim agencies are active in Mozambique, with one important one being the African Muslim Agency. The spread of Islam into West Africa, beginning with ancient Ghana in the 9th century, was mainly the result of the commercial activities of North African Muslims. The empires of both Mali and Songhai that followed ancient Ghana in the Western Sudan adopted the religion. Islam made its entry into the northern territories of modern Ghana around the 15th century. Mande speakers (who in Ghana are known as Wangara) traders and clerics carried the religion into the area. The northeastern sector of the country was also influenced by an influx of Hausa Muslim traders from the 16th century onwards
Islamic influence first occurred in India in the early 7th century with the advent of Arab traders. Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the
Islam in Bulgaria can be traced back to the mid-ninth century when there were Islamic missionaries in Bulgaria, evidenced by a letter from Pope Nicholas to
Pioneer Muslim missionaries to the Kenyan interior were largely
Outstanding among them was Maalim Mtondo Islam in Kenya, a Tanganyikan credited with being the first Muslim missionary to Nairobi. Reaching Nairobi at the close of the 19th century, he led a group of other Muslims, and enthusiastic missionaries from the coast to establish a "Swahili village" in present-day Pumwani. A small mosque was built to serve as a starting point and he began preaching Islam in earnest. He soon attracted several Kikuyus and Wakambas, who became his disciples.[55]
In 1380,
Modern missionary work in the United States has increased greatly in the last one hundred years, with much of the recent demographic growth driven by conversion.
An estimated US$45 billion has been spent by the Saudi Arabian government financing mosques and Islamic schools in foreign countries. Ain al-Yaqeen, a Saudi newspaper, reported in 2002 that Saudi funds may have contributed to building as many as 1,500 mosques and 2,000 other Islamic centers.[60]
Early Islamic missionaries during Muhammad's era
During the Expedition of Al Raji in 625,[61] the Islamic Prophet Muhammad sent some men as missionaries to various different tribes. Some men came to Muhammad and requested that Muhammad send instructors to teach them Islam,[61] but the men were bribed by the two tribes of Khuzaymah who wanted revenge for the assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan (Chief of the Banu Lahyan tribe) by Muhammad's followers[62] 8 Muslim Missionaires were killed in this expedition.,[61] another version says 10 Muslims were killed[63]
Then during the
During the Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Banu Jadhimah) in January 630,[66] Muhammad sent Khalid ibn Walid to invite the Banu Jadhimah tribe to Islam.[67] This is mentioned in the Sunni Hadith Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:628.[68]
Ahmadiyya Islam missions
Missionaries belonging to the
Jain missions
According to
Emperor
There are also tens of thousands of Jains located in the UK and Canada.
Judaism
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2021) |
Historically, various Jewish sects and movements have been consistent in avoiding or even forbidding
Members of
Sikh missions
According to
Currently there are gurdwaras in over 50 countries.[77][78][79]
Of missionary organizations, the most famous is probably The Sikh Missionary Society UK. The aim of the Sikh Missionary Society is the Advancement of the Sikh faith in the U.K. and abroad, engages in various activities:[80][81][82][83]
- Produce and distribute books on the Sikh faith in English and Panjabi, and other languages to enlighten the younger generation of Sikhs as well as non-Sikhs.
- Advise and support young students in schools, colleges, and universities on Sikh issues and Sikh traditions.
- Arrange classes, lectures, seminars, conferences, Gurmat camps and the celebration of holy Sikh events, the basis of their achievement and interest in the field of the Sikh faith and the Panjabi language.
- Make available all Sikh artifacts, posters, literature, music, educational videos, DVDs, and multimedia CD-ROMs.[citation needed]
There have been several Sikh missionaries:
- Sikh Gurus[84]
- Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon, Indian freedom fighter
- Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale
- Akal Takhat, Amritsar
Sikhs have emigrated to many countries of the world since Indian independence in 1947. Sikh communities exist in Britain, East Africa, Canada, the United States, Malaysia, and most European countries.[85]
Tenrikyo missions
Tenrikyo conducts missionary work in approximately forty countries.[86] Its first missionary was a woman named, Kokan, who worked on the streets of Osaka.[87] In 2003, it operated approximately twenty thousand mission stations worldwide.[88]
Criticism
Contact of Christian missionaries with isolated tribes has been asserted as a cause of the extinction of some tribes, such as extinction from infections and even simple diseases such as flu.[89][90] Documented cases of European contact with isolated tribes have shown rapid health deterioration, but this is not specifically linked to missionaries.[91]
Christian missionary work has been criticized as a form of colonialism.[92] Christian missionary thinkers have recognized complicity between colonialism and missions with roots in 'colonial paternalism'.[93]
Some kinds of Christian missionary activity have come under criticism, including concerns about a perceived lack of respect for other cultures.
Impact of missions
A 2020 study by Elena Nikolova and Jakub Polansky replicates Woodberry's analysis[95] using twenty-six alternative democracy measures and extends the time period over which the democracy measures are averaged. These two simple modifications lead to the breakdown of Woodberry's results.[95] Overall, no significant relationship between Protestant missions and the development of democracy can be established.[96]
A 2017 study found that areas of colonial Mexico that had Mendicant missions have higher rates of literacy and educational attainment today than regions that did not have missions.[97] Areas that had Jesuit missions are today indistinct from the areas that had no missions.[97] The study also found that "the share of Catholics is higher in regions where Catholic missions of any kind were a historical present."[97]
A 2016 study found that regions in Sub-Saharan Africa that Protestant missionaries brought printing presses to are today "associated with higher newspaper readership, trust, education, and political participation."[98][99]
Missionaries have also made significant contributions to linguistics and the description and documentation of many languages. "Many languages today exist only in missionary records. More than anywhere else, our knowledge of the native languages in South America has been the product of missionary activity… Without missionary documentation the reclamation [of several languages] would have been completely impossible"[100] "A satisfactory history of linguistics cannot be written before the impressive contribution of missionaries is recognised."[101]
Lists of prominent missionaries
American missionaries
- Franciscan) missionary
- Baptist) missionary[102]
- Franciscan) missionary
- Anton Docher, (Roman Catholic) missionary
- Elisabeth Elliot, American Protestant missionary in Ecuador, author and speaker, widow of Jim Elliot of Operation Auca
- Mary H. Fulton, female medical missionary to China, founder of Hackett Medical College for Women (夏葛女子醫學院) in Guangzhou, China[103][104][105][106][107]
- Adoniram Judson, first significant missionary in Burma
- Jesuit) missionary
- Zenas Sanford Loftis, medical missionary to Tibet
- Ajahn Sumedho, Theravada monk and established Thai Forest Tradition in UK
- Robert E. Longacre, Christian linguist missionary to Mexico
- Dada Maheshvarananda, Ananda Marga yoga missionary
- Fred Prosper Manget, medical missionary to China, founder of Houzhou General Hospital, Houzhou, China, also a doctor with the Flying Tigers and U.S. Army in Kunming, China, during World War II[106][107][108]
- Lottie Moon, Baptist missionary to China
- Arthur Lewis Piper, medical missionary to the Belgian Congo
- Dada Pranakrsnananda, Ananda Marga yoga missionary
- Darlene Rose, missionary in Papua New Guinea
- Methodist) missionary
- Jesuit) missionary
- Franciscan) missionary
- John Allen Chau, (evangelical Christian) missionary killed while attempting to convert the uncontacted Sentinelese
British Christian missionaries
- John Hobbis Harris, with his wife Alice Seeley, he used photography to expose colonial abuses
- Benjamin Hobson, medical missionary to China, set up a highly successful Wai Ai Clinic (惠愛醫館)[109][110] in Guangzhou, China.[106][107]
- Teresa Kearney, Sister in Uganda
- Olive Hilda Miller, missionary to Jamaica and the Cayman Islands
- William Milne, Bible translator to China
- Robert Morrison, Bible translator to China
- George Piercy, Methodist missionary to China
- Sam Pollard, Bible translator to China
- James Hudson Taylor, missionary to China, insist on going into the inland of China.
- John Wesley
- Thomas Henry Sparshott, missionary to East Africa.[111]
See also
- John McKendree Springer — Pioneer missionary in Africa
- List of Protestant missionaries in China
- List of Protestant missionaries in India
- List of Roman Catholic missionaries
- List of Roman Catholic missionaries in China
- List of Roman Catholic missionaries in India
- List of Eastern Orthodox missionaries
- List of missionaries to Hawaii
- List of missionaries to the South Pacific
- List of Slovenian missionaries
- List of Russian Orthodox missionaries
- List of Protestant missionaries to Southeast Asia
- List of Roman Catholic missions in Africa
- Christian missionaries in New Zealand
- Christian missionaries in Oceania
- Timeline of Christian missions
- Catholic missions
- Christianity and colonialism
- Christian missionaries
- Christianisation
- Evangelism
- History of Christian missions
- Indigenous church mission theory
- Mission (Christianity)
- Missiology
- Missionary kid
- Missionary religious institutes and societies
- Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein
- Religious conversion
- Short-term mission
- Timeline of Christian missions
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The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.
(online - ISBN 978-9957-05-164-8.Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available here [1]
- ISBN 978-0-88706-344-2,
Then in Safar (which began July 13, 625), four months after Uhud, he sent out the men of Bi'r Ma'unah
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- ^ a b Robert D. Woodberry, "The Missionary Roots of Liberal Democracy." American Political Science Review (2012) 106#2: 244-274. online Archived 2017-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ Cagé, Julia; Rueda, Valeria (2017-03-04). "The devil is in the detail: Christian missions' heterogeneous effects on development in sub-Saharan Africa". VoxEU.org. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
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- ^ p. 7. Hovdhaugen, Even. 1996b. Missionary Grammars. An attempt at defining a field of research. Hovdhaugen, ed. ...and the Word was God: Missionary linguistics and missionary grammar,, pp. 9–22. (=Studium Sprachwissenschaft, 25.) Münster: Nodus.
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Further reading
- Dunch, Ryan. "Beyond cultural imperialism: Cultural theory, Christian missions, and global modernity." History and Theory 41.3 (2002): 301–325. online
- Dwight, Henry Otis et al. eds., The Encyclopedia of Missions (2nd ed. 1904) Online, Global coverage Of Protestant and Catholic missions.
- Robinson, David Muslim Societies in African History (The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK 2004) ISBN 0-521-53366-X
- Sharma, Arvind (2014). Hinduism as a missionary religion. New Delhi: Dev Publishers & Distributors.
- Shourie, Arun. (2006). Missionaries in India: Continuities, changes, dilemmas. New Delhi: Rupa.ISBN 9788172232702
- Madhya Pradesh (India)., & Niyogi, M. B. (1956). Vindicated by time: The Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities. Nagpur: Government Printing, Madhya Pradesh.
External links
Media related to Missionaries at Wikimedia Commons
- Missionary eTexts
- Project on Religion and Economic Change, Protestant Mission Stations
- LFM. Social sciences & Missions
- Henry Martyn Centre for the study of mission & world Christianity
- William Carey Library, Mission Resources
- Hiney, Thomas: On the Missionary Trail, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press (2000), p5-22.
- EtymologyOnLine (word history)