Mobile, Alabama
Mobile, Alabama | |
---|---|
UTC–5 (CDT) | |
ZIP Codes | Zip codes[10] |
FIPS code | 01-50000 |
GNIS feature ID | 2404278[7] |
Website | cityofmobile.org |
Mobile (/moʊˈbiːl/ moh-BEEL, French: [mɔbil] ⓘ) is a city and the county seat of Mobile County, Alabama, United States. The population was 187,041 at the 2020 census.[8][9] After a successful vote to annex areas west of the city limits in July 2023, Mobile's population increased to 204,689 residents, making it the second-most populous city in Alabama, after Huntsville.[11] Mobile is the principal municipality of the Mobile metropolitan area, a region of 430,197 residents composed of Mobile and Washington counties; it is the third-largest metropolitan area in the state.[12]
Alabama's only saltwater port, Mobile is located on the Mobile River at the head of Mobile Bay on the north-central Gulf Coast.[13] The Port of Mobile has always played a key role in the economic health of the city, beginning with the settlement as an important trading center between the French colonists and Native Americans, down to its current role as the 12th-largest port in the United States.[14][15]
Mobile was founded in 1702 by the
Considered one of the Gulf Coast's cultural centers, Mobile has several art museums, a symphony orchestra, professional opera, professional ballet company, and a large concentration of historic architecture.[19][20] Mobile is known for having the oldest organized Carnival or Mardi Gras celebrations in the United States. Alabama's French Creole population celebrated this festival from the first decade of the 18th century. Beginning in 1830, Mobile was host to the first formally organized Carnival mystic society to celebrate with a parade in the United States. (In New Orleans, such a group is called a krewe.)[21]
Etymology
The city gained its name from the Mobile tribe that the French colonists encountered living in the area of Mobile Bay.[22] Although it is debated by Alabama historians, they may have been descendants of the Native American tribe whose small fortress town, Mabila, was used to conceal several thousand native warriors before an attack in 1540 on the expedition of Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto.[23] About seven years after the founding of the French Mobile settlement, the Mobile tribe, along with the Tohomé, gained permission from the colonists to settle near the fort.[24][25]
History
Colonial
The European settlement of Mobile began with French colonists, who in 1702 constructed
In 1704, the ship
These additional outbreaks of disease and a series of floods resulted in Bienville ordering in 1711 that the settlement be relocated several miles downriver to its present location at the confluence of the
The capital of La Louisiane was moved in 1720 to Biloxi,[29] leaving Mobile to serve as a regional military and trading center. In 1723 the construction of a new brick fort with a stone foundation began[29] and it was renamed Fort Condé in honor of Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon.[30]
In 1763, the
The British were eager not to lose any useful inhabitants and promised religious tolerance to the French colonists; ultimately 112 French colonists remained in Mobile.[33] The first permanent Jewish settlers came to Mobile in 1763 as a result of the new British rule and religious tolerance. Jews had not been allowed to officially reside in colonial French Louisiana due to the Code Noir, a decree passed by France's King Louis XIV in 1685 that forbade the exercise of any religion other than Roman Catholicism, and ordered all Jews out of France's colonies. Most of these colonial-era Jews in Mobile were merchants and traders from Sephardic Jewish communities in Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina; they added to the commercial development of Mobile.[34] In 1766 the total population was estimated to be 860, though the town's borders were smaller than during the French colonial period.[33] During the American Revolutionary War, West Florida and Mobile became a refuge for loyalists fleeing the other colonies.[35]
While the British were dealing with their rebellious colonists along the Atlantic coast, the
19th century
By the time Mobile was included in the Mississippi Territory in 1813, the population had dwindled to roughly 300 people.[38] The city was included in the Alabama Territory in 1817, after Mississippi gained statehood. Alabama was granted statehood in 1819; Mobile's population had increased to 809 by that time.[38]
Mobile was well situated for trade, as its location tied it to a river system that served as the principal navigational access for most of Alabama and a large part of Mississippi. River transportation was aided by the introduction of steamboats in the early decades of the 19th century.[39] By 1822, the city's population had risen to 2,800.[38]
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain created shortages of cotton, driving up prices on world markets.[40] Much land well suited to growing cotton lies in the vicinity of the Mobile River, and its main tributaries the Tombigbee and Alabama Rivers. A plantation economy using slave labor developed in the region and as a consequence Mobile's population quickly grew. It came to be settled by attorneys, cotton factors, doctors, merchants and other professionals seeking to capitalize on trade with the upriver areas.[38]
From the 1830s onward, Mobile expanded into a city of commerce with a primary focus on the cotton and slave trades. Many slaves were transported by ship in the coastwise slave trade from the Upper South. There were many businesses in the city related to the slave trade – people to make clothes, food, and supplies for the slave traders and their wards. The city's booming businesses attracted merchants from the North; by 1850 10% of its population was from New York City, which was deeply involved in the cotton industry.[41] Mobile was the slave-trading center of the state until the 1850s, when it was surpassed by Montgomery.[42]
The prosperity stimulated a building boom that was underway by the mid-1830s, with the building of some of the most elaborate structures the city had seen up to that point. This was cut short in part by the Panic of 1837 and yellow fever epidemics.[43] The waterfront was developed with wharves, terminal facilities, and fireproof brick warehouses.[38] The exports of cotton grew in proportion to the amounts being produced in the Black Belt; by 1840 Mobile was second only to New Orleans in cotton exports in the nation.[38]
With the economy so focused on one crop, Mobile's fortunes were always tied to those of cotton, and the city weathered many financial crises.
By 1853, fifty Jewish families lived in Mobile, including Philip Phillips, an attorney from Charleston, South Carolina, who was elected to the Alabama State Legislature and then to the United States Congress. Many early Jewish families were descendants of Sephardic Jews who had been among the earliest colonial settlers in Charleston and Savannah.[45]
By 1860 Mobile's population within the city limits had reached 29,258 people; it was the 27th-largest city in the United States and 4th-largest in what would soon be the Confederate States of America.[46] The free population in the whole of Mobile County, including the city, consisted of 29,754 citizens, of which 1,195 were free people of color.[47] Additionally, 1,785 slave owners in the county held 11,376 people in bondage, about one-quarter of the total county population of 41,130 people.[47]
During the
On May 25, 1865, the city suffered great loss when some three hundred people died as a result of an
Federal
20th century
The turn of the 20th century brought the Progressive Era to Mobile. The economic structure developed with new industries, generating new jobs and attracting a significant increase in population.[53] The population increased from around 40,000 in 1900 to 60,000 by 1920.[53] During this time the city received $3 million in federal grants for harbor improvements to deepen the shipping channels.[53] During and after World War I, manufacturing became increasingly vital to Mobile's economic health, with shipbuilding and steel production being two of the most important industries.[53]
During this time, social justice and race relations in Mobile worsened, however.
In 1911 the city adopted a commission form of government, which had three members elected by
The red imported fire ant was first introduced into the United States via the Port of Mobile. Sometime in the late 1930s they came ashore off cargo ships arriving from South America. The ants were carried in the soil used as ballast on those ships.[55] They have spread throughout the South and Southwest.
During World War II, the defense buildup in Mobile shipyards resulted in a considerable increase in the city's white middle-class and working-class population, largely due to the massive influx of workers coming to work in the shipyards and at the Brookley Army Air Field.[56] Between 1940 and 1943, more than 89,000 people moved into Mobile to work for war effort industries.[56]
Mobile was one of eighteen United States cities producing
A
In the late 1940s, the transition to the postwar economy was hard for the city, as thousands of jobs were lost at the shipyards with the decline in the defense industry. Eventually the city's social structure began to become more liberal. Replacing shipbuilding as a primary economic force, the paper and chemical industries began to expand. No longer needed for defense, most of the old military bases were converted to civilian uses. Following the war, in which many African Americans had served, veterans and their supporters stepped up activism to gain enforcement of their constitutional rights and social justice, especially in the
The Alabama legislature passed the Cater Act in 1949, allowing cities and counties to set up industrial development boards (IDB) to issue municipal bonds as incentives to attract new industry into their local areas. The city of Mobile did not establish a Cater Act board until 1962. George E. McNally, Mobile's first Republican mayor since Reconstruction, was the driving force behind the founding of the IDB. The Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce, believing its members were better qualified to attract new businesses and industry to the area, considered the new IDB as a serious rival. After several years of political squabbling, the Chamber of Commerce emerged victorious. While McNally's IDB prompted the Chamber of Commerce to become more proactive in attracting new industry, the chamber effectively shut Mobile city government out of economic development decisions.[58]
In 1963, three African-American students brought a case against the Mobile County School Board for being denied admission to
The civil rights movement gained congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, eventually ending legal segregation and regaining effective suffrage for African Americans. But whites in the state had more than one way to reduce African Americans' voting power. Maintaining the city commission form of government with at-large voting resulted in all positions being elected by the white majority, as African Americans could not command a majority for their candidates in the informally segregated city.
In 1969 Brookley Air Force Base was closed by the Department of Defense, dealing Mobile's economy a severe blow. The closing resulted in a 10% unemployment rate in the city. This and other factors related to industrial restructuring ushered in a period of economic depression that lasted through the 1970s. The loss of jobs created numerous problems and resulted in loss of population as residents moved away for work.
Mobile's city commission form of government was challenged and finally overturned in 1982 in
Beginning in the late 1980s, newly elected mayor Mike Dow and the city council began an effort termed the "String of Pearls Initiative" to make Mobile into a competitive city.[60] The city initiated construction of numerous new facilities and projects, and the restoration of hundreds of historic downtown buildings and homes.[60] City and county leaders also made efforts to attract new business ventures to the area.[61]
Geography and climate
Geography
Mobile is located in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Alabama.[62] It is 168 miles (270 km) by highway southwest of Montgomery, the state capital; 58 miles (93 km) west of Pensacola, Florida; and 144 miles (232 km) northeast of New Orleans.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 180.07 square miles (466.4 km2), with 139.48 square miles (361.3 km2) of it being land, and 40.59 square miles (105.1 km2), or 22.5% of the total, being covered by water.[5] The elevation in Mobile ranges from 10 feet (3 m) on Water Street in downtown[7] to 211 feet (64 m) at the Mobile Regional Airport.[63]
Neighborhoods
Mobile has a number of notable historic neighborhoods. These include
Climate
Mobile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Mobile's geographical location on the Gulf of Mexico provides a mild subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with hot, humid summers and mild, rainy winters. The record low temperature was −1 °F (−18 °C), set on February 13, 1899, and the record high was 105 °F (41 °C), set on August 29, 2000.[67][68]
A 2007 study by
Mobile is occasionally affected by major tropical storms and hurricanes.
Mobile suffered millions of dollars in damage from Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, which damaged much of the Gulf Coast cities. A storm surge of 11.45 feet (3.49 m), topped by higher waves, damaged eastern sections of the city with extensive flooding in downtown, the Battleship Parkway, and the elevated Jubilee Parkway.[74]
Climate data for Mobile, Alabama (Mobile Regional Airport, 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1872–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 84 (29) |
85 (29) |
91 (33) |
94 (34) |
100 (38) |
103 (39) |
104 (40) |
105 (41) |
103 (39) |
98 (37) |
88 (31) |
85 (29) |
105 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 75.7 (24.3) |
77.6 (25.3) |
83.0 (28.3) |
86.3 (30.2) |
92.2 (33.4) |
95.4 (35.2) |
96.7 (35.9) |
96.2 (35.7) |
93.8 (34.3) |
89.1 (31.7) |
82.0 (27.8) |
77.6 (25.3) |
97.8 (36.6) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 61.5 (16.4) |
65.6 (18.7) |
71.8 (22.1) |
77.8 (25.4) |
84.9 (29.4) |
89.4 (31.9) |
90.9 (32.7) |
90.8 (32.7) |
87.5 (30.8) |
79.7 (26.5) |
70.2 (21.2) |
63.5 (17.5) |
77.8 (25.4) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 51.1 (10.6) |
55.0 (12.8) |
60.9 (16.1) |
66.9 (19.4) |
74.4 (23.6) |
80.1 (26.7) |
82.0 (27.8) |
81.9 (27.7) |
78.1 (25.6) |
69.0 (20.6) |
58.9 (14.9) |
53.3 (11.8) |
67.6 (19.8) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 40.7 (4.8) |
44.4 (6.9) |
50.0 (10.0) |
56.0 (13.3) |
63.8 (17.7) |
70.8 (21.6) |
73.1 (22.8) |
72.9 (22.7) |
68.8 (20.4) |
58.2 (14.6) |
47.7 (8.7) |
43.0 (6.1) |
57.4 (14.1) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 22.7 (−5.2) |
26.9 (−2.8) |
31.9 (−0.1) |
40.0 (4.4) |
50.0 (10.0) |
63.2 (17.3) |
68.6 (20.3) |
67.3 (19.6) |
56.8 (13.8) |
40.5 (4.7) |
30.8 (−0.7) |
27.3 (−2.6) |
21.0 (−6.1) |
Record low °F (°C) | 3 (−16) |
−1 (−18) |
21 (−6) |
32 (0) |
43 (6) |
49 (9) |
62 (17) |
57 (14) |
42 (6) |
30 (−1) |
22 (−6) |
8 (−13) |
−1 (−18) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 5.66 (144) |
4.47 (114) |
5.44 (138) |
5.71 (145) |
5.39 (137) |
6.55 (166) |
7.69 (195) |
6.87 (174) |
5.30 (135) |
3.95 (100) |
4.60 (117) |
5.45 (138) |
67.08 (1,704) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.2 (0.51) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.9 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 12.4 | 14.9 | 13.2 | 9.2 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 9.4 | 117.1 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
74 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 74 | 76 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 73 | 75 | 75 | 75 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 158 | 155 | 211 | 255 | 300 | 287 | 246 | 254 | 233 | 254 | 193 | 145 | 2,691 |
Source 1: | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun, 1931–1960)[79] |
Climate data for Mobile, Alabama ( Mobile Downtown Airport ), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 81 (27) |
86 (30) |
87 (31) |
90 (32) |
99 (37) |
102 (39) |
102 (39) |
102 (39) |
101 (38) |
98 (37) |
89 (32) |
82 (28) |
102 (39) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 74.5 (23.6) |
76.8 (24.9) |
81.5 (27.5) |
85.1 (29.5) |
92.2 (33.4) |
95.2 (35.1) |
96.7 (35.9) |
96.2 (35.7) |
94.2 (34.6) |
89.1 (31.7) |
82.4 (28.0) |
76.7 (24.8) |
97.8 (36.6) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 62.1 (16.7) |
65.8 (18.8) |
71.8 (22.1) |
77.9 (25.5) |
85.0 (29.4) |
90.0 (32.2) |
91.7 (33.2) |
91.9 (33.3) |
88.8 (31.6) |
81.3 (27.4) |
71.6 (22.0) |
64.3 (17.9) |
78.5 (25.8) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 52.3 (11.3) |
55.9 (13.3) |
61.8 (16.6) |
68.3 (20.2) |
75.7 (24.3) |
81.5 (27.5) |
83.5 (28.6) |
83.6 (28.7) |
80.3 (26.8) |
71.1 (21.7) |
60.8 (16.0) |
54.6 (12.6) |
69.1 (20.6) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 42.5 (5.8) |
46.1 (7.8) |
51.8 (11.0) |
58.6 (14.8) |
66.3 (19.1) |
73.1 (22.8) |
75.3 (24.1) |
75.3 (24.1) |
71.8 (22.1) |
61.0 (16.1) |
49.9 (9.9) |
44.9 (7.2) |
59.7 (15.4) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 24.0 (−4.4) |
29.5 (−1.4) |
34.1 (1.2) |
42.5 (5.8) |
51.7 (10.9) |
65.6 (18.7) |
69.9 (21.1) |
68.5 (20.3) |
59.1 (15.1) |
43.3 (6.3) |
32.7 (0.4) |
28.6 (−1.9) |
22.9 (−5.1) |
Record low °F (°C) | 8 (−13) |
13 (−11) |
23 (−5) |
36 (2) |
43 (6) |
55 (13) |
63 (17) |
60 (16) |
48 (9) |
34 (1) |
24 (−4) |
12 (−11) |
8 (−13) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 5.19 (132) |
3.77 (96) |
5.11 (130) |
4.86 (123) |
4.42 (112) |
5.78 (147) |
6.57 (167) |
7.14 (181) |
4.47 (114) |
3.80 (97) |
4.13 (105) |
5.28 (134) |
60.52 (1,537) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.3 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 9.1 | 8.5 | 12.7 | 14.4 | 14.0 | 8.9 | 9.2 | 10.4 | 12.0 | 133.4 |
Source: |
Christmas Day tornado
In late December 2012, the city suffered two tornado hits. On December 25, 2012, at 4:54 pm, a large
The tornado caused significant damage to the Carmelite Monastery, Little Flower Catholic Church, commercial real estate along Airport Boulevard and Government Street in the Midtown at the Loop neighborhood, Murphy High School, Trinity Episcopal Church, Springhill Avenue Temple, and Mobile Infirmary Hospital before moving into the neighboring city of Prichard.[81] The tornado was classified as an EF2 tornado by the National Weather Service on December 26.[81]
The path taken through the city was just a short distance east of the path taken days earlier, on December 20, by an EF1 tornado which had touched down near Davidson High School and taken a path ending in Prichard.[82] Initial damage estimates for insured and uninsured ranged from $140 to $150 million.
Culture
Mobile's French and Spanish colonial history has given it a culture distinguished by French, Spanish, Creole, African and Catholic heritage, in addition to later British and American influences. It is distinguished from all other cities in the state of Alabama. The annual Carnival celebration is perhaps the best example of its differences. Mobile is the birthplace of the celebration of Mardi Gras in the United States and has the oldest celebration, dating to the early 18th century during the French colonial period.[83]
Carnival in Mobile evolved over the course of 300 years from a beginning as a sedate French Catholic tradition into the mainstream multi-week celebration that today bridges a spectrum of cultures.[84] Mobile's official cultural ambassadors are the Azalea Trail Maids, meant to embody the ideals of Southern hospitality.[85]
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) and Back Roads (1981) were shot in Mobile.[86]
Carnival and Mardi Gras
The Carnival season has expanded throughout the late fall and winter:
In Mobile, locals often use the term Mardi Gras as a shorthand to refer to the entire Carnival season. During the Carnival season; the mystic societies build colorful floats and parade throughout downtown. Masked society members toss small gifts, known as 'throws,' to parade spectators.[90] The mystic societies, which in essence are exclusive private clubs, also hold formal masquerade balls, usually by invitation only, and oriented to adults.[88]
Carnival was first celebrated in Mobile in 1703 when colonial French Catholic settlers carried out their traditional celebration at the Old Mobile Site, prior to the 1711 relocation of the city to the current site.[21] Mobile's first Carnival society was established in 1711 with the Boeuf Gras Society (Fatted Ox Society).[91] Celebrations were relatively small and consisted of local, private parties until the early 19th century.
In 1830 Mobile's Cowbellion de Rakin Society was the first formally organized and masked mystic society in the United States to celebrate with a parade.[21][89] The Cowbellions got their start when Michael Krafft, a cotton factor from Pennsylvania, began a parade with rakes, hoes, and cowbells.[89] The Cowbellians introduced horse-drawn floats to the parades in 1840 with a parade entitled "Heathen Gods and Goddesses".[91] The Striker's Independent Society, formed in 1843, is the oldest surviving mystic society in the United States.[91]
Carnival celebrations in Mobile were canceled during the
Founded in 2004, the Conde Explorers in 2005 were the first integrated Mardi Gras society to parade in downtown Mobile. The society has about a hundred members and welcomes men and women of all races. In addition to the parade and ball, the Conde Explorers hold several parties throughout the year. Its members also perform volunteer work. The Conde Explorers were featured in the award-winning documentary, The Order of Myths (2008), by Margaret Brown about Mobile's Mardi Gras.[93][94]
Archives and libraries
The
The Mobile Municipal Archives contains the extant records of the City of Mobile, dating from the city's creation as a municipality by the Mississippi Territory in 1814. The majority of the original records of Mobile's colonial history, spanning the years 1702 through 1813, are housed in Paris, London, Seville, and Madrid.[97] The Mobile Genealogical Society Library and Media Center is located at the Holy Family Catholic Church and School complex. It features handwritten manuscripts and published materials that are available for use in genealogical research.[98]
The Mobile Public Library system serves Mobile and consists of eight branches across Mobile County; its large local history and genealogy division is housed in a facility next to the newly restored and enlarged Ben May Main Library on Government Street.[99] The Saint Ignatius Archives, Museum and Theological Research Library contains primary sources, artifacts, documents, photographs and publications that pertain to the history of Saint Ignatius Church and School, the Catholic history of the city, and the history of the Roman Catholic Church.[100]
Arts and entertainment
The Mobile Museum of Art features permanent exhibits that span several centuries of art and culture. The museum was expanded in 2002 to approximately 95,000 square feet (8,826 m2).[101] The permanent exhibits include the African and Asian Collection Gallery, Altmayer Gallery (American art), Katharine C. Cochrane Gallery of American Fine Art, Maisel European Gallery, Riddick Glass Gallery, Smith Crafts Gallery, and the Ann B. Hearin Gallery (contemporary works).[102]
The Centre for the Living Arts is an organization that operates the historic
The Mobile Civic Center contains three facilities under one roof. The 400,000 sq ft (37,161 m2) building has an arena, a theater and an exposition hall. It is the primary concert venue for the city and hosts a wide variety of events. It is home to the Mobile Opera and the Mobile Ballet.[20] The 60-year-old Mobile Opera averages about 1,200 attendees per performance.[106] A wide variety of events are held at Mobile's Arthur C. Outlaw Convention Center. It contains a 100,000 sq ft (9,290 m2) exhibit hall, a 15,000 sq ft (1,394 m2) grand ballroom, and sixteen meeting rooms.[107]
The city has hosts the Greater Gulf State Fair, held each October since 1955.[108] The city also hosted BayFest, an annual three-day music festival with more than 125 live musical acts on multiple stages spread throughout downtown;[109] it now holds Ten Sixty Five festival, a free music festival.
The Mobile Theatre Guild is a nonprofit community theatre that has served the city since 1947. It is a member of the Mobile Arts Council, the Alabama Conference of Theatre and Speech, the Southeastern Theatre Conference, and the American Association of Community Theatres.[110] Mobile is also host to the Joe Jefferson Players, Alabama's oldest continually running community theatre. The group was named in honor of the famous comedic actor Joe Jefferson, who spend part of his teenage years in Mobile. The Players debuted their first production on December 17, 1947.[111] Drama Camp Productions and Sunny Side Theater is Mobile's home for children's theater and fun. The group began doing summer camps in 2002, expanded to a year-round facility in 2008 and recently moved into the Azalea City Center for the Arts, a community of drama, music, art, photography, and dance teachers. The group has produced Broadway shows including "Miracle on 34th Street", "Honk", "Fame", and "Hairspray".
The Mobile Arts Council is an umbrella organization for the arts in Mobile. It was founded in 1955 as a project of the Junior League of Mobile with the mission to increase cooperation among artistic and cultural organizations in the area and to provide a forum for problems in art, music, theater, and literature.
Tourism
Museums
Mobile is home to a variety of museums. Battleship Memorial Park is a military park on the shore of Mobile Bay. It features the World War II era battleship USS Alabama, the World War II era submarine USS Drum, Korean War and Vietnam War Memorials, and a variety of historical military equipment.[112] The History Museum of Mobile showcases 300 plus years of Mobile history and prehistory. It is housed in the historic Old City Hall (1857), a National Historic Landmark.[113] The Oakleigh Historic Complex features three house museums that attempt to interpret the lives of people from three strata of 19th century society in Mobile, that of the enslaved, the working class, and the upper class.[114]
The
The Mobile Medical Museum is housed in the historic French colonial-style Vincent-Doan House (1827). It features artifacts and resources that chronicle the long history of medicine in Mobile.[120] The Phoenix Fire Museum is located in the restored Phoenix Volunteer Fire Company Number 6 building and features the history of fire companies in Mobile from their organization in 1838.[121] The Mobile Police Department Museum features exhibits that chronicle the history of law enforcement in Mobile.[122]
The
Parks and other attractions
The
Mobile has more than 45 public parks within its limits, with some that are of special note.
The Fort of Colonial Mobile is a reconstruction of the city's original Fort Condé, built on the original fort's footprint. It serves as the official welcome center and a colonial-era living history museum.
Historic architecture
Mobile has antebellum architectural examples of
Mobile has a number of historic structures in the city, including numerous churches and private homes. Mobile's historic churches include
The city has several historic cemeteries that were established shortly after the colonial era. They replaced the colonial Campo Santo, of which no trace remains. The Church Street Graveyard contains above-ground tombs and monuments spread over 4 acres (2 ha) and was founded in 1819, during the height of yellow fever epidemics.[134] The nearby 120-acre (49 ha) Magnolia Cemetery was established in 1836 and served as Mobile's primary burial site during the 19th and early 20th centuries, with approximately 80,000 burials.[135] It features tombs and many intricately carved monuments and statues.[136][137]
The
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1785 | 746 | — |
1788 | 1,468 | +96.8% |
1820 | 1,500 | +2.2% |
1830 | 3,194 | +112.9% |
1840 | 12,672 | +296.7% |
1850 | 20,515 | +61.9% |
1860 | 29,258 | +42.6% |
1870 | 32,034 | +9.5% |
1880 | 29,132 | −9.1% |
1890 | 31,076 | +6.7% |
1900 | 38,469 | +23.8% |
1910 | 51,521 | +33.9% |
1920 | 60,777 | +18.0% |
1930 | 68,202 | +12.2% |
1940 | 78,720 | +15.4% |
1950 | 129,009 | +63.9% |
1960 | 202,779 | +57.2% |
1970 | 190,026 | −6.3% |
1980 | 200,452 | +5.5% |
1990 | 196,278 | −2.1% |
2000 | 198,915 | +1.3% |
2010 | 195,111 | −1.9% |
2020 | 187,041 | −4.1% |
2022 (est.) | 183,289 | −2.0% |
U.S. Decennial Census[140][141][142] 2020 Census[8] 2022 Estimate[9] |
Historic Racial composition | 2010 | 1990 | 1970 | 1940 |
---|---|---|---|---|
White |
45.0% | 59.6% | 64.3% | 63.0% |
—Non-Hispanic | 43.9% | 58.9% | 63.5%[143] | n/a |
Black or African American |
50.6% | 38.9% | 35.4% | 36.9% |
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 2.4% | 1.0% | 0.9%[143] | n/a |
Asian |
1.8% | 1.0% | 0.1% | – |
2020 census
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000[144] | Pop 2010[145] | Pop 2020[146] | % 2000 | % 2010 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH)
|
98,965 | 85,613 | 75,043 | 49.75% | 43.88% | 40.12% |
Black or African American alone (NH)
|
91,660 | 98,202 | 95,505 | 46.08% | 50.33% | 51.06% |
Alaska Native alone (NH)
|
463 | 572 | 513 | 0.23% | 0.29% | 0.27% |
Asian alone (NH) | 3,011 | 3,409 | 3,369 | 1.51% | 1.75% | 1.80% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 41 | 57 | 106 | 0.02% | 0.03% | 0.06% |
Some Other Race alone (NH) | 193 | 219 | 622 | 0.10% | 0.11% | 0.33% |
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 1,754 | 2,439 | 5,849 | 0.88% | 1.25% | 3.13% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 2,828 | 4,600 | 6,034 | 1.42% | 2.36% | 3.23% |
Total | 198,915 | 195,111 | 187,041 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the 2020 census, there were 187,041 people, 77,772 households, and 45,953 families residing in the city.[147] The population density was 1,341.0 inhabitants per square mile (517.8/km2). There were 89,215 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 40.12% White, 51.06% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 1.80% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, and 3.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.23% of the population.
2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 195,111 people, 78,959 households, and 48,689 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,402.6 inhabitants per square mile (541.5/km2). There were 89,127 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 43.88% White, 50.33% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 1.75% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.36% of the population.
Out of which 21,073 had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28,073 were married couples living together, 17,037 had a female householder with no husband present, 3,579 had a male householder with no wife present, and 30,270 were non-families. 25,439 of all households were made up of individuals, and 8,477 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
The age distribution of the population in 2010 consisted of 6.7% under the age of five years, 75.9% over 18, and 13.7% over 65. The median age was 35.7 years. The male population was 47.0% and the female population was 53.0%. The median income for a household in the city was $37,056 for 2006 to 2010. The per capita income for the city was $22,401.
Government
Since 1985 the government of Mobile has consisted of a mayor and a seven-member
This form of city government was chosen by the voters after the previous form of government, which had three city commissioners, each elected at-large, was ruled in 1975 to substantially dilute the minority vote and violate the
The first mayor elected under the new system of
Sam Jones was elected in 2005 as the first African-American mayor of Mobile. He was re-elected for a second term in 2009 without opposition.[151] His administration continued the focus on downtown redevelopment and bringing industries to the city. He ran for a third term in 2013 but was defeated by Sandy Stimpson. Stimpson took office on November 4, 2013, and was re-elected on August 22, 2017.[152]
As of January 2022, the seven-member city council is made up of Cory Penn from District 1, William Carroll from District 2, C.J. Small from District 3, Ben Reynolds from District 4, Joel Daves from District 5, Scott Jones from District 6, and Gina Gregory from District 7.[153]
Education
Public facilities
Public schools in Mobile are operated by the Mobile County Public School System. The Mobile County Public School System has an enrollment of approximately 55,200 students at 88 schools, employs approximately 7,026 public school employees,[154] and had a budget in 2020-2021 of $623 million.[155] The State of Alabama operates the Alabama School of Mathematics and Science on Dauphin Street in Mobile, which boards advanced Alabama high school students. It was founded in 1989 to identify, challenge, and educate future leaders.[156]
Private facilities
Mobile also has a large number of private schools, most of them
Notable private Protestant institutions include St. Paul's Episcopal School (1947), Mobile Christian School (1961), St. Lukes Episcopal School (1961), Cottage Hill Baptist School System (1961), Faith Academy (1967), and Trinity Lutheran School (1955).[157]
Tertiary
Primary and secondary
Major colleges and universities in Mobile that are accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools include the University of South Alabama, Spring Hill College, the University of Mobile, Faulkner University, and Bishop State Community College.
Undergraduate and postgraduate
The University of South Alabama is a public, doctoral-level university established in 1963. The university is composed of the College of Arts and Sciences, the Mitchell College of Business, the College of Education, the College of Engineering, the College of Medicine, the Doctor of Pharmacy Program, the College of Nursing, the School of Computing, and the School of Continuing Education and Special Programs.[159]
Faulkner University is a four-year private Church of Christ-affiliated university based in Montgomery, Alabama. The Mobile campus was established in 1975 and offers bachelor's degrees in Business Administration, Management of Human Resources, and Criminal Justice.[160] It also offers associate degrees in Business Administration, Business Information Systems, Computer & Information Science, Criminal Justice, Informatics, Legal Studies, Arts, and Science.[161]
The University of Mobile is a four-year private Baptist-affiliated university in the neighboring city of Prichard that was founded in 1961. It consists of the College of Arts and Sciences, School of Business, School of Christian Studies, School of Education, the School of Leadership Development, and the School of Nursing.[165]
Community college
Bishop State Community College, founded in 1927, is a public, historically African American, community college. Bishop State has four campuses in Mobile and offers a wide array of associate degrees.[166]
Vocational
Several post-secondary vocational institutions have a campus in Mobile. These include the Alabama Institute of Real Estate, American Academy of Hypnosis, Bealle School of Real Estate, Charles Academy of Beauty Culture, Fortis College, Virginia College, ITT Technical Institute, Remington College and White and Sons Barber College.[167]
Notable people
- Jerry Carl, U.S. Representative[168]
- Tim Cook (born 1960), CEO of Apple Inc.
- Rick Crawford (born 1958), racing driver and convicted sex offender
- Anne Haney Cross (born 1956) neurologist, section head of neuroimmunology at Washington University School of Medicine[169]
- George Washington Dennis (c. 1825–1916), former slave, turned entrepreneur and real estate developer in San Francisco, California; advocate for Black rights[170][171][172]
- Sidney W. Fox (1912–1998), biochemist known for studies of the origins of life.
- Cale Gale (born 1985), racing driver
- Charles Keller (1868–1949), former U.S. Army Brigadier General and the oldest Army officer to serve on active duty during World War II. Was Officer in Charge of Sea Coast Defenses for river & harbor improvements from 1913 to 1916.[173][174]
- Anne Bozeman Lyon (1860–1936), writer
- Thomas Praytor (born 1990), racing driver
- Gene Tapia (1925–2005), racing driver
- Bubba Wallace (born 1993), racing driver
- Woodie Wilson (1925–1994), racing driver
- Flo Milli (born 2000), rapper
Healthcare
Mobile serves the central Gulf Coast as a regional center for medicine, with over 850 physicians and 175 dentists. There are four major medical centers within the city limits.
Mobile Infirmary Medical Center has 704 beds and is the largest nonprofit hospital in the state. It was founded in 1910.
Additionally, the University of South Alabama operates the University of South Alabama Children's and Women's Hospital with 219 beds, dedicated exclusively to the care of women and minors.[178] In 2008, the University of South Alabama opened the USA Mitchell Cancer Center Institute. The center is home to the first academic cancer research center in the central Gulf Coast region.[179]
Mobile Infirmary Medical Center operated Infirmary West, formerly Knollwood Hospital, with 100 acute-care beds, but closed the facility at the end of October 2012 due to declining revenues.[180]
BayPointe Hospital and Children's Residential Services, with 94-beds, is the only psychiatric hospital in the city. It houses a residential unit for children, an acute unit for children and adolescents, and an age-segregated involuntary hospital unit for adults undergoing evaluation ordered by the Mobile Probate Court.[181]
The city has a broad array of outpatient surgical centers, emergency clinics, home health care services, assisted-living facilities and skilled nursing facilities.[178][182]
Economy
Aerospace, steel, ship building, retail, services, construction, medicine, and manufacturing are Mobile's major industries. After having economic decline for several decades, Mobile's economy began to rebound in the late 1980s. Between 1993 and 2003 roughly 13,983 new jobs were created as 87 new companies were founded and 399 existing companies were expanded.[183]
Defunct companies that had been founded or based in Mobile included
In addition to those discussed below, AlwaysHD,
Major industry
Port of Mobile
Mobile's Alabama State Docks underwent the largest expansion in its history in the early 21st century. It expanded its container processing and storage facility and increased container storage at the docks by over 1,000% at a cost of over $300 million, a project completed in 2005.[193] Despite the expansion of its container capabilities and the addition of two massive new cranes, the port went from 9th largest to the 12th largest by tonnage in the nation from 2008 to 2010.[15][194]
Shipyards
Shipbuilding began to make a major comeback in Mobile in 1999 with the founding of Austal USA.[195] A subsidiary of the Australian company Austal, it expanded its production facility for United States defense and commercial aluminum shipbuilding on Blakeley Island in 2005.[196] Austal announced in October 2012, after winning a new defense contract and completing another 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m2) building within their complex on the island, that it would expand its workforce from 3,000 to 4,500 employees.[197]
Atlantic Marine operated a major shipyard at the former Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company site on Pinto Island. It was acquired by British defense conglomerate BAE Systems in May 2010 for $352 million. Doing business as BAE Systems Southeast Shipyards, the company continues to operate the site as a full-service shipyard, employing approximately 600 workers with plans to expand.[184][198][199]
Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley
The
Plans for an Airbus A320 family aircraft assembly plant in Mobile were formally announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from the Mobile Convention Center on July 2, 2012. The plans include a $600 million factory at the Brookley Aeroplex for the assembly of the A319, A320 and A321 aircraft. It was planned to employ up roughly 1,000 full-time workers when fully operational. Construction began with a groundbreaking ceremony on April 8, 2013, with it becoming operable by 2015 and producing up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017.[202][203] The assembly plant is the company's first factory to be built within the United States.[204] It was announced on February 1, 2013, that Airbus had hired Alabama-based Hoar Construction to oversee construction of the facility.[205] The factory officially opened on September 14, 2015, covering one million square feet on 53 acres of flat grassland.[206]
On October 16, 2017, Airbus announced a partnership with
ThyssenKrupp
German technology conglomerate ThyssenKrupp broke ground on a $4.65 billion combined stainless and carbon steel processing facility in Calvert, a few miles north of Mobile, in 2007. Original projections promised eventual employment for 2,700 people. The facility became operational in July 2010.[210][211]
The company put both its carbon mill in Calvert and a steel slab-making unit in Rio de Janeiro up for sale in May 2012, citing rising production costs and a worldwide decrease in demand.[212] ThyssenKrupp's stainless steel division, Inoxum, including the stainless portion of the Calvert plant, was sold to Finnish stainless steel company Outokumpu Oyi in 2012.[213]
Top employers
According to the City's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[214] the largest employers in the city are:
# | Employer | # of Employees | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mobile County Public School System | 7,200 | 3.85% |
2 | Infirmary Health Systems | 6,400 | 3.42% |
3 | University of South Alabama | 6,400 | 3.21% |
4 | Austal USA | 4,000 | 2.14% |
5 | City of Mobile | 2,000 | 1.07% |
6 | Airbus U.S. Manufacturing | 1,800 | 0.96% |
7 | AltaPointe | 1,700 | 0.91% |
8 | AM/NS Calvert | 1,600 | 0.85% |
9 | Springhill Medical Center | 1,600 | 0.85% |
10 | Mobile County | 1,600 | 0.85% |
— | Total | 33,900 | 18.11% |
Unemployment rate
The United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics unemployment rate (not seasonally adjusted).[215][216]
Mobile | Mobile County |
Mobile Metropolitan Statistical Area |
Alabama | United States | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
January 2023 | 3.6% | 3.3% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 3.4% |
December 2023 | 3.9% | 3.6% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 3.7% |
January 2024 | 5.0% | 4.5% | 4.5% | 2.9% | 3.7% |
February 2024 | — | — | — | — | 3.9% |
Transportation
Air
Local airline passengers are served by the
Cycling paths
In an effort to leverage Mobile's waterways for recreational use, as opposed to simply industrial use, The Three Mile Creek Greenway Trail is being designed and implemented under the instruction of the City Council. The linear park will ultimately span seven miles, from
Rail
Mobile is served by four
The city was served by Amtrak's Sunset Limited passenger train service until 2005, when the service was suspended due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina.[220][221] However, efforts to restart passenger rail service between Mobile and New Orleans were revived in 2019 by the 21-member Southern Rail Commission after receiving a $33 million Federal Railroad Administration grant in June of that year.[222] Louisiana quickly dedicated its $10 million toward the project, and Mississippi initially balked before committing its $15 million sum but Governor Kay Ivey resisted committing the estimated $2.7 million state allocation from Alabama because of concerns regarding long-term financial commitments and potential competition with freight traffic from the Port of Mobile.[223]
The Winter of 2019 was marked by repeated postponement of votes by the Mobile City Council as it requested more information on how rail traffic from the port would be impacted and where the Amtrak station would be built as community support for the project became more vocal, especially among millennials.[224] A day before a deadline in the federal grant matching program being used to fund the project, the city council committed about $3 million in a 6–1 vote.[225]
About $2.2 million is still needed for infrastructure improvements and the train station must still be built before service begins in 2023. Potential locations for the station include at the foot of Government Street in downtown and in the Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley, which is favored by the Port of Mobile.[226]
Transit
Roadways
Two major
Mobile's public transportation is the Wave Transit System which features buses with 18 fixed routes and neighborhood service.[229] Baylinc is a public transportation bus service provided by the Baldwin Rural Transit System in cooperation with the Wave Transit System that provides service between eastern Baldwin County and downtown Mobile. Baylinc operates Monday through Friday.[230] Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service between Mobile and many locations throughout the United States. Mobile is served by several taxi and limousine services.[231]
Water
The
The city was a home port for
Although Carnival Cruise Lines did not operate from Mobile after the Carnival Fantasy left in 2011, the
Media
Mobile's Press-Register is Alabama's oldest active newspaper, first published in 1813.[240] The paper focuses on Mobile and Baldwin counties and the city of Mobile, but also serves southwestern Alabama and southeastern Mississippi.[240] Mobile's alternative newspaper is the Lagniappe.[241] The Mobile area's local magazine is Mobile Bay Monthly.[242] The Mobile Beacon was an alternative focusing on Mobile's African-American communities that ran from 1943 to 2018.[243] Mod Mobilian is a website with a focus on cultured living in Mobile.[244]
Television
Mobile is served locally by a number of over-the-air television stations. These include
Radio
In total, 55 radio stations are located around the Mobile area and provide signals sufficiently strong to serve Mobile.[247] Fourteen
In fall of 2020,
Sports
Football
Mobile is the home of two
Mobile has been home to the Senior Bowl since 1951, featuring the best college seniors in NCAA football.[252] The game was historically played at Ladd–Peebles Stadium, until the game moved to the newly constructed Hancock Whitney Stadium starting with the 2021 game.
The 68 Ventures Bowl, originally known as the Mobile Alabama Bowl and later the GMAC Bowl, GoDaddy.com Bowl, Dollar General Bowl, and LendingTree Bowl, has been played at Hancock Whitney Stadium since 2021. The game was originally played at Ladd–Peebles Stadium from 1999 to 2020. It features opponents from the Sun Belt and Mid-American conferences.[253]
Since 1988, Ladd–Peebles Stadium has hosted the Alabama-Mississippi All-Star Classic. The top graduating high school seniors from their respective states compete each June.[254]
The University of South Alabama in Mobile established a football team in 2007, which went undefeated in its 2009 inaugural season. Their program moved to Division I/FBS in 2013 as a member of the Sun Belt Conference. The team currently plays at Hancock Whitney Stadium, after playing at Ladd-Peebles Stadium prior to the start of the 2020 Season.[255]
Baseball
Mobile's
Basketball
South Alabama basketball is a respected mid-major, regularly competing for the Sun Belt Conference championship. They play their home games at the Mitchell Center.
Other sports and facilities
The Archbishop Lipscomb Athletic Complex is home of AFC Mobile, which is a National Premier Soccer League team.[257]
The public Mobile Tennis Center includes over 50 courts, all lighted and hard-court.[258]
For golfers, Magnolia Grove, part of the
Mobile is home to the Azalea Trail Run, which races through historic midtown and downtown Mobile. This 10k run has been an annual event since 1978.[261] The Azalea Trail Run is one of the premier 10k road races in the United States, attracting runners from all over the world.[262]
Sister cities
Mobile's sister cities are:[263]
- Bolinao, Philippines (2005)[265]
- Cockburn, Australia (2005)
- Constanța, Romania
- Gaeta, Italy
- Havana, Cuba (1993)
- Heze, China
- Ichihara, Japan (1993)[266]
- iLembe, South Africa[267]
- Katowice, Poland (1990)[266]
- Košice, Slovakia (1992)[266]
- Pyeongtaek, South Korea
- Tianjin, China
- Veracruz, Mexico
- Worms, Germany (1974)[266]
See also
- List of people from Mobile, Alabama
- List of tallest buildings in Mobile, Alabama
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Mobile, Alabama
- USS Mobile, 6 ships
Notes
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
References
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- ^ "An Act to incorporate the City of Mobile. —Passed December 17, 1819." (Internet Archive). A Digest of the Laws of the State of Alabama: Containing The Statutes and Resolutions in Force at the end of the General Assembly in January 1823. Published by Ginn & Curtis, J. & J. Harper, Printers, New-York, 1828. Title 62. Chapter XVI. Pages 784–791.
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{{cite web}}
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Further reading
- Cox, Isaac Joslin. The West Florida controversy, 1798–1813: a study in American diplomacy (The Johns Hopkins Press, 1918) online
- Gould, Elizabeth Barrett. From Fort to Port: An Architectural History of Mobile, Alabama, 1711–1918 (University of Alabama Press, 1988)
- Kinser, Samuel, and Norman Magden. Carnival, American Style: Mardi Gras at New Orleans and Mobile (University of Chicago Press, 1990.)
- Kirkland, Scotty E. "Pink Sheets and Black Ballots: Politics and Civil Rights in Mobile, Alabama, 1945–1985." MA Thesis University of South Alabama
- Pride, Richard Alan. The Political Use of Racial Narratives: School Desegregation in Mobile, Alabama, 1954–97 (University of Illinois Press, 2002)
- Thomason, Michael, ed. Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city (University of Alabama Press, 2001)
External links
- City of Mobile website
- Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. .