New Democrats (United States)
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New Democrats |
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New Democrats, also known as centrist Democrats, Clinton Democrats, or moderate Democrats, are a
However, with the rise of progressivism with presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in 2016 and 2020, higher support for protectionism in the United States,[2] and a general leftward shift of the Democratic Party since the 2010s, this faction of the party has lost popularity to the progressive wing of the party.[3][4][5][6]
History
Origins
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Modern liberalism in the United States |
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After the
The landslide
Although the New Democrat label was briefly used by a
First wave
After 1974, the Yellow Dog, Atari, and Watergate Baby factions within the Democratic Party found a common thread in "liberal" iterations of "illusory" supply-side progressivism, advancing their mutual conceptions of "centrism" and post-industrial society. Democratic voter "tax revolts" that began in the Carter administration, and continued into the first Reagan administration, unraveled this common thread. Clinton and additional partisans subsequently organized the Democratic Leadership Council in 1985 and, four years later, the Progressive Policy Institute.[17] The DLC and PPI promoted post-1985 configurations in fiscal and monetary "leadership" for a revival of the front.[18] Elements of DLC convocations and PPI research later (re)introduced Joseph Schumpeter's innovation economics, and creative destruction as revolution, to Democratic Party platforms on political economy. Their efforts also produced electoral recoveries and even gains, especially during the 1992 elections.[17] The PPI persisted into the present day, recently sponsoring "young pragmatists" at the rechristened Center for New Liberalism[19] (formerly known as the Neoliberal Project) to "modernize progressive politics."[20]
Historian Michael Kazin argues that the shift marked a divergence from Keynesian public spending, which aimed to stimulate a consumer market rally in a given economic sector, particularly by "laboring" individuals and families. These were fiscal and monetary goals of the latter half of the Second New Deal, as well as early Cold War liberalism. For this thesis, Clinton's "the era of big government is over" partially signified a reduction in government standards for determining levels of consumer resurgence, and the limits of public spending, in an economic sector. Kazin favored an updated version of these platforms for the Progressive Caucus and Bernie Sanders, albeit with a more diversified consumer base, in his "moral capitalism."[21] This Kazin concept was connected to, yet distinct from, Ethical consumerism in the moral economy of capitalism.
Second wave
Presidency of Bill Clinton
Clinton presented himself as a
Legislation signed into domestic law with bipartisan support under President Clinton includes:
- The USMCA and proposed IPEF.
- The openly gay people serving in the Armed Forces (repealed in 2010).
- The Defense of Marriage Act that prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages. (It was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2015 and repealed in 2022, the latter with support from 24% of the Congressional GOP).
- The Religious Freedom Restoration Act federal religious discrimination statute.
- The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, sometimes referred to as the 1994 Omnibus Crime Bill.[24]
New Democrats dialectically adopted GOP proposals and platforms during the campaigns for the 1992 Congressional/state elections and 1992 United States presidential election. Below are subsequent Congressional legislative authorships and voting percentages. Please note that both the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act and 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act became law three months before the 1996 Congressional/state elections and 1996 United States presidential election.
Legislative Authorship
- 1996 Defense of Marriage Act: Bob Barr (R-GA) (GOP introduction)
- 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act: John Kasich (R-OH) with Ideas/Provisions from Clinton's 1994 proposal
- 1997 Taxpayer Relief Act: John Kasich (R-OH) with Ideas/Provisions from New Democrats
- 1999 (R-VA) with Ideas/Provisions from New Democrats
Congressional Democrat Voting Percentages
- 1996 Defense of Marriage Act: 64% Dem Representatives support & 72% Dem Senators support
- 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act: 50% Dem Representatives support & 53% Dem Senators support
- 1997 Taxpayer Relief Act: 80% Dem Representatives support & 82% Dem Senators support
- 1999 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act: 75% Dem Representatives support & 84% Dem Senators support
The
Bill Clinton's promise of welfare reform was passed in the form of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996. Prior to 2018, critics such as Yascha Mounk contended that Clinton's arguments for the virtues of "negative" notions of "personal responsibility [New Orleans Declaration: 'individual responsibility']," propounded within DLC circles during the 1980s, stemmed more from Ronald Reagan's[2]: 116 and Peggy Noonan's specific conception of "accountability" than any "positive notion of responsibility" or even multifarious approaches to "accountability." Additional critics distinguish the New Democrat idea of "personal responsibility" from arguments over the extent of limitations on government, if any, in platforms that advance social responsibility. The 1996 United States presidential election, the temporary relegation of Hillary Clinton to the global promotion of microcredit (argued by Claremont McKenna College historian Lily Geismer),[27] partisan compromises over this act, conflicts within the Democratic Party, as well as the act's multivalent consequences, all contributed to deliberations over passage and execution of the PRWORA.[28]
Democratic partisan criticism of the first Clinton Administration as well as the formation of the Blue Dog Coalition, particularly in response to proposals and actions by the First Lady, followed 1994 Congressional New Democrat losses in the southeast and west coast.[29] Bill Clinton's reassertion as a New Democrat during the 1996 presidential elections, and passage of the PRWORA, contributed to the founding of the New Democrat Coalition, reaffirming Clintonian Democrats as New Democrats.[18] As of August 2023, 23% of the New Democrat Coalition have become simultaneous members of, or declared an intention to vote for more proposals by, the Congressional Progressive Caucus. A number of these delegates, most notably Shri Thanedar, faced backlash from pundits and constituents alike, as evidence surfaced of alleged involvement in post-2016 attempts to rally neoconservatism.[30]
Presidency of Barack Obama
In March 2009, Barack Obama, said in a meeting with the New Democrat Coalition that he was a "New Democrat" and a "pro-growth Democrat", that he "supports free and fair trade" and that he was "very concerned about a return to protectionism".[31]
Throughout the Obama administration, a "free and fair trade" attitude was espoused, including in a 2015 trade report entitled The Economic Benefits of U.S. Trade that noted that free trade "help[s] developing countries lift people out of poverty" and "expand[s] markets for U.S. exports".[32]
Throughout Obama's tenure, approximately 1,000 Democrats lost their seats across all levels of government.[33] Specifically, 958 state legislature seats, 62 house seats, 11 Senate seats, and 12 governorships,[34] with a majority of these elected officials identifying as New Democrats. Some analysts such as Henry Eten at FiveThirtyEight, believe this was due to the changing demographic shift, as more Democrats identified as liberal in 2016 than moderate.[35]
Consequently, many pundits believed that Obama's tenure marked an end of the New Democrats' dominance in the party, although the faction still remains an important part of the party's big tent.[3][4][6][5]
Decline in recent years
Hillary Clinton presidential campaign
Ahead of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries, many New Democrats were backing the presidential campaign of Hillary Clinton, the wife of former New Democrat president, Bill Clinton who served as a Senator from New York during the 2000s and as Barack Obama's Secretary of State during the early 2010s. Originally considered to be an expected nominee, Clinton faced an unexpected challenge from Vermont Senator, Bernie Sanders, whose campaign garnered the support of progressive and younger Democrats. Ultimately, Clinton won 34 of the 57[a] contests, compared to Sanders' 23, and garnered about 55 percent of the vote. Nevertheless, commentators saw the primary as a decline in the strength of New Democrats in the party, and an increasing influence of progressive Democrats within the party.
Ahead of the formal announcement of the 2016 Democratic National Convention, WikiLeaks published the Democratic National Committee email leak, in which DNC operatives, many of whom were New Democrats, seemed to deride Bernie Sanders' campaign[36] and discuss ways to advance Clinton's nomination,[37] leading to the resignation of DNC chair, and New Democrat member, Debbie Wasserman Schultz and other implicated officials. The leak was allegedly part of an operation by the Russian government to undermine Hillary Clinton.[38][39]
Although the ensuing controversy initially focused on emails that dated from relatively late in the primary, when Clinton was nearing the party's nomination,[37] the emails cast doubt on the DNC's neutrality towards progressive and moderate candidates.[40][41][42][43][44] This was evidenced by alleged bias in the scheduling and conduct of the debates,[b] as well as controversial DNC–Clinton agreements regarding financial arrangements and control over policy and hiring decisions.[c] Other media commentators have disputed the significance of the emails, arguing that the DNC's internal preference for Clinton was not historically unusual and didn't affect the primary enough to sway the outcome.[52][53][54][55] The controversies ultimately led to the formation of a DNC "unity" commission to recommend reforms in the party's primary process.[56][57]
Presidency of Joe Biden
The winner of the 2020 United States presidential election, was Joe Biden, who served as Vice President to Barack Obama. Joe Biden is the 46th president of the United States. In the 2020 United States House of Representatives elections, 13 Democrats lost their seats. All thirteen Democrats that lost their seats had won in the 2018 mid-term elections. Of those 13 members, 10 of them were New Democrats.
During the 117th United States Congress, the New Democrat Coalition lost its status as the largest ideological coalition in favor of the more left leaning Congressional Progressive Caucus. The CPC was founded in 1991, but only began catching up and eventually surpassed the New Democrat Coalition in the 2010s.[58][6]
As of December 2023, Biden has largely maintained
Ideology
According to
Columnist
New Democrats have faced criticism from those further to
Elected to public office
Presidents
- Bill Clinton[65] (former)
- Barack Obama[66] (former)
- Joe Biden[67][68]
Vice presidents
Senate
- Chuck Schumer
- Evan Bayh[70] (former)
- Mark Begich[71] (former)
- Jacky Rosen
- Jeanne Shaheen
- Maria Cantwell[72]
- Tom Carper[72]
- Bob Casey Jr.[73]
- Max Cleland[74] (former)
- Hillary Clinton[72] (former)
- Kent Conrad[75] (former)
- Chris Coons[76]
- Joe Donnelly[77] (former)
- Byron Dorgan[78] (former)
- Al Gore[10] (former)
- Maggie Hassan[79]
- Heidi Heitkamp[80] (former)
- John Hickenlooper[81]
- Tim Johnson[82] (former)
- Doug Jones[83] (former)
- John Edwards (former)
- Ted Kaufman[84] (former)
- Amy Klobuchar[72]
- Mary Landrieu[85] (former)
- Claire McCaskill[86] (former)
- Bill Nelson[87][72] (former)
- Barack Obama[66] (former)
- Mark Pryor[88] (former)
- Ken Salazar[89] (former)
- Debbie Stabenow[72]
- Jon Tester[90]
- Mark Warner[36]
- Michael Bennet
- Mark Kelly
- Bob Menendez
- Martin Heinrich
- Tim Kaine
- Patty Murray
- Catherine Cortez Masto
- Ben Ray Luján
- Chris Van Hollen
- Richard Blumenthal
House of Representatives
- Pete Aguilar[91]
- Colin Allred[92]
- Jason Altmire[93]
- Brad Ashford[91] (former)
- Cindy Axne[92]
- Ami Bera[91]
- Don Beyer[91]
- Lisa Blunt Rochester[92]
- Brendan Boyle[92]
- Anthony Brindisi[92] (former)
- Anthony Brown[92]
- Shontel Brown[94]
- Julia Brownley[92]
- Cheri Bustos[92]
- Lois Capps[91] (former)
- Salud Carbajal[92]
- Tony Cardenas[91]
- André Carson[91]
- Troy Carter[95]
- Sean Casten[92]
- Joaquin Castro[91]
- Gerry Connolly[91]
- Jim Cooper[91]
- Lou Correa[92]
- Jim Costa[92]
- Joe Courtney[91]
- Angie Craig[92]
- Charlie Crist[92]
- Jason Crow[92]
- Joe Crowley[96]
- Henry Cuellar[92]
- Sharice Davids[92]
- Susan Davis[91](former)
- Madeleine Dean[92]
- John Delaney[91] (former)
- Suzan DelBene[91]
- Val Demings[92]
- Eliot L. Engel[91](former)
- Veronica Escobar[92]
- Elizabeth Esty[91] (former)
- Lizzie Fletcher[91]
- Bill Foster[91]
- Vicente Gonzalez[91]
- Josh Gottheimer[92]
- Gwen Graham[91] (former)
- Josh Harder[92]
- Denny Heck[91] (former)
- Jim Himes[91]
- Steven Horsford[92]
- Chrissy Houlahan[92]
- Sara Jacobs[92]
- Bill Keating[92]
- Derek Kilmer[91]
- Ron Kind[91]
- Ann Kirkpatrick[91]
- Raja Krishnamoorthi[92]
- Ann McLane Kuster[91]
- Rick Larsen[91]
- Brenda Lawrence[92]
- Al Lawson[92]
- Susie Lee[92]
- Elaine Luria[92]
- Tom Malinowski[92]
- Sean Patrick Maloney[91] (former)
- Kathy Manning[92]
- Lucy McBath[92]
- Gregory Meeks[91]
- Joe Morelle[92]
- Seth Moulton[91]
- Patrick Murphy[91]
- Donald Norcross[92]
- Beto O'Rourke[91] (former)
- Jimmy Panetta[92]
- Chris Pappas[92]
- Scott Peters[91][92]
- Ed Perlmutter[91]
- Dean Phillips[92]
- Pedro Pierluisi[91] (former)
- Kathleen Rice[91]
- Laura Richardson[97]
- Cedric Richmond[91] (former)
- Deborah K. Ross[92]
- Raul Ruiz[92]
- Loretta Sanchez[91] (former)
- Adam Schiff[91]
- Brad Schneider[92]
- Kurt Schrader[91]
- David Scott[91]
- Kim Schrier[92]
- Debbie Wasserman Schultz[91]
- Terri Sewell[91]
- Mikie Sherrill[92]
- Elissa Slotkin[92]
- Adam Smith[91]
- Darren Soto[92]
- Greg Stanton[92]
- Haley Stevens[92]
- Marilyn Strickland[92]
- Norma Torres[91]
- Lori Trahan[92]
- David Trone[92]
- Juan Vargas[91]
- Marc Veasey[92]
- Filemon Vela Jr.[91] (former)
- Jennifer Wexton[92]
- Susan Wild[92]
- Nikema Williams[94]
Governors
Incumbent governors
Former governors
- Evan Bayh[70] (former)
- Mike Beebe[103] (former)
- Phil Bredesen[104] (former)
- Steve Bullock[105] (former)
- Tom Carper[106] (former)
- Jim Doyle[107] (former)
- Mike Easley[108] (former)
- Dave Freudenthal[109] (former)
- Christine Gregoire[110] (former)
- Maggie Hassan[79] (former)
- Brad Henry[111] (former)
- John Hickenlooper[81] (former)
- Ted Kulongoski[112] (former)
- Ronnie Musgrove[113] (former)
- Janet Napolitano[114] (former)
- Gina Raimondo[115] (former)
- Brian Schweitzer[116] (former)
- Kathleen Sebelius[117] (former)
- Earl Ray Tomblin[118] (former)
- Mark Warner[36] (former)
See also
- Blue Grit
- Labor Right
- New Labour
- New Democrat Coalition
- Problem Solvers Caucus
- Radical centrism
- Rockefeller Republican
Explanatory notes
- ^ Although there are 50 states, the Democratic primaries include contests in six U.S. territories, and one contest of Democrats Abroad, who are American expatriates.
- ^ As far back as 2015, the sharp reduction of the debate schedule, as well as the days and times, had been criticized by multiple rivals as biased in Clinton's favor.[45] The DNC denied bias, claiming to be cracking down on the non-sanctioned debates that proliferated in recent cycles, while leaving the number of officially sanctioned debates the same as in 2004 and 2008.[46][47] Donna Brazile, who succeeded Debbie Wasserman Schultz as DNC chair after the first batch of leaks,[48] was shown in the emails leaking primary debate questions to the Clinton campaign before the debates were held, although a senior aide to Sanders came to Brazile's defense and tried to downplay the issue.[49]
- ^ Brazile went on to write a book about the primary and what she called "unethical" behavior in which the DNC (after its debt from 2012 was resolved by the Clinton campaign) gave the Clinton campaign control over hirings and press releases, and allegedly helped it circumvent campaign finance regulation.[50] Several Democratic leaders responded that the joint-fundraising agreement was standard, was for the purpose of the general election, and was also offered to the Sanders campaign. Another agreement that came to light gave the Clinton campaign powers over the DNC well before the primary was decided. Some media commentators noted that the Clinton campaign's level of influence on staffing decisions was indeed unusual and could have ultimately influenced factors such as the debate schedule.[51][52]
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Based on an analysis of the 1,042 bills that the governor signed or vetoed this year, Gavin Newsom is more moderate than any other Democratic state senator and sits to the left of only two Democrats in the Assembly.
- ^ "Polis Makes Another Bit of History With Governor Win - RollCall". November 7, 2018.
- ^ "Most Rookie Governors Are Off to a Good Start". www.governing.com. October 6, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "Facing a pro-Trump candidate in a red state, Tennessee's Bredesen thinks he knows how to win". NBC News. November 5, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ Dan, Merica (December 2, 2019). "Steve Bullock ends presidential campaign, will not run for Senate". CNN. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ Raju, Manu (November 13, 2014). "How Harry Reid kept his job". POLITICO. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "Jim Doyle on the Issues". www.ontheissues.org. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "Dave Freudenthal on the Issues". www.ontheissues.org. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "Christine Gregoire on the Issues". ontheissues.org. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "Brad Henry on the Issues". www.ontheissues.org. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "John Kitzhaber on the Issues". www.ontheissues.org. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "Ronnie Musgrove on the Issues". www.ontheissues.org. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "Brian Schweitzer on the Issues". www.ontheissues.org. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ Kilgore, Ed (September 4, 2018). "Former GOP Governor of Kansas Endorses Kobach's Democratic Opponent". Intelligencer. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
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Further reading
- Cebul, Brent (July 2019). "Supply-Side Liberalism: Fiscal Crisis, Post-Industrial Policy, and the Rise of the New Democrats". Modern American History. 2 (02). Cambridge University Press: 139–164. S2CID 199294170.
- Zengerle, Jason (June 29, 2022). "The Vanishing Moderate Democrat". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved July 15, 2022.