Modern Breakthrough
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The Modern Breakthrough (Norwegian: Det moderne gjennombrudd, Danish: Det moderne gennembrud, Swedish: Det moderna genombrottet) is the common name of the strong movement of naturalism and debating literature of Scandinavia which replaced romanticism near the end of the 19th century.
The term "The Modern Breakthrough" is used about the period 1870-1890 in the history of literature in
Characteristics
The authors during the Modern Breakthrough revolted against traditional cultural themes, especially the literary period of
Course of events
The very beginning of The Modern is usually attributed to
A number of the other authors of the period had international contacts, and many of them lived abroad in shorter periods. In this way, there were small colonies of Scandinavian artists in cities such as Paris, Berlin and Rome, and some of the artists published literature directly in foreign languages. In any case, their works were translated much faster than previously, and the movement thus had its breakthrough.
In the 1890s, the movement was in part replaced by Symbolism, originating in many of the authors' interest in subjects of a religious or spiritual nature. But the realism in the Modern Breakthrough has influenced later authors such as Selma Lagerlöf, Johannes V. Jensen and Martin Andersen Nexø in the following years (1900–1920), which some call the popular breakthrough (Danish: "Det Folkelige Gennembrud"), because the authors in this period write about the lower rungs of society, e.g. Martin Andersen Nexø's Pelle the Conqueror, which was adapted into a film in 1987.
The cultural radical movement of 1920–1940 is often characterized as the continuation of the Modern Breakthrough, or the Modern Breakthrough as the beginning of Cultural Radicalism.
Authors
Among famous authors in the Modern Breakthrough are:
- Denmark:
- Georg Brandes
- J.P. Jacobsen(partly)
- Henrik Pontoppidan
- Karl Gjellerup
- Helga Johansen
- Holger Drachmann
- Herman Bang
- Sophus Schandorph
- Johan Skjoldborg
- Norway:
- Sweden:
- August Strindberg (partly)
- Ellen Key
- Viktor Rydberg (partly)
- Victoria Benedictsson
- Mathilda Malling
See also
Literature
- Brandes, Georg (1906). Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, Volume I: The Emigrant Literature. London: William Heinemann.
- Brandes, Georg (1902). Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, Volume II: The Romantic School in Germany. New York: The Macmillan Company.
- Brandes, Georg (1906). Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, Volume III: The Reaction in France. London: William Heinemann.
- Brandes, Georg (1905). Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, Volume IV: Naturalism in England. London: William Heinemann.
- Brandes, Georg (1904). Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, Volume V: The Romantic School in France. London: William Heinemann.
- Brandes, Georg (1906). Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, Volume VI: Young Germany. London: William Heinemann.
- Sørensen, Jørgen, ed. (1974). Fronter 1870-1890 - en tekstmontage. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. ISBN 87-00-41601-0.
- Stangerup, Hakon (1946). Kulturkampen 1-2. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
- Hertel, Hans (2004). Det stadig moderne gennembrud : Georg Brandes og hans tid, set fra det 21. århundrede. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. ISBN 87-03-00576-3.