Mobilome
The mobilome is the entire set of
Mobilome in eukaryotes
Transposable elements are elements that can move about or propagate within the genome, and are the major constituents of the eukaryotic mobilome.[4] Transposable elements can be regarded as genetic parasites because they exploit the host cell's transcription and translation mechanisms to extract and insert themselves in different parts of the genome, regardless of the phenotypic effect on the host.[6]
Eukaryotic transposable elements were first discovered in
Other examples of transposable elements include:
Mobilome in prokaryotes
Plasmids were discovered in the 1940s as genetic materials outside of bacterial chromosomes.[12] Prophages are genomes of bacteriophages (a type of virus) that are inserted into bacterial chromosomes; prophages can then be spread to other bacteria through the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle of viral replication.[13]
While transposable elements are also found in prokaryotic genomes,
Plasmids and prophages can move between genomes through bacterial conjugation, allowing horizontal gene transfer.[15] Plasmids often carry genes that are responsible for bacterial antibiotic resistance; as these plasmids replicate and pass from one genome to another, the whole bacterial population can quickly adapt to the antibiotic.[16][17] Prophages can loop out of bacterial chromosomes to produce bacteriophages that go on to infect other bacteria with the prophages; this allows prophages to propagate quickly among the bacterial population, to the harm of the bacterial host.[13]
Mobilome in viruses
Discovered in 2008 in a strain of Acanthamoeba castellanii mimivirus,[18] virophages are an element of the virus mobilome.[5] Virophages are viruses that replicate only when host cells are co-infected with helper viruses.[19] Following co-infection, helper viruses exploit the host cell's transcription/translation machinery to produce their own machinery; virophages replicate through the machinery of either the host cell or the viruses.[19] The replication of virophages can negatively impact the replication of helper viruses.[18][20]
Sputnik[18][21] and mavirus[22] are examples of virophages.
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