Mr.

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Mister, usually written in its contracted form Mr. or Mr,

English honorific for men without a higher honorific, or professional title, or any of various designations of office.[1] The title Mr derived from earlier forms of master, as the equivalent female titles Mrs, Miss, and Ms all derived from earlier forms of mistress. Master is sometimes still used as an honorific for boys
and young men.

The modern plural form is Misters[

declining both of its constituent parts separately.[5]

Historical etiquette

Historically, mister was applied only to those above one's own status if they had no higher title such as Sir or my lord in the English class system. That understanding is now obsolete, as it was gradually expanded as a mark of respect to those of equal status and then to all men without a higher style.

In the 19th century and earlier in Britain, two gradations of "gentleman" were recognised; the higher was entitled to use "

post-nominal
"Esq", and a man of foreign nationality is addressed with prefix "Mr".

In past centuries, Mr was used with a first name to distinguish among family members who might otherwise be confused in conversation: Mr Doe would be the eldest present; younger brothers or cousins were then referred to as Mr Richard Doe and Mr William Doe and so on. Such usage survived longer in family-owned business or when

domestic servants were referring to adult male family members with the same surname: "Mr Robert and Mr Richard will be out this evening, but Mr Edward is dining in." In other circumstances, similar usage to indicate respect combined with familiarity is common in most anglophone
cultures, including that of the southern United States.

Professional titles

Mr is sometimes combined with certain titles (Mr President, Mr Speaker, Mr Justice, Mr

Dean). The feminine equivalent is usually Madam
although Mrs is also used in some contexts. All of these except Mr Justice are used in direct address and without the name. In certain professional contexts in different regions, Mr has specific meanings; the following are some examples.

Medicine

In the United Kingdom, Ireland and in some

Military usage

In the

commissioned officers below the rank of commander, or to subordinate commissioned officers, though the use of Mister implies familiarity compared to the use of rank title for an unknown officer. Female officers below the rank of commander
may be addressed as Miss, Ms or Mrs, as appropriate.

In the

commissioned officers, particularly of junior rank, should address a warrant officer
using Mister and his surname, although often their rank or appointment is used, for example "Sergeant Major", "Regimental Sergeant Major", or "RSM".

In the British Armed Forces a subaltern is often referred to by his surname and the prefix Mister by both other ranks and more senior commissioned officers, e.g. "Report to Mister Smythe-Jones" rather than "Report to 2nd Lieutenant Smythe-Jones".

Judges

In the courts of England and Wales, Judges of the High Court are called, for example, Mr Justice Crane unless they are entitled to be addressed as Lord Justice. Where a forename is necessary to avoid ambiguity it is always used, for example Mr Justice Robert Goff to distinguish from a predecessor Mr Justice Goff. The female equivalent is Mrs Justice Hallett, not Madam Justice Hallett. When more than one judge is sitting and there is need to be specific, the form of address is My Lord, Mr Justice Crane. High Court Judges are entitled to be styled with the prefix The Honourable while holding office: e.g., the Honourable Mr Justice Robert Goff. In writing, such as in the law reports, the titles "Mr Justice" or "Mrs Justice" are both abbreviated to a "J" placed after the name. For example, Crane J would be substituted for Mr Justice Crane.[7] Female judges are still properly addressed "My Lord", but "My Lady" is acceptable in modern usage.[citation needed]

The Chief Justice of the United States may be referred to as either "Mr Chief Justice", or "Chief Justice". For example, "Mr Chief Justice Roberts" or "Chief Justice Roberts".

Catholic clerics

Among

religious clergy ("regulars")[note 2] only.[8][9]
The use of the title "Father" for parish clergy became customary around the 1820s.

A diocesan seminarian is correctly addressed as "Mr", and once

, for instance, becomes a friar after novitiate and so is properly titled "Brother" or, if a priest, "Father".

Permanent

deacons in the United States are styled as "Deacon" or "the Reverend Deacon" followed by their first and last names (e.g. "Deacon John Jones", rather than "the Reverend Mr").[10] It is also customary in some places, especially in the Eastern Catholic Churches
, to address deacons while speaking, like presbyters, as "Father" or "Father Deacon".

Other usages

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Pronounced /ˈmɛsərz/ in English,[2][3] and [mesjø] in French.[2] The French, however, do not abbreviate messieurs as Messrs but as MM. In India, one often finds messieurs abbreviated as M/S or M/s, especially as a prefix to the name of a firm.[4]
  2. ^ Religious or regular clergy belong to institutes of religion and so follow the rule of the order, and lead a life in community. Secular clergy are ordained, but do not live by a rule or lead a life "in common".

References

  1. ^ a b "Mr". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ a b c "Messrs.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  3. ^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. "Messrs." Merriam-Webster (Springfield, 2015.
  4. ^ Sengupta, Sailesh. Business and Managerial Communication, p. 278 (PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2011).
  5. ^ a b "messieurs". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  6. ^ "Qualifications of a Surgeon". Royal College of Surgeons. n.d. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  7. .
  8. ^ Bevak, Jon-Paul (1 July 2022). "Father's Column - July 2022". The Cincinnati Oratory. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  9. ^ Keefe, Kate (8 August 2022). "Addressing a priest as 'father' when he is so much younger than you are". The Tablet. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  10. ^ USCCB, National Directory for the Formation, Ministry and Life of Permanent Deacons in the United States §88. Washington: 2005.
  11. ^ "A–Z of Italian Football". fourfourtwo.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
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