Mizoram
Mizoram | ||
---|---|---|
State of Mizoram | ||
Emblem of Mizoram | ||
Motto(s): (Truth alone triumphs) | ||
Formation | 20 February 1987 | |
State Legislature | Unicameral | |
• Assembly | Mizoram Legislative Assembly (40 seats) | |
National Parliament | Parliament of India | |
• Rajya Sabha | 1 seat | |
• Lok Sabha | 1 seat | |
High Court | Gauhati High Court | |
Area Emblem of Mizoram | ||
Bird | Mrs. Hume's pheasant | |
Flower | Red Vanda | |
Mammal | Himalayan serow | |
Tree | Indian rose chestnut | |
State highway mark | ||
State highway of Mizoram SH 1- SH 11 | ||
List of Indian state symbols |
Mizoram (English:
Like several other northeastern states of India, Mizoram was previously part of Assam until 1972, when it was carved out as a Union Territory. In 1986, the Indian Parliament adopted the 53rd amendment of the Indian Constitution, which allowed for the creation of the State of Mizoram on 20 February 1987, as India's 23rd state.
About 95% of Mizoram's population descends from a diverse tribal origin. Mizos first began to settle the area in the 16th century, coming in waves of immigration from
Mizoram is a highly literate agrarian economy. Slash-and-burn farming, also known as jhum, is the most common form of farming in the state.[12] In recent years, the jhum farming practices have been steadily replaced with a significant horticulture and bamboo products industry.[13][14] The state's gross state domestic product for 2012 was estimated at ₹69.91 billion (US$880 million).[6] About 20% of Mizoram's population lives below the poverty line, with 35% rural poverty as of 2014.[15] The state has about 871 kilometres of national highways, with NH–54 and NH–150 connecting it to Assam and Manipur respectively. It is also a growing transit point for trade with Myanmar and Bangladesh.[16]
Etymology
The term Mizoram is derived from two
History
The origin of the
Before the
Prior to 1895, the year that the British Raj gained political control over Mizoram, there were many reports of head-hunting in the Mizoram area via tribal raids led by the village chieftains. Head-hunting was a practice which often involved the ambushing of a rival tribe, the taking of slaves and the cutting off of the heads of the defenders. These heads would sometimes be displayed at the entrances to the tribal village of the victors.[24]
British era (1840s to 1940s)
Some of the earliest records of raids and intertribal conflicts are from the early 19th century.[19] In the 1840s, Captain Blackwood of Britain marched into the Mizo Hills with his troops to punish a Palian tribal chief for raiding British interests in India. A few years later, Captain Lester was wounded in a battle with the Lusei tribe in the region that is now Mizoram. In 1849, a Lusei tribal raid killed 29 members of the Thadou tribe and added 42 captives to their clan. Colonel Lister retaliated in 1850, with the co-operation of the Thadou tribe, an event historically called the First British invasion, burning down a Lusei village of 800 tribal houses and freeing 400 Thadou captives.[19][25] British historical records on the Mizo Hills state that similar inter-ethnic tribal raids continued for decades after the First British Invasion. Such raids would be for the purpose of seeking out loot, slaves or retaliation for earlier lost battles.[26]
The Mizo Hills formally became part of
Post 1947
By the time India gained independence from the British Empire, the number of tribal chiefs had increased to over 200. The educated elites among the Mizos campaigned against the tribal
In 1971, the government agreed to convert Mizo District into a Union Territory, which became Mizoram in 1972. In 1986, Mizoram Peace Accord (1986) was agreed between the Government and the MNF. In 1986, the Indian Parliament adopted the 53rd amendment of the Indian Constitution, which allowed for the creation of the State of Mizoram on 20 February 1987, as India's 23rd state.[31][32] Mizoram was given two seats in the Parliament, one each in the Lok Sabha and in the Rajya Sabha.[33]
Geography
Mizoram is a landlocked state in
Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. As many as 21 major hill ranges or peaks of different heights run through the length and breadth of the state, with plains scattered here and there. The average height of the hills to the west of the state is about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). These gradually rise up to 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) to the east. Some areas, however, have higher ranges which go up to a height of over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). Phawngpui Tlang also known as the Blue Mountain, situated in the southeastern part of the state, is the highest peak in Mizoram at 2,210 metres (7,250 ft).[35] About 76% of the state is covered by forests, 8% is fallows land, 3% is barren and considered uncultivable area, while cultivable and sown area constitutes the rest.[36] Slash-and-burn or jhum cultivation, though discouraged, remains in practice in Mizoram and affects its topography.[37][38] A report by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in 2021 states that Mizoram has the highest forest cover as a percentage of its geographical area of any Indian state, being 84.53% forest.[39]
Mizoram terrain is, according to the Geological Survey of India, an immature topography, and the physiographic expression consists of several almost north–south longitudinal valleys containing series of small and flat hummocks, mostly anticlinal, parallel to sub-parallel hill ranges and narrow adjoining synclinal valleys with series of topographic highs. The general geology of western Mizoram consists of repetitive succession of Neogene sedimentary rocks of the Surma Group and Tipam Formation such as sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and rare pockets of shell limestone. The eastern part is the Barail Group.
The biggest river in Mizoram is Chhimtuipui, also known as Kaladan (or Kolodyne). It originates in
Climate
Mizoram has a mild climate, being relatively cool in summer 20 to 29 °C (68 to 84 °F) but progressively warmer, most probably due to climate change, with summer temperatures crossing 30 degrees Celsius and winter temperatures ranging from 7 to 22 °C (45 to 72 °F). The region is influenced by monsoons, raining heavily from May to September with little rain in the dry (cold) season. The climate pattern is moist tropical to moist sub-tropical, with average state rainfall 254 centimetres (100 in) per annum. In the capital Aizawl, rainfall is about 215 centimetres (85 in) and in Lunglei, another major centre, about 350 centimetres (140 in).[40] The state is in a region where cyclones and landslides can cause weather-related emergencies.[42]
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.4 (68.7) |
21.7 (71.1) |
25.2 (77.4) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
24.7 (76.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
19.2 (66.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
15.1 (59.2) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.4 (61.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 13.4 (0.53) |
23.4 (0.92) |
73.4 (2.89) |
167.7 (6.60) |
289.0 (11.38) |
406.1 (15.99) |
320.4 (12.61) |
320.6 (12.62) |
305.2 (12.02) |
183.7 (7.23) |
43.2 (1.70) |
15.3 (0.60) |
2,161.4 (85.09) |
Source: [43] |
Biodiversity
Animal | Serow (Saza) | |
Bird | Mrs. Hume's pheasant (Vavu) | |
Tree | Indian rose chestnut (Herhse) | |
Flower | Red Vanda (Senhri) |
Mizoram has the third highest total forest cover with 1,594,000 hectares (3,940,000 acres), and highest percentage area (90.68%) covered by forests, among the states of India, according to 2011 Forest Survey of India.[7] Tropical semi-evergreen, tropical moist deciduous, subtropical broadleaved hill and subtropical pine forests are the most common vegetation types found in Mizoram. Bamboo is common in the state, typically intermixed with other forest vegetation; about 9,245 km2 (44%) of the state's area is bamboo bearing. The state and central governments of India have cooperated to reserve and protect 67% of the land covered by forests, and additional 15% by management. Only 17% of the land is non-forested area for cultivation, industry, mining, housing and other commercial human activity. Satellite data suggests 91% of state's geographical area is covered by forests.[7]
Jhum cultivation, or slash-and-burn practice, was a historic tradition in Mizoram and a threat to its forest cover. This practice has reduced in recent decades, due to a government-supported initiative to support horticultural crops such as pineapple and banana plantations.[7]
Mizoram is host to numerous species of birds, wildlife and flora. About 640 species of birds have been identified in the state, many of which are endemic to the Himalayan foothills and southeast Asia. Of the birds found in Mizoram forests, 27 are on the worldwide threatened species lists and eight are on the critically endangered list.
The state is also host to a variety of fauna, just like its sister northeastern Indian states. Mammal species observed in the Mizoram forests include
The state has two national parks and six wildlife sanctuaries – Blue Mountain (Phawngpui) National Park, Dampa Tiger Reserve (largest), Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary, Murlen National Park, Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary, Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary, Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary, and Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary.[50]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1901 | 82,434 | — |
1911 | 91,204 | +1.02% |
1921 | 98,406 | +0.76% |
1931 | 124,404 | +2.37% |
1941 | 152,786 | +2.08% |
1951 | 196,202 | +2.53% |
1961 | 266,063 | +3.09% |
1971 | 332,390 | +2.25% |
1981 | 493,757 | +4.04% |
1991 | 689,573 | +3.40% |
2001 | 888,573 | +2.57% |
2011 | 1,091,014 | +2.07% |
Source: Census of India[51] |
Mizoram has a population of 1,091,014 with 552,339 males and 538,675 females.[52] This reflects a 22.8% growth since 2001 census; still, Mizoram is second least populated state of India. The sex ratio of the state is 976 females per thousand males, higher than the national ratio 940. The density of population is 52 persons per square kilometre.[53]
The
Largest cities or towns
Rank | District
|
Pop. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aizawl Lunglei |
1 | Aizawl | Aizawl |
415,000 | Saiha
| ||||
2 | Lunglei | Lunglei |
80,000 | ||||||
3 | Champhai | Champhai |
44,000 | ||||||
4 | Saiha |
Siaha (Saiha) |
35,500 | ||||||
5 | Kolasib | Kolasib |
34,200 | ||||||
6 | Serchhip | Serchhip |
30,010 | ||||||
7 | Lawngtlai | Lawngtlai |
29,400 | ||||||
8 | Saitual | Saitual | 16,300 | ||||||
9 | Khawzawl | Khawzawl | 15,500 | ||||||
10 | Vairengte | Kolasib |
14,550 |
Ethnic groups
The great majority of Mizoram's population consists of several ethnic tribes who are either culturally or linguistically linked. These ethnic groups are collectively known as Mizos (Mi means People, Zo meaning the name of a progenitor; Mizo thus is People of Zo origin[26]).
Sometime in the 16th century CE, the first batch of Mizo crossed Tiau River and settled in Mizoram and they were called as
The
The diversity of tribal groups reflects the historical immigration patterns. Different tribes and sub-tribes arrived in the present Mizoram, in successive waves and settled down in different parts of the state. Further, as they arrived, there were raids, fear of raids and intertribal feuds. The resulting isolation and separation created numerous tribes and sub-tribes.[56]
Other than tribal groups, other ethnic groups inhabit Mizoram including Bengalis and Nepalis.[58][59] Nepali Gorkhas, for example, were encouraged to settle in Aizawl area and other parts of Mizoram during the British colonial times. Thousands of their descendants are now residents of Mizoram.[59]
Protected demographic category
According to 2011 census, Mizoram had 1,036,115 people (nearly 95% of total) classified as
Languages
Mizo and English are the official languages of the state.[63]
Religion
The majority (87%) of Mizos are
Christianity
The major Christian denomination is the
Buddhism
According to 2011 census report, there are 93,411 people who follow Buddhism in Mizoram.[64] The Chakmas and Tanchangya have been Buddhist since the mid-18th century.[67]
Hinduism
According to the 2011 census, there were 30,136
Others
There are also a few Mizos who practice Judaism (866 according to the 2001 census) and a modernised traditional Mizo religion called Hnam sakhua, which places a special emphasis on Mizo culture and seeks to revive traditional Mizo values while opposing the influence of Christianity on Mizo people.[68]
A total of 1,367 people practised the Mizo religion according to the 2001 census. This number included, in addition to the original Mizo religion (755 people), adherents of other tribal religions such as Lalchhungkua (279), Lalhnam (122), and Nunna Lalchhungkua (211).[69]
Politics
Originally village land, locally called ram, was the property of the tribal chief. The institution of
After annexation by the
The representatives of the Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council and the
In the 1950s, the fears of
Assam state was split, re-organised into multiple political regions, Mizo hills area was declared Mizoram after the insurgency, and it received status as a Union Territory in 1972.[26] A Peace Accord was signed between central government and insurgent groups of Mizoram on 30 June 1986. Per the accord, insurgents surrendered their arms and Mizoram became the 23rd state of India in 1986, formalised the following year. The first election of Mizoram Legislative Assembly was held on 16 February 1987.[26] Elections have been held at 5-year intervals since then. Elections were held for 40 seats of legislative assembly on 28 November 2018. The voter turnout was 80%. The Mizo National Front led by Zoramthanga was elected to power.[73]
Kambhampati Hari Babu is the governor of Mizoram since July 2021.[74]
Administration
District[75] | Population (2011) |
Population Density per km2 |
---|---|---|
Aizawl | 400,309 | 117 |
Lunglei | 161,428 | 35 |
Champhai | 125,745 | 37 |
Lawngtlai | 117,894 | 39 |
Mamit | 86,364 | 29 |
Kolasib | 83,955 | 56 |
Serchhip | 64,937 | 47 |
Saiha | 56,574 | 52 |
Khawzawl | 36,381 | |
Hnathial | 28,468 | |
Saitual | 11,619 |
The Mizoram State Legislative Assembly has 40 seats and the Village Councils are the grassroots of democracy and leadership in Mizoram. The state has a chief minister, council of ministers with a portfolio of ministries responsible for different priorities and role of the government.[76]
There are eleven districts in Mizoram. A district of Mizoram is headed by a
A Superintendent of Police is responsible for the police administration of each district.[77]
The Lunglei town is managed by Lunglei Municipal Council.[78]
Economy
Mizoram gross state domestic product (GSDP) in 2011-2012 was about ₹69.91 billion (US$880 million).[6] The state's gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was nearly 10% annually over 2001-2013 period. As of 2019, the state's GSDP was US$ 3.57 billion.[citation needed] With international borders with Bangladesh and Myanmar, it is an important port state for southeast Asian imports to India, as well as exports from India.[16]
The biggest contributors to state's GSDP growth are Agriculture, Public Administration and Construction work.[79] Tertiary sector of service sector continued to have the contribution to the GSDP with its share hovering between 58 per cent and 60 per cent during the past decade.[16][80]
As of 2013, according to the Reserve Bank of India, 20.4% of total state population is below poverty line, about same as the 21.9% average for India. Rural poverty is significantly higher in Mizoram, with 35.4% below the poverty line compared to India's rural poverty average of 25.7; while in urban areas of Mizoram, 6.4% are below the poverty line.[15]
Mizoram has a highly literate work force, with literacy rate of nearly 90% and widespread use of English. The state has a total of 4,300 kilometres of roads of which 927 kilometres are high quality national highways and 700 kilometres of state highways. The state is developing its Kolodyne River for navigation and international trade. Mizoram's airport is at the capital city of Aizawl. The state is a power deficit state, with plans to develop its hydroelectric potential. After agriculture, the major employer of its people include handloom and horticulture industries. Tourism is a growth industry. In 2008, the state had nearly 7,000 registered companies. The state government has been implementing Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to encourage economic growth.[14]
Agriculture
Between 55% and 60% of the working population of the state is annually deployed on agriculture.[12][13] The sector's contribution to the gross state domestic product was 30% in 1994, just 14% in 2009 due to economic growth of other sectors.[81]
Agriculture has traditionally been a subsistence profession in Mizoram. It is seen as a means for generate food for one's family, ignoring its potential for commerce, growth and prosperity. Rice remains the largest crop grown in Mizoram by gross value of output.[82] Fruits have grown to become the second largest category, followed by condiments and spices.[81]
- Jhum practice
Before 1947, agriculture in Mizoram predominantly used to be slash-and-burn driven Jhum cultivation. This was discouraged by the state government, and the practice has been slowly declining.[83] A 2012 report[84] estimates the proportion of shifting cultivation area in Mizoram to be about 30% - predominant part of which was for rice production (56% to 63% depending on the year). Despite dedicating largest amount of labour, jhum cultivated and non-jhum crop area to rice, the yields are low; Mizoram average rice yields per acre is about 70% of India's average rice yield per acre and 32% of India's best yield. Mizoram produces about 26% of rice it consumes every year, and it buys the deficit from other states of India.[13]
The crop area used for jhum cultivation rotates in Mizoram; that is, the area slashed and burnt for a crop is abandoned for a few years and then jhumias return to slash and burn the same plot after a few years of non-use. The primary reasons for cyclical jhum cultivation includes, according to Goswami et al.[84]
- Horticulture
In horticulture and floriculture, Mizoram is a significant producer and global exporter of Anthurium (over 7 million a year) and roses. It is also a significant producer and domestic supplier of banana, ginger, turmeric, passion fruit, orange and chowchow.[14] Mizoram has accomplished this horticulture success and exports in 2009, with just 6% of its cultivated land dedicated to horticulture and floriculture, indicating a large potential for further growth and economic integration with other Indian states as well export driven economy.[85] In 2013, the area dedicated to horticulture and floriculture increased to 9.4% of 1.2 million hectares potential.[6]
The agricultural productivity is very low in Mizoram.[86] The state gets a lot of rain, but its soil is porous and irrigation infrastructure very inadequate; this has affected it crop yield and reliability.[12] The yield issue that can be addressed by building irrigation infrastructure and adoption of better crop technologies. The state also has very low consumption of fertiliser and pesticides, which scholars[86] suggest offers an opportunity for organic farming particularly of vegetables and fruits.
Forestry, fisheries and sericulture
Mizoram is one of the leading producers of bamboo in India, has 27 species of bamboo, and supplies 14% of India's commercial bamboo.[6][16] Forest products contribute about 5% to the state's gross product. The state produces about 5,200 metric tonnes of fish a year, about 12% of potential that can be sustainably achieved.[6] Sericulture is an important handicraft industry engaged by nearly 8,000 families in over 300 Mizo villages.[16]
Industry
Mizoram has two industrial estates at Zuangtui and Kolasib.[16] Another software technology park is being established in Mizoram University campus.[88] The state government has acquired 127 acres of land in Khawnuam for development of the Indo-Myanmar border trade township.[16]
Education infrastructure
The first primary school was set up in 1898 at Aizawl by Christian missionaries. The state has long enjoyed higher literacy rates than average literacy rates for India. In 1961, the literacy was 51%.[89] By 2011 census, it had reached 92%, compared to 74% average for India.[6] Mizoram is second only to Kerala.[90]
There were 3,894 schools in Mizoram as of 2012. Of these, 42% are publicly owned and managed by Central/State governments, 28% are private without government subsidies, 21% are private with government subsidies, and the rest are primary and middle schools that are government financed by run by three Autonomous District Councils of Mizoram. The teacher-pupil ratio is about 1:20 for primary, 1:9 for middle School, 1:13 for high, and 1:15 for higher secondary schools.[6]
There are several educational establishments under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education, including universities, colleges and other institutions. Within
Energy infrastructure
Mizoram is not self-sufficient in power. In 2012, the state had a demand for 107 MW of power, but had an effective installed capacity of only 29.35 MW. To bridge the gap, it purchased electricity from the national grid.[91]
The hydroelectric power potential of Mizoram was assessed to be about 3600 MW in 2010,
The main energy infrastructures in Mizoram are:
- Tuirial Dam 60 MW.[94]
- Serlui B Dam 12 MW.[95]
- Vankal Solar Park 20 MW.[96]
Transport infrastructure
- Road Network: In 2012, Mizoram had a road network of around 8,500 kilometres (5,300 mi) including unsurfaced village roads to surfaced national highways; and there were 106,000 registered motor vehicles.[6] The village roads are primarily single lane or unmetalled tracks that are typically lightly trafficked. Mizoram had 871 kilometres of national highways, 1,663 kilometres of state highways and 2,320 kilometres of surfaced district roads. All of Mizoram's 23 urban centres and 59% of its 764 villages are connected by all weather roads. However, landslide and weather damage to these roads is significant in parts.[97]
- Airport: Mizoram has an airport, Lengpui Airport (IATA: AJL), near Aizawl and its runway is 3,130 feet long at an elevation of 1,000 feet.[98]
- Helicopter: A Helicopter service by
- Water Ways: Mizoram is in the process of developing water ways with the port of Akyab Akyab, which is a popular port in Sittwe, Burma. The Indian government considers it a priority to set up inland water ways along this river to trade with Burma. The project is known as the Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project.[101] India is investing $103 million to develop the Sittwe port on Burma's northern coast, about 160 kilometres (99 mi) from Mizoram. State Peace and Development Council of Burma has committed $10 million for the venture.[102] The project is expected to be complete in 2015, and consists of two parts.[103] First, river Kaladan (or Kolodyne, Chhimtuipui) is being dredged and widened from the port at Sittwe to Paletwa, in Chin province, adjacent to Mizoram. This 160 km inland waterway will enable cargo ships to enter, upload and offload freight in Paletwa, Myanmar; this is expected to be complete in 2014. As second part of the project, being constructed in parallel, includes a 62 km two-lane highway from Paletwa (also known as Kaletwa or Setpyitpyin) to Lomasu, Mizoram. Additionally, an all weather multilane 100 km road from Lomasu to Lawngtlai in Mizoram is being built to connect it with the Indian National Highway 54. This part of the project is slated to be complete by 2015. Once complete, this project is expected to economically benefit trade and horticulture exports of Mizoram, as well as improve economic access to 60 million people of landlocked northeast India and Myanmar.[103]
Education
Culture
The growth of Christianity, scholars state,[104] was shaped from a foundation of cultural, religious and socio-political structure.
A consequence of Hnatlang was the culture of Tlawmngaihna, which does not have a direct English translation. Tlawmngaihna as cultural concept incorporates behaviour that is self-sacrificing, self-denying, doing what an occasion demands unselfishly and without concern for inconvenience caused, persevering, stoical, stout-hearted, plucky, brave, firm, independent, loath to lose one's good reputation.[105][106][107]
Several other cultural elements of ancient Mizo tribes, some of which became less prevalent after arrival of Christianity, included:[106][108]
- Zawlbuk: a place near the chief's home, which served as defence camp in times of war, as well as "bachelor house" where the youth gathered and centre of village life.[106][108]
- Pathian: the term for god, to whom prayers and hymns were recited. The evil spirits were called ramhuai.[108]
- Nula-rim: the method of courtship in ancient culture. Courtship, pre-marital sex and polygamy were accepted. The man and the woman could have many partners. If the woman got pregnant, the man was required either marry or pay a substantial sum called Sawnman. If the woman's parents discover the relationship, they had a right to demand a payment called Khumpuikaiman. While pre-marital sex was accepted, a woman who was virgin at marriage was more highly esteemed than one who wasn't.[106]
- Pathlawi: a divorced man.[106]
- Ramri lehkha: a boundary drawing that identified a chief's tenured land called ram. Only the chief owned the land, and this ownership was hereditary. The tribe and village worked and harvested the land.[106][108]
Traditional festivals
Traditional festivals in Mizoram often revolved around stages of jhum cultivation or the seasons.[110] Community festivals were called kut in the local language, and there were major and minor kuts such as Chapchar Kut, Thalfavang Kut, Mim Kut and Pawl Kut. Chapchar Kut was the festival of spring (February/March), just before jhum started and land was cut-and-burnt for a new crop. Chapchar Kut was most anticipated by youth, a major festival and involved dancing and feasts. Thalfavang Kut celebrated completion of weeding of the jhum crop fields.[111]
Chapchar Kut was reintroduced and revived in 1973 by Mizo people to celebrate their heritage. Before Christianity arrived in Mizoram, home-brewed alcohol and many meat delicacies were part of the Chapchar celebrations. Now, with Mizoram's state law as a dry state, the youth busy themselves with music and community dancing.[112] Along with reviving traditional festivals, the community has been reviving the traditional dances at these festivals, for example, dances such as Cheraw, Khuallam, Chheihlam and Chai.[113]
Performing arts
Mizoram has many traditional dances, such as:
- Cheraw – a dance that involves men holding bamboo close to the floor. They tap the sticks open and close with the rhythm of the music. Women in colourful dresses dance on top, stepping in between and out of the bamboo with the music. It requires coordination and skill.[106]
- Khual Lam – a mixed-gender dance that traditionally celebrated successfully hunting with swaying cloth with singing and music.[114]
- Chheih Lam – typically performed over cool evenings with rice beer, people sit in a circle with two or more dancers in the centre; they sing with impromptu often humorous compositions about recent events or guests between them with music and dancers keeping up. The song was called Chheih Hla. Mizo people have tried to introduce the Chheih Lam during church sermons with controversy.[115]
- Chai Lam – an important dance at the Chapchar Kut, this places the musicians in the centre while men and women in colourful dresses alternate and form a circle; the women held the men at their waist, while men held the women at their shoulders; they step forward to move in circles while swaying left and right with the music. A song may be sung which is also called Chai.[106]
Sports
Mizoram's first football league debuted in October 2012. The Mizoram Premiere League had eight teams during the 2012–2013 season and is the highest level league in Mizoram. The eight clubs include Aizawl, Chanmari, Dinthar, FC Kulikawn, Luangmual, Mizoram, RS Annexe, and Reitlang. The season starts each year in October and wraps up with the finals in March.[116]
Tourism
Domestic tourists
The state requires Indian citizens to have an Inner Line Permit. This is available from the Liaison officer, government of Mizoram in Kolkata, Silchar, Shillong, Guwahati and New Delhi. Those arriving by air can obtain a 15-day visit pass at Lengpui airport, Aizawl by submitting photographs and paying the fee of ₹120 (US$1.50).[117]
International tourists
Almost all foreign nationals can get the required Protected Area Permit on arrival, and face the same requirements as domestic tourists. However, they additionally have to register themselves with state police within 24 hours of arrival, a formality that most resorts can provide. Citizens of Afghanistan, China and Pakistan and foreign nationals having their origin in these countries are required to get the pass through the Indian consulate or from the Ministry of Home Affairs in New Delhi, before they arrive in Mizoram.[117]
Attractions
Mizoram is a place with flora and fauna rich landscape and pleasant climate.[118]
The state is a bird watcher's destination. For Mrs. Hume's pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae), Mizoram is a stronghold.[119] Wild water buffalo, Sumatran rhinoceros, elephants and other mammals have been spotted in the past.[120][121][122]
Issues
Chakmaland
Having an estimated population of more than 100,000 per
Alcohol prohibition
In 1996, the government of Mizoram banned liquor. The church leaders (Mizoram Kohhran Hruaitute Committee) argue that state government should keep the ban and not seek to amend the law, while others argue prohibition should be lifted.[124] However, it has been difficult to enforce the ban due to the high demand for alcohol.[125]
In 2008, the Mizoram Excise and Narcotics (Wine) Rules amended the ban of 1996 to allow the manufacture, export, sale, possession and consumption of
In 2013, the state assembly unanimously passed a resolution to study the impact of liquor prohibition.[128] In 2014, the state's narcotics minister noted that the liquor ban had produced some serious problems in Mizo society due to the drinking of spurious and unhealthy (locally made) liquor, known as zu. The government suggested it would introduce an amended liquor bill allowing retail shops to operate in Aizawl and other district headquarters to sell liquor – but not in bars. Furthermore, they would not consult the powerful church on the issue.[125]
The Mizoram Liquor Prohibition and Control bill of 2014 was repealed on 20 March 2019 with the Mizoram Liquor Prohibition Bill 2019,[129] it was a legislation promised by the Mizo National Front.[130]
Rat problems
Every 50 years, the Mautam bamboo blooms and its high-protein seeds lead to an explosion in the black rat population in the jungle, also referred to as the rat flood, which has historically destroyed entire villages' food supplies after rats move on to farm fields and devour crops. The 1958–59 plague provoked a rural uprising during which the indigenous Mizo people launched a violent 20-year rebellion against the central government. The dispute only saw final resolution in 1986.[131] The 48-year rat problem re-occurred in Mizoram over 2006–08.[132] The crops suffered massive damage, with yields at 30-year lows; the crop yields recovered sharply to pre-mautam levels in 2009 after the mautam passed.[133]
Media and communication
- See also Newspapers in Mizoram.
Mizoram's media is growing quickly. Internet access is average, and private television cable channels are popular.[134] Doordarshan, the national television service of India provides terrestrial broadcasting services and All India Radio broadcast programmes related to the indigenous culture and local news. Broadband access is available. In addition to these, there are several websites in local dialects. Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Mizoram; local newspapers include Vanglaini and Zalen. The Mizoram Post, an English-language daily newspaper published from Silchar (Assam) was the most circulated newspaper in Mizoram, in 2007.[135]
Notable people
- Laldenga (d.1990) - Mizo separatist, former party leader of the Mizo National Front (MNF) and 4th Chief Minister of Mizoram.
- Chief Minister of Mizoram
- Jeje Lalpekhlua - Mizo Footballer. Player at the Indian Super League (ISL) and Hero I-League. Former Captain of the India national football team.
- Lalremsiami - hockey player representing India in several International Hockey Events.
- Jeremy Lalrinnunga - Mizo Weightlifter who win Gold in International Weightlifting event.
- Robert Lalthlamuana - Mizo Footballer. Player at the Indian Super League (ISL) and Hero I-League.
- Shylo Malsawmtluanga - Mizo Footballer. Former player at the Hero I-League. Current player of the Mizoram Premier League (MPL).
- East Bengal F.C.
- Nuchhungi Renthlei (d.2002) - founder of Girls' Auxiliary, a poet, a singer and a school teacher, the first Mizo woman to receive the Padma Shri award
- BJP.
- Padma ShreeAward.
- Brig. T. Sailo(d.2015) - former Chief Minister of Mizoram. Former party leader of the Mizoram People's Conference (MPC)
- Lal Thanhawla - former Chief Minister of Mizoram and party leader of the Mizoram Congress Party.
- Ziona (d.2021) - a polygamous man with 38 wives and numerous children and grandchildren.
- Zoramthanga - former Chief Minister of Mizoram and current party leader of the Mizo National Front (MNF).
- Jerry Mawihmingthanga - Mizo footballer who plays as a midfielder or winger for Odisha in the Indian Super League.
- Lallianzuala Chhangte - Mizo footballer who plays as a midfielder or winger for Mumbai in the Indian Super League.
See also
References
- ^ "AREA AND POPULATION - Statistical Year Book India 2017 | Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation | Government Of India". www.mospi.gov.in. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
- ^ "Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India". mdoner.gov.in. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database". Global Data Lab. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
- ^ a b "State of Literacy" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. p. 110. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ "About Mizoram". Directorate Of Information & Public Relations, Government of Mizoram. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Economic Survey, Mizoram 2012-13 Archived 28 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Planning & Programme Implementation, Department Government of Mizoram (2013)
- ^ a b c d 9.19 Mizoram Archived 26 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine India State of Forest Report 2011, Govt of India (2012)
- ^ "Indian states 2023 population estimates". www.main.mohfw.gov.in. 1 December 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- OCLC 29798339.
- ^ a b Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe Population of India Archived 3 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Table 1.1, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Govt of India (2013)
- ^ "Mizoram", Population by religious communities, IN: Census, 2001, archived from the original on 1 July 2010, retrieved 11 October 2013.
- ^ a b c State Agriculture Plan Archived 16 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Agriculture Department, Government of Mizoram (2013)
- ^ a b c Agriculture Statistical Abstract 2012-2013 Archived 8 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Mizoram (2013)
- ^ a b c d Mizoram Economy Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine IBEF, New Delhi (2010)
- ^ a b "See 2012 data in 3rd set of Table 162, Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line". Reserve Bank of India, Government of India. 2013. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g Mizoram Snapshot Archived 2 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine IBEF India
- ISBN 81-78350173, p. 241.
- ^ Lalthangliana B (2001) The History of Mizos in India, Burma and Bangladesh.
- ^ ISBN 978-8173870590, pp 51-55
- ISBN 978-81-85880-38-9. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ISBN 978-971-22-0257-5. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ RAMAKRISHNAN and PATNAIK, Jhum: Slash and Burn Cultivation Archived 7 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 1/2, INDIGENOUS VISION: PEOPLES OF INDIA ATTITUDES TO THE ENVIRONMENT (SPRING-SUMMER 1992), pp. 215-220
- ^ ISBN 978-81-85880-72-3. Archivedfrom the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ John Shakespeare, The Lushei Kuki Clans at Google Books, pages 60, 144-158, 200-220
- ^ Lalrinnunga Hmar (2010), MIGRATION AND SOCIAL FORMATION OF THE MIZO, PhD Thesis (Awarded), THE NORTH EASTER HILL UNIVERSITY SHILLONG, Chapter 5, pages 115-140
- ^ ISBN 978-8183240598, Chapter 2
- ISBN 978-81-269-0707-6)
- ^ Mizoram History Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, National Informatics Centre, Government of India (2012)
- ^ ISBN 978-81-7022-691-8. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ a b c Dommen, A. J. (1967). Separatist Tendencies in Eastern India. Asian Survey, Vol. 7, No. 10 (Oct. 1967), 726-739
- ^ "Mizoram To Be 23rd State Of India, Tribal Customs Protected". APN News. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-8018-9723-8. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ Baruah, Sanjib (2007). Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India. Oxford University Press.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-7211-264-6, Chapter 3
- ISBN 8170997925, pp 173-175
- ^ Hydro Electric Power Policy of Mizoram Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of Mizoram (2010), page 2
- ^ T. R. Shankar Raman, Effect of Slash-and-Burn Shifting Cultivation on Rainforest Birds in Mizoram, Northeast India Conservation Biology, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Jun. 2001), pp. 685-698
- ^ Grogan, P., Lalnunmawia, F., & Tripathi, S. K. (2012), Shifting cultivation in steeply sloped regions: a review of management options and research priorities for Mizoram state Northeast India, Agroforestry systems, 84(2), 163-177
- ^ "Forest Survey report 2021 released; increase of 2,261 sq km in the total forest and tree cover of the country in last two years". pib.gov.in. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ a b c Geology and mineral resources of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura (PDF) (Report). Miscellaneous publication No. 30 Part IV. Vol. 1 (Part-2). Geological Survey of India, Government of India. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ Seismic zoning map (Map). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ Mizoram Archived 29 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine National Disaster Management Authority, Govt of India (2011)
- ^ "Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901–2000 data" (PDF). India Meteorology Department. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ "Mizoram at a glance". National Informatics Centre:Mizoram. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- ^ Mizoram at a glance Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Government of India
- ^ State Flower Archived 6 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of Mizoram
- ^ a b Birds of Meghalaya Archived 22 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine Avibase (2013)
- ^ Pawar, S. and Birand, A. (2001), A survey of amphibians, reptiles and birds in Northeast India, CERC Technical Report 6, Centre for Ecological Research and Conservation, Mysore
- ^ Choudhury (2001), Primates in Northeast India: An overview of their Distribution and Conservation Status, In: ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas, Non-Human Primates of India. (Editor: Gupta) 1(1): 92-101
- ^ "Wildlife Sanctuary". Department of Tourism, Government of Mizoram. 2013. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ a b "CHAPTER 2 SIZE, GROWTH RATE AND RURAL-URBAN DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN MIZORAM" (PDF). Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ "Mizoram Profile" (PDF). Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- ^ "Classification of urban areas and rural areas in Mizoram" (PDF). The Mizoram Gazette. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
- ^ "Alphabetical list of towns & their population, Mizoram" (PDF). India: Census. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
- ^ a b c d THE LAND SYSTEMS OF MIZORAM Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Govt of Mizoram (2007)
- ^ a b Zote, Mona (2005), Heaven in Hell: A paradox Archived 13 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 2/3, pp 203-212.
- ^ a b ORGI. "Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
- ^ ISBN 8170997925, pp 260-261
- ^ SCHEDULED TRIBES Chapter 4.2 Archived 16 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Planning Commission, Govt of India (2012)
- ^ Scheduled Tribes Archived 20 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Govt of India (2013)
- ^ "C-1 Population By Religious Community". census.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ "Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region, Mizoram State Information". Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Population by religion community - 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
- ISBN 978-8178350684
- ^ ISBN 978-8173870590, pp 59-63
- ^ Pu C., Chawngkunga. Chakma Settlement in Mizoram. State Central Library, Aizawl, Mizoram. pp. 11, 12. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
- ^ "About Mizoram". Dept of Panchayati Raj, Government of Mizoram. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
- ^ Table ST-14a, Indian Census 2001
- ^ Memorandum of Settlement (Mizoram Accord) Archived 13 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations
- ^ Lalchungnunga (1994). Mizoram politics of regionalism and national integration. Reliance.
- ^ "Memories of inferno still remain fresh", News link, IN, 6 March 2007, archived from the original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 17 April 2009.
- ^ "Assembly Elections December 2013 Results". ECI. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
- ^ Kaushik, Krishn (6 July 2021). "Ahead of cabinet reshuffle, Thawarchand Gehlot appointed as Karnataka Governor, Sreedharan Pillai as Goa Governor". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- ^ Districts Archived 30 January 2004 at the Wayback Machine Government of Mizoram
- ^ Council of Ministers Archived 24 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine Govt of Mizoram
- ^ a b Districts in Mizoram Archived 6 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Govt of Mizoram (2012)
- ^ PTI (3 April 2023). "Opposition ZPM sweeps Lunglei civic polls in major setback to Mizoram's ruling MNF". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- ^ "Mizoram GSDP a thang chak NLUP inrêlbawlna sum a tam lo". Vanglaini. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ "Mizoram per capita income". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ a b Birthal, Unlocking the potential of Agriculture in northeastern hill region of India, Ind. Journal of Agri. Econ., Vol 65, No. 3, July-Sept 2010, pp 335
- ISBN 978-94-007-7054-6, Springer Netherlands
- ^ "Mizoram to implement new land use policy". Sify News. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ a b Goswami, K., Choudhury, H. K., & Saikia, J. (2012), Factors influencing farmers' adoption of slash and burn agriculture in North East India, Forest Policy and Economics, 15, pp 146-151
- ^ Economic and Financial Developments in Mizoram Archived 6 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine Reserve Bank of India (2013)
- ^ a b Kumar et al. (2013), Prospects of organic agriculture in eastern himalayan region-A case study of Mizoram, Progressive Agriculture, Vol 13, Issue 2, pp 139-150
- ^ Singh and Punitha, Entrepreneurship Development through Anthurium Flower – A Case Study of Mizoram, North-East India, Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu. 12 (3), September 2012, pp 74-78
- ^ "Northeast's fourth software technology park in Mizoram". Assam Tribune. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ISBN 978-8173870590, pp 37-39
- ^ India Gov. "India 2010 - A Reference Annual". India Gov Website. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ^ Annual Report For 2011-12 Archived 28 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Power & Electricity Department, Government of Mizoram (2013)
- ^ a b c Hydro Electric Power Policy Of Mizoram - 2010 Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine Govt of Mizoram
- ^ Hydro Power Potential & its Development Archived 28 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Power & Electricity Department, Government Of Mizoram
- ^ "PM Modi inaugurates Tuirial hydropower project, says Mizoram is power-surplus state". Hindustan Times. PTI. 16 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
- ^ "Serlui B A Milestone in the Power Sector". Eastern Panorama. 5 September 2010. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
- ^ Bawitlung, Mala (27 April 2023). "Mizoram enters India's solar map, becomes first in Northeast to house largest solar park". India Today NE. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
- ^ Dilapidated roads snap Mizoram lifeline Archived 7 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Assam Tribune
- ^ Aijawl airport Archived 17 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Air Database (2011)
- ^ "Mizorama helicopter service Tur chief minister in Hawng". Mizoram DIPR. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
- ^ "Nilaini atangin 'Helicopter Service". The Zozam Times. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project Archived 28 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region, Govt of India
- ^ "Govt to spend $100 million on linking Mizoram to Burma", Financial Express, archived from the original on 18 February 2007.
- ^ a b Nava Thakuria, Northeast India Anticipates Seaport Archived 25 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The Diplomat (20 January 2014)
- ^ Z. Hlawndo, A STUDY OF THE CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE FOREIGN MISSIONS THINKING OF THE MIZORAM PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, PhD Thesis (Awarded), University of Birmingham (2011)
- ^ James Dokhuma, "Tlawmngaihna" in Meichher, Vol XI, No. 11, April 1976
- ^ a b c d e f g h Nevill Parry, Lushai Custom: A monograph on customs and ceremonies at Google Books
- ^ K. Thanzauva, Mizo Tlawmngaihna and Nishkama Karma, in United Theological College Magazine, 1984.
- ^ ISBN 978-8185880723
- ^ Thanmawia HERITAGE OF MIZO TRADITIONAL MUSIC (AN OVERVIEW) Archived 28 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Government of Mizoram
- ISBN 81-7211-264-5, pp 8-10
- ^ Thalfavang Kut Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Department of Tourism, Mizoram Government
- ^ Chapchar Kut Archived 27 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of Mizoram
- ^ CHAPCHAR KUT Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Dept of Tourism, Govt of Mizoram
- ISBN 978-8171412983, Chapter 8
- ^ Zama, Margaret (2006), Globalization and the Mizo Story Archived 23 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Indian Folklife, No 22, pp 10-11
- ProQuest 1285445467. Archivedfrom the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
- ^ a b ENTRY FORMALITIES Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Department of Tourism, Govt of Mizoram
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2008) A pocket guide to the birds of Mizoram. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, IN. 122pp. [Supported by Oriental Bird Club, UK]
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2002). Survey of Mrs Hume's pheasant in North East India. Technical Report No. 5. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, IN. 30pp. [Final report to the Oriental Bird Club, UK]
- .
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2010). The vanishing herds: wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, IN. 184pp. [Supported by CEPF & Taiwan Forestry Bureau]
- ^ Choudhury, AU (2001), "The wild elephant Elephas maximus in Mizoram", J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 98 (3): 439–41.
- ^ Taba Ajum (21 September 2017). "SC verdict on Chakmas, Hajongs could prove catastrophic for Arunachal". Arunachal Times. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ "Mizoram Church no to liquor ban Act amendment Aizawl". webindia123. Suni Systems. 6 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ a b Mizoram likely to lift liquor ban Archived 14 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Times of India
- ^ "The Mizoram Excise & Narcotics (Wine) Rules, 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ Mizoram amends liquor law Archived 22 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Shillong Times
- ^ Mizoram Assembly clears Liquor Prohibition (Amendment) Bill Archived 22 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine Business Standard (23 July 2013)
- ^ "Mizoram passes Bill for total prohibition". indianexpress. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ "Mizoram goes dry again as Assembly passes Liquor Prohibition Bill 2019". nenow. 20 March 2019. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ Foster, Peter (3 May 2007), "Indian farmers braced for rat plague", The daily Telegraph, UK, archived from the original on 3 October 2017, retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ PHOTOS: Rat Attack in India Set Off by Bamboo Flowering Archived 24 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine National Geographic (March 2009)
- ISBN 978-971-22-0257-5, pp 13-48
- ^ "note". Archived from the original on 28 March 2019.
- ^ "Silchar's The Mizoram Post is Mizoram's "largest" paper". misual.com. 18 January 2007. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
Further reading
- B. Hamlet, Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Mizoram, Volume 5, ISBN 8170997925
- C. Nunthara, Mizoram: Society and Polity, ISBN 978-8173870590
- T. Raatan, Encyclopaedia of North-east India: Arunachal Pradesh Manipur Mizoram, ISBN 978-8178350684
- Zoramdinthara, Mizo Fiction: Emergence and Development, ISBN 978-93-82395-16-4
External links
Government
General information
- Mizoram at Curlie
- Geographic data related to Mizoram at OpenStreetMap