Narendra Modi

Edit links
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Page extended-protected
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Modi
)
"Modi" redirects here. For other uses, see Modi (disambiguation).

Narendra Modi
Official portrait, 2022
14th Prime Minister of India
Assumed office
26 May 2014
President
Vice President
Preceded byManmohan Singh
Additional ministries
Assumed office
26 May 2014
Ministry and Departments
Preceded byManmohan Singh
Rajkot II
General Secretary (Organisation) of the Bharatiya Janata Party
In office
5 January 1998[1] – 7 October 2001
Preceded byKushabhau Thakre
Succeeded bySanjay Joshi
Personal details
Born
Narendrabhai Damodardas Modi

(1950-09-17) 17 September 1950 (age 73)
Vadnagar, Bombay State, India (present-day Gujarat)
Political partyBharatiya Janata Party
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1968; sep. 1971)​
[2]
Residence(s)7, Lok Kalyan Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India[a]
Alma mater
AwardsList of state honours
Signature
Website
Narendra Modi's voice
Narendra Modi on the COVID-19 pandemic
Recorded 19 March 2020
This article is part of
a series about
Narendra Modi
Incumbent

Premiership

Budgets

National policy


  • Transport - Aviation:

Campaigns

Missions

Establishments and foundations

Events and observances

Military and rescue operations

Treaties and accords

Foreign policy


Establishments and foundations

Events and observances

Military and rescue operations

Treaties and accords

Controversies

Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video

Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati:

right wing Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation. He is the longest-serving prime minister from outside the Indian National Congress
.

Modi was born and raised in Vadnagar in northeastern Gujarat, where he completed his secondary education. He was introduced to the RSS at the age of eight. His account of helping his father sell tea at the Vadnagar railway station has not been reliably corroborated. At age 18, he was married to Jashodaben Modi, whom he abandoned soon after, only publicly acknowledging her four decades later when legally required to do so. Modi became a full-time worker for the RSS in Gujarat in 1971. The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985 and he held several positions within the party hierarchy until 2001, rising to the rank of general secretary.[c]

In 2001, Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat and elected to the legislative assembly soon after. His administration is considered complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots,[d] and has been criticised for its management of the crisis. A little over 1,000 people were killed, according to official records, three-quarters of whom were Muslim; independent sources estimated 2,000 deaths, mostly Muslim.[11] A Special Investigation Team appointed by the Supreme Court of India in 2012 found no evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings against him.[e] While his policies as chief minister, which were credited for encouraging economic growth, were praised, Modi's administration was criticised for failing to significantly improve health, poverty and education indices in the state.[f] In the 2014 Indian general election, Modi led the BJP to a parliamentary majority, the first for a party since 1984. His administration increased direct foreign investment, and it reduced spending on healthcare, education, and social-welfare programmes. Modi began a high-profile sanitation campaign, controversially initiated the 2016 demonetisation of high-denomination banknotes and introduced the Goods and Services Tax, and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws.

Modi's administration launched the 2019 Balakot airstrike against an alleged terrorist training camp in Pakistan. The airstrike failed,[14][15] and the deaths of six Indian personnel to friendly fire was later revealed: but the action had nationalist appeal.[16] Modi's party won the 2019 general election which followed.[17] In its second term, his administration revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, an Indian-administered portion of the disputed Kashmir region,[18][19] and introduced the Citizenship Amendment Act, prompting widespread protests, and spurring the 2020 Delhi riots in which Muslims were brutalised and killed by Hindu mobs,[20][21][22] sometimes with the complicity of police forces controlled by the Modi administration.[23][24] Three controversial farm laws led to sit-ins by farmers across the country, eventually causing their formal repeal. Modi oversaw India's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, during which 4.7 million out of nearly 1.5 billion Indians died, according to the World Health Organization's estimates.[25][26]

Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced

freedom of expression.[27][28][g] As prime minister, he has received consistently high approval ratings.[34][35][36] Modi has been described as engineering a political realignment towards right-wing politics. He remains a controversial figure domestically and internationally, over his Hindu nationalist beliefs and handling of the Gujarat riots, which have been cited as evidence of a majoritarian and exclusionary social agenda.[h]

Early life and education

Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a

Hindu family of oil presser (Modh-Ghanchi) which is an Other Backward Class (OBC) category[43][44] in Vadnagar, Mehsana district, Bombay State (present-day Gujarat). He was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi (c. 1915–1989) and Hiraben Modi (1923–2022).[45][b][46]

Modi had infrequently worked as a child in his father's tea business on the Vadnagar railway station platform, according to Modi and his neighbors.[47][48][49] During a protest against the government, his brother, Prahlad Modi, contradicted that he ever sold tea. According to him, his father had brought up six of his children by selling tea and people were making a mistake by calling the Prime Minister a "chai wala" (tea seller).[50]

Modi completed his

higher secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967; his teachers described him as an average student and a keen, gifted debater with an interest in theatre.[51] He preferred playing larger-than-life characters in theatrical productions, which has influenced his political image.[52][53]

When Modi was eight years old, he was introduced to the

balswayamsevak (junior cadet) in the RSS and became his political mentor.[54] While Modi was training with the RSS, he also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who in 1980 helped found the BJP's Gujarat unit.[55] As a teenager, he was enrolled in the National Cadet Corps.[56]

In a custom traditional to Narendra Modi's caste, his family arranged a betrothal to

unconsummated and Modi kept it secret because he would not have been able to become a pracharak in the puritanical RSS.[61][62]

Modi spent the following two years travelling across northern and north-eastern India.[63] In interviews, he has described visiting Hindu ashrams founded by Swami Vivekananda: the Belur Math near Kolkata, the Advaita Ashrama in Almora and the Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot. His stays at each ashram were brief because he lacked the required college education.[64] Vivekananda has had a large influence in Modi's life.[65]

In mid 1968, Modi reached

Calcutta, West Bengal and Assam, stopping in Siliguri and Guwahati. He then went to the Ramakrishna Ashram in Almora, where he was again rejected, before returning to Gujarat via Delhi and Rajasthan in 1968 to 1969. In either late 1969 or early 1970, he returned to Vadnagar for a brief visit before leaving again for Ahmedabad,[66][67] where he lived with his uncle and worked in his uncle's canteen at Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation.[68]

In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was based at the Hedgewar Bhavan (RSS headquarters) in the city.

pracharak (campaigner) for the RSS,[77] working under Inamdar.[78] Shortly before the war, Modi took part in a non-violent protest in New Delhi against the Indian government, for which he was arrested; because of this arrest, Inamdar decided to mentor Modi.[78] According to Modi, he was part of a Satyagraha that led to a political war.[75][i]

In 1978, Modi received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in political science from the School of Open Learning[81] at the Delhi University.[61][82] In 1983, he received a Master of Arts (MA) degree in political science from Gujarat University, graduating with a first class[83][84] as an external distance learning student.[85] There is a controversy surrounding the authenticity of his BA and MA degrees.[86][87][j]

Early political career

In June 1975, Prime Minister

Sikh.[94] He became involved in the printing of pamphlets opposing the government, sending them to Delhi and organising demonstrations.[95][96] He was also involved with creating a network of safe houses for individuals who were wanted by the government, and in raising funds for political refugees and activists.[97] During this period, Modi wrote a Gujarati-language book titled Sangharsh Ma Gujarat (In the Struggles of Gujarat), which describes events during the Emergency.[98][99] While in this role, Modi met trade unionist and socialist activist George Fernandes and several other national political figures.[100]

Modi became an RSS sambhag pracharak (regional organiser) in 1978, overseeing activities in Surat and Vadodara, and in 1979, he went to work for the RSS in Delhi, where he researched and wrote the RSS's history of the Emergency. Shortly after, he returned to Gujarat and in 1985, the RSS assigned him to the BJP. In 1987, Modi helped organise the BJP's campaign in the Ahmedabad municipal election, which the party won comfortably; according to biographers, Modi's planning was responsible for the win.[101][102] After L. K. Advani became president of the BJP in 1986, the RSS decided to place its members in important positions within the party; Modi's work during the Ahmedabad election led to his selection for this role. Modi was elected organising secretary of the BJP's Gujarat unit later in 1987.[103]

Modi with Atal Bihari Vajpayee in c. 2001

Modi rose within the party and was named a member of its National Election Committee in 1990, helping organise Advani's Ram Rath Yatra in 1990 and Murli Manohar Joshi's 1991–1992 Ekta Yatra (Journey for Unity).[51][104][105] Modi took a brief break from politics in 1992 to establish a school in Ahmedabad, and due to friction with Shankersinh Vaghela, a BJP MP from Gujarat.[105] Modi returned to electoral politics in 1994, partly at the insistence of Advani; as party secretary, Modi's electoral strategy was considered central to the BJP victory in the 1995 state assembly election.[106][107] In November of that year, Modi was appointed BJP national secretary and transferred to New Delhi, where he assumed responsibility for party activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[108] The following year, Shankersinh Vaghela, a prominent BJP leader from Gujarat, defected to the Indian National Congress (Congress) after losing his parliamentary seat in the Lok Sabha election.[51] Modi, who was on the selection committee for the 1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, favoured supporters of BJP leader Keshubhai Patel over those supporting Vaghela to end factional division in the party. His strategy was credited as central to the BJP winning an overall majority in the 1998 election,[109] and Modi was promoted to BJP general secretary (organisation) in May of that year.[110]

Chief Minister of Gujarat (2001–2014)

Taking office

In 2001,

Rajkot II constituency, defeating Ashwin Mehta of the INC.[115]

2002 Gujarat riots

Main article: 2002 Gujarat riots

On 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers

anti-Muslim violence spread through Gujarat.[119][122][123] The government's decision to move the bodies of the train victims from Godhra to Ahmedabad further inflamed the violence.[119][124] The state government later stated 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed during the riots;[120] independent sources put the death toll at over 2,000,[119][118][125] the vast majority of them Muslims.[118] Approximately 150,000 people were driven to refugee camps.[126] Numerous women and children were among the victims; the violence included mass rapes and mutilation of women.[7][127]

Scholars consider the Government of Gujarat to have been complicit in the riots,[8][128] and it has received much criticism for its handling of the situation;[129] some scholars explicitly blame Modi.[7][130][131] The Modi government imposed a curfew in 26 major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders and called for the army to patrol the streets; these measures failed to prevent the violence from escalating.[122][123] The president of the state unit of the BJP expressed support for the bandh despite such actions being illegal at the time.[8] State officials later prevented riot victims from leaving the refugee camps, which were often unable to meet the needs of those living there.[132] Muslim victims of the riots were subjected to further discrimination when the state government announced their compensation would be half that offered to Hindu victims; this decision was later reversed after the issue was taken to court.[133] During the riots, police officers often did not intervene in situations where they were able.[7][121][134] Several scholars have described the violence as a pogrom and others have called it an example of state terrorism.[135][136][137] According to Martha Nussbaum, "There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and officers of the law".[7]

Modi's personal involvement in the 2002 events has continued to be debated. During the riots, he said, "What is happening is a chain of action and reaction".[7] Later in 2002, Modi said the way in which he had handled the media was his only regret regarding the episode.[138] In March 2008, the Supreme Court of India reopened several cases related to the riots, including that of the Gulbarg Society massacre, and established a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to look into the issue.[129][139][140] In response to a petition from Zakia Jafri, the widow of Ehsan Jafri, who was killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre, in April 2009, the court also asked the SIT to investigate Modi's complicity in the killings.[139] The SIT questioned Modi in March 2010; in May, it presented to the court a report finding no evidence against him.[139][141] In July 2011, the court-appointed amicus curiae Raju Ramachandran submitted his final report to the court. Contrary to the SIT's position, Ramachandran said Modi could be prosecuted based on the available evidence.[142][143] The Supreme Court sent the matter to the magistrate's court. The SIT examined Ramachandran's report, and in March 2012 submitted its final report, asking for the case to be closed. Zakia Jafri filed a protest petition in response. In December 2013, the magistrate's court rejected the protest petition, accepting the SIT's finding there was no evidence against Modi.[144] In 2022, the Supreme Court dismissed a petition by Zakia Jafri in which she challenged the clean chit given to Modi in the riots by the SIT, and upheld previous rulings that no evidence against him was found.[145][146][147]

Later terms as Chief Minister

Main article: 2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election

Following the violence, calls for Modi to resign as chief minister were made from politicians within and outside the state, including leaders of

anti-Muslim rhetoric during his campaign,[152][153][154][155] and the BJP profited from religious polarisation among voters.[150] Modi framed the criticism of his government for human rights violations as an attack upon Gujarati pride,[6][152] a strategy that led to the BJP winning 127 of the 182[151] seats—a two-thirds majority—in the state assembly.[6][152] He won Maninagar constituency, defeating Congress candidate Yatin Oza.[156] On 22 December 2002, Modi was sworn in for a second term.[157]

During Modi's second term, the government's rhetoric shifted from

test-tube babies.[160][161]

Modi's relationship with Muslims continued to attract criticism. Prime Minister

denied a US visa under this law.[164] The UK and the European Union (EU) refused to admit Modi because of what they saw as his role in the riots. As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK[166] and the EU[167] lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively, and after his election as prime minister in 2014, the US lifted its ban and invited him to Washington, D.C.[168][169]

Modi meeting with then-Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh in 2004

During the run-up to the 2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election and the 2009 Indian general election, the BJP intensified its rhetoric on terrorism.[170] Modi criticised Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislation" such as the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act.[171] In 2007, Modi wrote Karmayog, a 101-page booklet discussing manual scavenging. In it, he said scavenging is a "spiritual experience" for Valmiks, a sub-caste of Dalits.[172][173] The book was not circulated at that time because of the election code of conduct.[174] After the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, the Gujarat government authorised the deployment of 30 high-speed boats for coastal surveillance.[175] In July 2007, Modi completed 2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him the longest-serving holder of that post.[176] The BJP won 122 of 182 state-assembly seats in that year's election.[177]

Despite the BJP's shift away from explicit Hindutva, Modi's campaigns in 2007 and 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections contained elements of Hindu nationalism. He attended only Hindu religious ceremonies and had prominent associations with Hindu religious leaders. During his 2012 campaign, Modi twice refused to wear articles of clothing gifted by Muslim leaders.[152] He did, however, maintain relations with Dawoodi Bohra.[152] Modi's 2012 campaign included references to issues known to cause religious polarisation, including Afzal Guru and the death of Sohrabuddin Sheikh. The BJP did not nominate any Muslim candidates for the 2012 assembly election.[152] During the 2012 campaign, Modi attempted to identify himself with the state of Gujarat, a strategy similar to that used by Indira Gandhi during the Emergency, and projected himself as protecting Gujarat against persecution by the rest of India.[152] While campaigning for the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, Modi made extensive use of holograms and other technologies, allowing him to reach a large number of people,[150] something he repeated in the 2014 general election. Modi won the constituency of Maninagar, defeating Shweta Bhatt of the INC.[178] The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing its majority during his tenure.[179] After his election as Prime Minister of India, Modi resigned as the Gujarat chief minister and as MLA for Maninagar. Anandiben Patel succeeded Modi as chief minister.[180]

Development projects

The Sardar Sarovar Dam during a 2006 height increase

As chief minister, Modi favoured privatisation and

small government, which was at odds with the philosophy of the RSS, which is usually described as anti-privatisation and anti-globalisation. Modi's policies during his second term have been credited with reducing corruption in Gujarat. He established financial and technology parks in the state and during the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat summit, real-estate investment deals worth ₹6.6 trillion (equivalent to ₹20 trillion or US$250 billion in 2023) were signed.[111]

The governments led by Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in the creation of groundwater-conservation projects. By December 2008, 500,000 structures had been built, of which 113,738 were

Nano car after popular agitation had forced the company to move out of West Bengal. Following Tata, several other companies relocated to Gujarat.[185]

The Modi government finished the process of taking electricity to every village in Gujarat its predecessor had almost completed.[186] Modi significantly changed the state's system of power distribution, greatly impacting farmers. Gujarat expanded the Jyotigram Yojana scheme, in which agricultural electricity was separated from other rural electricity; the agricultural electricity was rationed to fit scheduled irrigation demands, reducing its cost. Early protests by farmers ended when those who benefitted found their electricity supply had stabilised[181] but, according to an assessment study, corporations and large farmers benefited from the policy at the expense of small farmers and labourers.[187]

Development debate

Modi speaking at flower-decked podium
Modi addressing graduates of the Gujarat National Law University in 2012

A contentious debate surrounds the assessment of Gujarat's economic development during Modi's tenure as chief minister.

Special Economic Zones in which labour laws were greatly weakened.[152]

Despite its growth rate, Gujarat had a relatively poor record on human development, poverty relief, nutrition and education during Modi's tenure. In 2013, Gujarat ranked 13th in India with respect to rates of poverty, and 21st in education. Nearly 45 percent of children under five were underweight and 23 percent were undernourished, putting the state in the "alarming" category on the

immunisation of children.[194]

From 2001 to 2011, Gujarat did not change its position relative to the rest of the country with respect to poverty and female literacy, remaining near the median of the 29 Indian states.[133] It showed a marginal improvement in rates of infant mortality and its position with respect to individual consumption declined.[133] The quality of education in government schools in Gujarat ranked below that of many Indian states.[133] The state government's social policies generally did not benefit Muslims, Dalits and Adivasis, and generally increased social inequalities.[133] Development in Gujarat was generally limited to the urban middle class, and citizens in rural areas and those from lower castes were increasingly marginalised. In 2013, the state ranked 10th of 21 Indian states in the Human Development Index.[10] Under Modi, the state government spent less than the national average on education and healthcare.[133]

Allegations of bribery

During its raids in 2013 and 2014, the

Sahara Group and Aditya Birla Group. These diaries contained references of alleged payments made to leaders belonging to as many as 18 political parties including BJP, Congress, JDU, BJD etc.[195][196] Among these were some entries mentioning "Gujarat CM" and "Ahmadabad Modiji".[197][198][196] Citing these entries, on 21 December 2016, the opposition leader Rahul Gandhi alleged that Modi received cash bribes worth ₹65 crore (US$8.1 million) from Sahara Group and Aditya Birla Group when he was the Chief Minister of Gujarat.[199][200] In November 2016, advocate Prashant Bhushan had filed a plea in the Supreme Court of India asking for investigation of the alleged bribe payments made to some senior public servants including Modi.[201][202] A Supreme Court bench headed by Justice Arun Kumar Mishra dismissed the plea in January 2017 stating that the evidence provided was insufficient.[203][204] Later on, Justice Mishra was criticised by a section of advocates and activists for siding with the Modi government in multiple judgements during his tenure at the Supreme Court.[205][206] The Wire questioned the manner in which the Supreme Court buried the Sahara-Birla diaries' investigation.[207]

Premiership campaigns

2014 Indian general election

Main article: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2014 Indian general election
Gujarat Vidhan Sabha
.
External videos
video icon BJP announces Shri Narendra Modi as its Prime Ministerial candidate for Loksabha Elections. Bharatiya Janata Party on YouTube, 13 September 2013

In September 2013, Modi was named the BJP's candidate for prime minister ahead of the

2014 Lok Sabha election.[208][209] Several BJP leaders,[210] including BJP founding member L. K. Advani who cited concern with leaders who were "concerned with their personal agendas", expressed opposition to Modi's candidature.[211] Modi played a dominant role in the BJP's 2009 general election campaign.[212][213] Several people who voted for the BJP stated they would have voted for another party if Modi had not been the prime-ministerial candidate.[208][214][215] The focus on Modi as an individual was unusual for a BJP election campaign.[210][216] The election was described as a referendum on Narendra Modi.[188]

Modi meets his mother after winning the 2014 Indian general election

During the campaign, Modi focused on corruption scandals under the previous Congress government, and played on his image as a politician who had created a high rate of GDP growth in Gujarat.[210] He projected himself as a person who could bring about "development" without focusing on specific policies.[210] His message found support among young and middle-class people. The BJP under Modi was able to downplay concerns about the protection of religious minorities and Modi's commitment to secularism, areas in which he had previously received criticism.[213] Prior to the election, Modi's media image had centred around his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots but during the campaign, the BJP focused on Modi's neoliberal ideology and the Gujarat model of development.[213] The BJP sought to identify itself with political leaders who publicly opposed Hindu nationalism, including B. R. Ambedkar, Subhas Chandra Bose and Ram Manohar Lohia.[161] Hindutva remained a part of the campaign; BJP leaders used Hindutva-based rhetoric in several states.[217][210][214][39] Communal tensions were played upon, especially in Uttar Pradesh and Northeast India.[217] A proposal for the controversial Uniform Civil Code was a part of the BJP's election manifesto.[39] The BJP's campaign was assisted by its wide influence in the media.[193] Modi's campaign blitz cost around ₹50 billion (US$630 million)[188] and the BJP received extensive financial support from corporate donors.[218] In addition to more-conventional campaign methods, Modi made extensive use of social media[188][210] and addressed more than 1,000 rallies via hologram appearances.[39]

The BJP won 31 percent of the vote,[38] and more-than-doubled its number of seats in the Lok Sabha to 282, becoming the first party to win a majority of seats on its own since 1984.[213][214] Voter dissatisfaction with the Congress and with regional parties in North India, and support from the RSS were reasons for the BJP's success.[214][210] In states such as Uttar Pradesh, where the BJP performed well, it drew exceptionally high support from upper-caste Hindus, and its Muslim vote increased to 10 percent. The BJP performed particularly well in parts of the country that had recently experienced violence between Hindus and Muslims.[214] The magnitude of the BJP's victory led many commentators to say the election constituted a political realignment away from progressive parties towards the right-wing.[39][188][214][219][220] Modi's tweet announcing his victory was described as being emblematic of the political realignment away from a secular, socialist state towards capitalism and Hindu cultural nationalism.[221]

Modi was a candidate for the Lok Sabha constituencies

Vadodara.[222] He won in both constituencies, defeating Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal in Varanasi by 371,784 votes and Madhusudan Mistry of the Congress in Vadodara by 570,128 votes.[223] India's president appointed Modi, who was unanimously elected leader of the BJP, Prime Minister of India.[224][225] To comply with the law prohibiting MPs from representing more than one constituency, he vacated the Vadodara seat.[226]

2019 Indian general election

Main article: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2019 Indian general election
External videos
video icon BJP announced manifesto and Shri Narendra Modi as prime minister candidate. Bharatiya Janata Party on YouTube, 8 April 2019.

On 13 October 2018, Modi was named the BJP candidate for prime minister in the 2019 general election.[227] The BJP's chief campaigner was its president Amit Shah. Modi launched the party's Main Bhi Chowkidar ("I too am a watchman") campaign ahead of the general election, against the INC's campaign slogan Chowkidar Chor Hai ("The watchman is a thief").[228] In 2018, the Telugu Desam Party split from the NDA over the campaign for special status for Andhra Pradesh.[229]

Rafale deal with the Government of France, highlighting the controversy surrounding the deal.[230] Modi's campaign focused on defence and national security, especially after the Pulwama attack and the retaliatory Balakot airstrike, which was counted as an achievement of his administration.[17][231] Other topics in the campaign were development and good foreign relations in the first premiership.[232]

Modi contested the Lok Sabha election as a candidate for

Varanasi; he won the seat by a margin of 479,505 votes, defeating Shalini Yadav of the Samajwadi Party (SP), who stood as a candidate for the SP-BSP alliance.[233][234] Modi was unanimously appointed prime minister for a second time by the National Democratic Alliance[235] after the alliance won the election for the second time with 353 seats in the Lok Sabha; the BJP alone won 303 seats.[236][237]

Prime Minister (2014–present)

Main article: Premiership of Narendra Modi
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the premiership of Narendra Modi.
Modi taking the oath of office as the Prime Minister of India, with President Pranab Mukherjee administering the oath
second time, with President Ram Nath Kovind
administering the oath

After the

sworn in as Prime Minister (PM) of India on 26 May 2014, becoming the first Indian PM to be born after the country's independence from the British Empire in 1947.[238] Modi's second term as PM began in 2019 following the NDA's 2019 Lok Sabha election win. On 6 December 2020, he became the fourth-longest-serving Prime Minister of India and the longest-serving non-Congress prime minister.[239]

Governance and other initiatives

Modi's first year as PM saw significant centralisation of power.[161][240] Modi, who initially lacked a majority in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indian Parliament, passed a number of ordinances to enact his policies, leading to further centralisation of power.[241] His administration enacted a bill to increase its control over the appointment of judges and reducing that of the judiciary.[38] In December 2014, he abolished the Planning Commission, replacing it with the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog),[242][243] concentrating the power previously with the planning commission in the person of the PM.[241][242][243][244][245] The Planning Commission had in previous years been criticised for creating inefficiency in the government and of not fulfilling its role of improving social welfare but since the economic liberalisation of the 1990s, it had been the major government body responsible for measures related to social justice.[243][246]

In its first year of administration, the Modi government launched investigations through the

Medecins Sans Frontieres, and environmental nonprofit organisation Sierra Club and Avaaz were among the groups that were investigated.[161][244] Cases of sedition and terrorism laws were filed against individuals who criticised the government.[161][247] This led to discontent within the BJP about his style of functioning and drew comparisons to the governing style of Indira Gandhi.[161][241]

Modi repealed 1,200 obsolete laws in first three years as prime minister; 1,301 such laws had been repealed by previous governments in the previous 64 years.[248][249][250] Modi launched the Digital India programme with the goal of ensuring government services are available electronically, build infrastructure to provide high-speed Internet access to rural areas, boost manufacturing of electronic goods in the country, and promote digital literacy.[251][252]

In 2019, a law to reserve 10 percent of educational admission and government jobs for economically disadvantaged individuals was passed.

Ujjwala scheme to provide free liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) connections to rural households. The scheme led to an additional 24% of Indian households having access to LPG in 2019 as compared to 2014.[255] In 2022, the government eliminated LPG subsidies for all citizens except those covered by the Ujjwala program.[256]

Since May 2023, ethnic tensions between some groups have resulted in

violent clashes in Manipur. After 1 month of the violence, nearly 100 were killed and more than 36,000 people were displaced.[257] Modi has been criticised for his lack of reaction towards the violence.[258]

Hindutva

Further information: Hindutva
Modi at Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple

The activities of a number of Hindu nationalist organisations increased in scope after Modi's appointment as prime minister, sometimes with the government's support.

Islamophobic[266] conspiracy theory)[261]: 226–227 [267]: 1–2 [268] and attempts to celebrate Nathuram Godse, the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi, by members of the right-wing organisation Hindu Mahasabha.[269][270] Government officials, including the Home Minister, defended the conversion programmes.[217]

Links between the BJP and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) grew stronger under Modi. The RSS provided organisational support to the BJP's electoral campaigns while the Modi administration appointed RSS-affiliated individuals to prominent government positions.[271] In 2014, Yellapragada Sudershan Rao, who had previously been associated with the RSS, became the chairperson of the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR).[39] Historians and former members of the ICHR, including those sympathetic to the BJP, questioned Rao's credentials as a historian and stated the appointment was part of an agenda of cultural nationalism.[39][272][273] During its first term, the Modi administration appointed other RSS members to lead universities and research institutions, and recruitment of faculty members favouring the RSS increased. According to scholars Nandini Sundar and Kiran Bhatty, many of these appointees did not possess the qualifications for their positions.[274] The Modi administration also made numerous changes in government-approved history textbooks that de-emphasised the role of Jawaharlal Nehru and glorified that of Modi while also portraying Indian society as harmonious, and without conflict and inequity.[274][275]

In 2019, the Modi administration passed a

Hanuman Garhi.[290]

Soon after Modi returned to power in 2019, he took three actions the RSS had long called for.

Muslim population.[300] He also equated the Muslim community to “infiltrators”.[301]

Economy

BRICS leaders in 2019. Left to right: Xi (China), Putin (Russia), Bolsonaro (Brazil), Modi and Ramaphosa (South Africa)

The Modi government's economic policies focused on privatisation and liberalisation of the economy, and were based on a

neoliberal framework.[244][302] Modi liberalised India's foreign direct investment policies, allowing more foreign investment in several industries, including defence and railways.[244][303][304] Other proposed reforms included making the forming of unions more difficult for workers, and making recruitment and dismissal easier for employers;[302] some of these proposals were abandoned after protests.[305] The reforms drew strong opposition from unions: on 2 September 2015, eleven of the country's largest unions—including one affiliated with the BJP—struck.[302] The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Indian Workers Union), a constituent of the Sangh Parivar (Family of the RSS), stated the underlying motivation of labour reforms favoured corporations over labourers.[244]

The funds dedicated to poverty-reduction programmes and social welfare measures were greatly reduced by Modi's administration.[161] The money spent on social programmes declined from 14.6 percent of GDP during the previous Congress government to 12.6 percent during Modi's first year in office, and spending on health and family welfare declined by 15 percent.[244] The government lowered corporate taxes, abolished the wealth tax, increased sales taxes, and reduced customs duties on gold and jewellery.[244] In October 2014, the Modi government deregulated diesel prices.[306] During Modi's first term, his government reduced spending on education as share of the budget: over five years, education spending dropped from 0.7 percent of GDP to 0.5 percent.[307][308][309] The percentage of the budget spent on children's nutrition, education, health, and associated programmes was almost halved between 2014 and 2022.[310] Capital expenditure on transport infrastructure significantly rose, increasing from less than 0.4 percent of GDP in 2014 to 1.7 percent in 2023.[311]

In September 2014, Modi introduced the Make in India initiative to encourage foreign companies to manufacture products in India with the goal of turning the country into a global manufacturing hub.[244][312] Supporters of economic liberalisation supported the initiative but critics said it would allow foreign corporations to capture a greater share of the Indian market.[244] Modi's administration passed a land-reform bill that allowed it to acquire private agricultural land without conducting a social impact assessment, and without the consent of the farmers who owned it.[313] The bill was passed via an executive order after it faced opposition in Parliament but was eventually allowed to lapse.[241] Modi's government passed the Goods and Services Tax, the biggest tax reform in the country since independence, subsuming around 17 taxes and became effective on 1 July 2017.[314]

Modi at the launch of the Make in India programme

In his first cabinet decision, Modi set up a team to investigate

black money.[315] On 9 November 2016, the government demonetised ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes with the intention of curbing corruption, black money, terrorism and the use of counterfeit currency.[316] The move led to severe cash shortages,[317][318][319] and a steep decline in the Indian stock indices BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50,[320] and sparked widespread protests throughout the country.[321] It is estimated 1.5 million jobs were lost and that one percent of the country's GDP was wiped out.[322] Several deaths were linked to the rush to exchange cash.[323][324] In the subsequent year, the number of income tax returns filed for individuals rose by 25 percent and the number of digital transactions steeply increased.[325][326]

Modi's administration has observed a decline in GDP growth and increasing joblessness compared to the previous administration under

GDP growth rate slowed to 4.18 percent, while inflation increased to 4.7 percent.[333] The Indian economy shrunk by 6.6 percent during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–21, and was estimated to grow at 8.2 percent the following financial year.[334]

Health and sanitation

See also: Swachh Bharat Mission

In his first year as prime minister, Modi reduced the central government's healthcare spending.[194] In January 2015, the Modi government launched its New Health Policy (NHP), which did not increase the government's spending on healthcare but emphasised the role of private healthcare organisations. This represented a shift away from the policy of the previous Congress government, which had supported programmes to assist public health goals, including a reduction in child and maternal mortality rates.[335] The National Health Mission, which included public health programmes targeted at these indices, received nearly 20 percent less funding[336][337] in 2015 than in the previous year. The Modi administration reduced the healthcare budget by a further 15% in its second year.[338] The healthcare budget for the following year rose by 19%; private insurance providers positively viewed the budget but public health experts criticised its emphasis on the role of private healthcare providers and said it represented a shift away from public health facilities.[339] The healthcare budget rose by 11.5% in 2018; the change included an allocation of ₹20 billion (US$250 million) for a government-funded health insurance program and a decrease in the budget of the National Health Mission.[340]

Modi discussing the COVID-19 pandemic with Chief Ministers via videoconferencing in June 2020

Modi emphasised his government's efforts at sanitation as a means of ensuring good health.[335] On 2 October 2014, Modi launched the Swachh Bharat Mission ("Clean India") campaign. The campaign's stated goals included the elimination of open defecation and manual scavenging within five years.[341][342] As part of the programme, the Indian government began constructing millions of toilets in rural areas and encouraging people to use them.[343][344][345] The government also announced plans to build new sewage treatment plants,[346] and planned to construct 60 million toilets by 2019. The construction projects faced allegations of corruption and severe difficulty in getting people to use the newly constructed toilets.[342][343][344] Sanitation cover in India increased from 38.7% in October 2014 to 84.1% in May 2018 but use of the new sanitary facilities was lower than the government's targets.[347] In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated at least 180,000 diarrhoeal deaths in rural India were averted after the launch of the sanitation effort.[348]

In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Modi administration invoked the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 and Disaster Management Act, 2005.[349][350] The same month, all commercial domestic and international flights were suspended.[351] Modi announced a 14-hour curfew on 22 March,[352] and followed with a three-week "total lockdown" two days later.[353][354] Restrictions were gradually lifted beginning in April, and were completely revoked in November 2020.[351][355][356] A second wave of the pandemic that began in March 2021 was significantly more devastating than the first; some parts of India experienced shortages of vaccines, hospital beds, oxygen cylinders and other medical supplies.[357] In late April India reported over 400,000 cases in a 24-hour period, the first country to do so.[358] India began its vaccination programme in January 2021;[359][360] in January 2022, India announced it had administered about 1.7 billion doses of vaccines and that more than 720 million people were fully vaccinated.[361] In May 2022, the WHO estimated 4.7 million people had died of COVID-19 in India, mostly during the second wave in mid 2021—almost 10 times the Indian government's estimate. The Modi administration rejected the WHO's estimate.[25][26]

Foreign policy

Further information:
Foreign policy of Narendra Modi and Modi's international trips as prime minister
Modi with U.S. President Donald Trump at Namaste Trump rally in Ahmedabad, India

Foreign policy played a small role in Modi's election campaign and did not feature prominently in the BJP's election manifesto.

United Arab Emirates, as well as with Israel.[l]

Modi meeting Myanmar's leader Aung San Suu Kyi in New Delhi in January 2018

Nancy Powell contacted Modi as part of greater rapprochement from the West. Following Modi's 2014 appointment as India's PM, President Obama congratulated him over the telephone and invited Modi to visit the US.[365] The Modi government enjoyed a positive relationship with the US during the presidencies of Barack Obama and his successor Donald Trump.[366][367]

During the first few months after his appointment as PM, Modi visited a number of countries in support of his policy, and attended the BRICS, ASEAN and G20 summits.[362] One of Modi's first visits as PM was to Nepal, during which he promised one billion US dollars in aid.[368] Modi also made several visits to the US;[369] this was described as an unexpected development because of the US's earlier denial of a US travel visa to Modi over his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots. The visits were expected to strengthen diplomatic and trade relations between the two countries.[369]

In 2015, the Indian parliament ratified a land-exchange deal with Bangladesh in the

2020 China–India skirmishes.[371] Modi pledged aid of $900 million to Afghanistan, which he visited twice and was honoured with Afghanistan's highest civilian honour in 2016.[372][373] In September 2022, Modi appeared to have developed a strong personal relationship with Russia's President Vladimir Putin.[374][375][376]

G20 Presidency

India hosted the

cryptocurrencies.[378][379][380]

News sources

marginalized residents[381][382][383] The Indian government's press agency Press Information Bureau rejected the claims, and said that they were done as per the Supreme court of India orders and not linked to the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit.[384]

Defence

Benjamin Netanyahu, the Prime Minister of Israel, and Modi visiting the Technology Exhibition, at Tel Aviv, Israel in 2017

India's nominal military spending steadily increased under Modi.[385] During Modi's tenure, the military budget declined, both as a fraction of GDP and when adjusted for inflation.[386][387] A substantial portion of the military budget was devoted to personnel costs commentators wrote the budget was constraining Indian military modernisation.[386][388][387]

Modi promised to be "tough on Pakistan" during his election campaign and repeatedly called Pakistan an

Further military skirmishes, including cross-border shelling and the loss of an Indian aircraft, occurred.[400][401][402] Eight months after the incident, the Modi administration admitted that six Indian military personnel had been killed by friendly fire.[403]

PM Modi along with Quad leaders in Washington

In May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops engaged in an aggressive skirmishes along the

skirmishes between the nations led to many border clashes, responses and reactions from both sides.[405] A series of talks between India and China were held, using military and diplomatic means for peace.[406] The first border clash reported in 2021 was on 20 January; this was referred to as a minor border clash in Sikkim.[407] Modi has been criticised for maintaining silence over ceding about 2,000 sq km land to China since June 2020.[408][409][410]

In December 2021, Modi signed an agreement with Russian leader Vladimir Putin to extend military technical cooperation.

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and stayed neutral.[411][413] The Indian government's Operation Ganga initiative sought to return Indians stranded in Ukraine during the war. More than 19,000 Indian nationals were evacuated,[414][415] including some from neighbouring countries.[416]

Environment

Solar Alliance
(ISA). November 2015.

While naming his cabinet, Modi renamed the Ministry of Environment and Forests the "Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change", and more-than-halved its money allocation in his administration's first budget.

National Board for Wildlife so it would no longer have representatives from NGOs but the Supreme Court of India blocked this move.[418] Other changes included a reduction of ministry oversight on small mining projects and ending the requirement for approval from tribal councils for projects inside forested areas. Modi also lifted a moratorium on new industrial activity in India's most-polluted areas.[418] The changes were welcomed by businesspeople but criticised by environmentalists.[419]

Speaking with

carbon neutrality by 2070 and expand its renewable energy capacity.[427] Indian environmentalists and economists applauded the decision, describing it as bold climate action.[428] India has become the only major economy to be on track to meet its Paris Agreement goals.[429] It has achieved 10 percent of ethanol blending five months ahead of schedule.[430]

Democratic backsliding

Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced democratic backsliding.[g] According to one study, "The BJP government incrementally but systemically attacked nearly all existing mechanisms that are in place to hold the political executive to account, either by ensuring that these mechanisms became subservient to the political executive or were captured by party loyalists".[30][431] The Modi government has used state power to intimidate and stifle critics in the media and academia, undermining freedom of expression and alternative sources of information.[432][31] His administration has been criticised for using a democratic mandate to undermine democratic processes, including focusing on Hindu-nationalist priorities rather than economic development. Modi's second term as PM, in particular, saw the erosion of civil rights and press freedom.[433]

Public perception and image

Further information: Public image of Narendra Modi
Yoga Day
celebrations in New Delhi, 21 June 2015

Narendra Modi has received

ranked in popular opinion polls as the greatest prime minister in Indian history.[434][435][436]

Image

Modi is a

introvert.[439] On 31 August 2012, he posted on Google Hangouts, becoming the first Indian politician to interact with citizens on a live chat.[440][441] Modi has been called a fashion icon for his signature crisply ironed, half-sleeved kurta, and for a suit with his name repeatedly embroidered in the pinstripes, which he wore during a state visit by US President Barack Obama, which drew public and media attention, and criticism.[442][443][444] Scholars and biographers have described Modi's personality as energetic, eccentric, arrogant and charismatic.[38][445]

The nomination of Modi for the prime-ministership drew attention to his reputation as "one of contemporary India's most controversial and divisive politicians".[188][446][447] During the 2014 election campaign, the BJP projected an image of Modi as a strong, masculine leader who would be able to take difficult decisions.[188][208][210][214][215] Campaigns in which he has participated have focused on Modi as an individual, an unusual tactic for the BJP and RSS.[210] Modi has relied upon his reputation as a politician able to bring about economic growth and development.[448] Modi's role in the 2002 Gujarat riots continues to attract criticism and controversy.[9] Modi's hardline Hindutva philosophy and the policies adopted by his government also continue to draw criticism, and have been seen as evidence of a majoritarian and exclusionary social agenda.[9][38][161][210]

Approval ratings

Main article: Opinion polling on the Narendra Modi premiership
Modi interacting with the school children after delivering his address on Independence Day in New Delhi, 15 August 2017

During his premiership, Modi has received consistently high approval ratings; at the end of his first year in office, he received an overall approval rating of 87% in a

Pew Research poll, with 68% of respondents rating him "very favourably" and 93% approving of his government.[449] Modi's approval rating remained largely consistent at around 74% during his second year in office, according to a nationwide poll conducted by instaVaani.[450] At the end of his second year in office, an updated Pew Research poll showed Modi continued to receive high overall approval ratings of 81%, with 57% of those polled rating him "very favourably".[451][452] At the end of his third year in office, a further Pew Research poll showed Modi with an overall approval rating of 88%, his highest yet, with 69% of people polled rating him "very favourably".[453] A poll conducted by The Times of India in May 2017 showed 77% of respondents rated Modi as "very good" and "good".[454] In early 2017, a survey by Pew Research Center showed Modi to be the most popular figure in Indian politics.[455] In a weekly analysis by Morning Consult called the Global Leader Approval Rating Tracker, Modi had the highest net approval rating as of 22 December 2020 of all government leaders in the 13 countries being tracked.[456][457]

In popular culture

See also: Category:Cultural depictions of Narendra Modi

Modi Kaka Ka Gaon (Modi uncle's town), a 2017 Indian

video streaming platform Eros Now with Ashish Sharma portraying Modi.[460]

7, Race Course Road), a 2014 Indian docudrama political television series which charts the political careers of prominent Indian politicians, covered Modi's rise to the PM's office in the episodes "Story of Narendra Modi from 1950 to 2001", "Story of Narendra Modi in Controversial Years from 2001 to 2013", "Truth Behind Brand Modi", "Election Journey of Narendra Modi to 7 RCR", and "Masterplan of Narendra Modi's NDA Govt", with Sangam Rai in the role of Modi.[461] India: The Modi Question, a 2023 BBC documentary, examines Modi's role in the 2002 Gujarat riots and his record as Prime Minister of India. The Indian government banned the documentary, drawing widespread criticism.[462][463][464][465]

Other portrayals of Modi include those by Rajit Kapur in the film Uri: The Surgical Strike (2019) and Vikram Gokhale in the web-television series Avrodh: The Siege Within (2020), both of which are based on the 2016 Uri attack and the subsequent Indian surgical strikes.[466][467] Gokhale reprised the role in the sequel Avrodh: The Siege Within 2 (2022), which is based on the 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation.[468] Pratap Singh played a character based on Modi in Chand Bujh Gaya (2005) which is set against the backdrop of the Gujarat riots.[469]

Modi appeared in an episode of

Discovery Channel's show Man vs. Wild with the host Bear Grylls in July 2019,[470][471] becoming the second world leader after Barack Obama to appear in the reality show.[472] In the show, Modi treks through jungles, and talks about nature and wildlife conservation with Grylls.[473] The episode was recorded in Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand, and was broadcast in India and 180 other countries.[474] Modi hosts Mann Ki Baat, a monthly radio programme on All India Radio, and has conducted the competition Pariksha Pe Charcha, and discussions for students and the issues they face in examinations.[475][476]

Awards and recognition

Main article: List of awards and honours received by Narendra Modi

In March 2012 and June 2014, Narendra Modi appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of

13th Most Influential Person in the World by Bloomberg Markets Magazine.[483] In 2021, Time called Modi the third "pivotal leader" of independent India after Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi, who "dominated the country's politics like no one since them".[484][485] Modi was ranked fifth on Fortune Magazine's first annual list of the "World's Greatest Leaders" in 2015.[486][487] In 2017, Gallup International Association (GIA) conducted a poll and ranked Modi third-top leader of the world.[488][489] In 2016, a wax statue of Modi was unveiled at Madame Tussauds wax museum in London.[490][491]

Narendra Modi's wax statue at Madame Tussauds, London

In 2015, Modi was named one of Time's "30 Most Influential People on the Internet" because he was the second-most-followed politician on Twitter and Facebook.[492] In 2018, he was the third-most-followed world leader on Twitter and the most-followed world leader on Facebook and Instagram.[493][494][495] In October 2018, Modi received United Nations' highest environmental award, the Champions of the Earth, for policy leadership by "pioneering work in championing" the International Solar Alliance and "new areas of levels of cooperation on environmental action".[496][497] Modi was conferred the 2018 Seoul Peace Prize in recognition of "his dedication to improving international co-operation, raising global economic growth, accelerating the Human Development of the people of India by fostering economic growth and furthering the development of democracy through anti-corruption and social integration efforts". He is the first Indian to win the award.[498][499]

Following his

Houston, Texas. The event was attended by over 50,000 people and several American politicians, including President Donald Trump, making it the largest gathering for an invited foreign leader visiting the United States other than the Pope.[501][502] At the event, Modi was presented with the Key to the City of Houston by Mayor Sylvester Turner.[503] The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation awarded Modi the Global Goalkeeper Award on 24 September 2019 in New York City, in recognition of the Swachh Bharat Mission and "the progress India has made in providing safe sanitation under his leadership".[504][505][506]

In 2020, Modi was among eight world leaders who were awarded the parody Ig Nobel Prize in Medical Education "for using the COVID-19 viral pandemic to teach the world that politicians can have a more immediate effect on life and death than scientists and doctors can".[507] On 21 December 2020, US President Donald Trump awarded Modi the Legion of Merit for improving India–United States relations.[508][509][510][511] On 24 February 2021, Gujarat Cricket Association renamed Motera Stadium in Ahmedabad—the largest cricket stadium in the world—Narendra Modi Stadium.[512]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history of Narendra Modi
Election results
Year Office Constituency Party Votes for Modi % Opponent Party Votes % Result Ref
2002^ Member of the Legislative Assembly
Rajkot II
 Bharatiya Janata Party 45,298 57.32 Ashwinbhai Narbheshankar Mehta Indian National Congress 30,570 38.68 Won [513]
2002♦
Maninagar
 113,589 73.29 Yatinbhai Oza 38,256 24.68 Won [514]
2007 139,568 69.53 Dinsha Patel 52,407 26.11 Won [515]
2012 120,470 75.38 Shweta Sanjiv Bhat 34,097 21.34 Won [178]
2014 Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
Vadodara
 845,464 72.75 Madhusudan Mistry 275,336 23.69 Won [516]
2014
Varanasi
 581,022 56.37 Arvind Kejriwal Aam Aadmi Party 209,238 20.30 Won [222]
2019 674,664 63.62 Shalini Yadav Samajwadi Party 195,159 18.40 Won [517]
2024 — — Ajay Rai Indian National Congress — — Pending

^ = February 2002 by-poll election; and ♦ = December 2002 Assembly election.

Writing career

In 2008, Modi published a Gujarati book titled Jyotipunj, which contains profiles of RSS leaders. The longest was of M. S. Golwalkar, under whose leadership the RSS expanded and whom Modi refers to as Pujniya Shri Guruji ("Guru worthy of worship").[518] According to The Economic Times, Modi's intention was to explain the workings of the RSS to his readers, and to reassure RSS members he remained ideologically aligned with them.

After becoming the Prime Minister he also authored a book called Exam Warriors, a guide for children to commendably face exams. Modi has written eight other books, mostly containing short stories for children.[519] 'Abundance in Millets,' a song that includes Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has received a nomination in the Best Global Music Performance category for the 2024 Grammy Awards.[520]

Private life

Modi used to maintain a close and publicised relationship with his mother, Hiraben.[521]

Bibliography

For a more comprehensive list, see Bibliography of Narendra Modi.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Previously known as 7, Race Course Road
  2. ^ a b Narendra Modi was born Narendrabhai Damodardas Modi on 17 September 1950. He uses Damodardas as his middle name—Gujaratis have a tradition of using the names of their fathers as their middle names—but he is widely known as Narendra Modi. (Marino 2014, pp. 4–5)
  3. ^ Sources stating that RSS had a deep impact on the political hierarchy of the BJP, specially in the case of Narendra Modi.[3][4][5]
  4. ^ Sources describing Modi's administration as complicit in the 2002 violence.[6][7][8][9][10]
  5. ^ In 2012, a court stated that investigations had found no evidence against Modi.[12][13]
  6. ^ Sources stating that Modi has failed to improve human development indices in Gujarat.[9][10]
  7. ^ a b Sources describing that India has experienced a backslide in democracy:[29][30][31][32][33]
  8. ^ Sources discussing the controversy surrounding Modi.[9][37][38][39][40][41][42]
  9. ^ Applications were filed with the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) under the RTI Act seeking details of his arrest. In reply, the PMO said it maintains official records on Modi only since he became the prime minister in 2014. Despite this claim, the official website of the PMO contains information about Modi from the 1950s.[79][80]
  10. ^ Replying to an RTI query, the School of Open Learning said it did not have any data of students who received a BA degree in 1978.[81] Jayantibhai Patel, a former political science professor of Gujarat University, said the subjects listed in Modi's MA degree were not offered by the university when Modi was studying there.[88][89] In 2016, Delhi University deemed the BA degree to be authentic.[90]
  11. ^ The exact number of people killed in the train burning is variously reported. For example, the BBC says it was 59,[116] while The Guardian put the figure at 60.[117]
  12. ^ "The Narendra Modi led government completed two years in power in May 2016 and the prime minister has made his mark on both the domestic and foreign policy fronts. It is important to assess how successful his initiatives have been in the arena of foreign affairs in comparison to his predecessors. In this regard, this paper identifies and examines the key trends and issues in foreign policy under the Modi led administration and the measures needed to translate speeches and policies into action. Modi government has also taken a serious node of relations with middle-east nations, as well as Iran and Israel."[363]

Citations

  1. ^ "Narendra Modi Fast Facts". CNN. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  2. ^ "Jashodaben, named by Narendra Modi as his wife, prays for him to become PM". NDTV. Press Trust of India. 11 April 2014. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  3. ^ Asrar, Nadim (26 February 2014). "Narendra Modi's political journey from RSS worker to BJP's PM candidate". NDTV. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  4. ^ "PM Modi turns 69: A timeline of his political career". Deccan Herald. 17 September 2019. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  5. ^ Tiwari, Ravish (27 November 2014). "The low-profile RSS apparatchik is the newface of power in the NDA". India Today. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  6. ^
    S2CID 154422056. Archived
    from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  7. ^
    JSTOR 27639120
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-68369-2. Archived
    from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e Buncombe, Andrew (19 September 2011). "A rebirth dogged by controversy". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  10. ^
    S2CID 154404089
    . Retrieved 29 August 2021.
  11. ISBN 978-0-691-20680-6, archived
    from the original on 22 June 2023, retrieved 22 June 2023
  12. ^ "India Gujarat Chief Minister Modi cleared in riots case". BBC News. BBC. 10 April 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  13. ^ Dasgupta, Manas (10 April 2012). "SIT finds no proof against Modi, says court". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  14. ^ Lalwani, Sameer; Tallo, Emily (17 April 2019), "Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal: There are broader implications for India — and the United States", Washington Post, archived from the original on 30 November 2020, retrieved 27 January 2023
  15. S2CID 203266692
  16. ISBN 978-0-691-22309-4
  17. ^ a b "Book review: How Pulwama made Modi's Balakot response his 1971 moment". Business Standard India. 30 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  18. ^ Akhtar, Rais; Kirk, William, Jammu and Kashmir, State, India, Encyclopaedia Britannica, archived from the original on 19 June 2015, retrieved 7 August 2019 (subscription required)
  19. ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5, archived
    from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 8 June 2023
  20. ^ Ellis-Peterson, Hannah; Azizur Rahman, Shaikh (6 March 2020), "'I cannot find my father's body': Delhi's fearful Muslims mourn riot dead", The Guardian, Delhi, archived from the original on 6 March 2020, retrieved 7 March 2020
  21. ^ Wamsley, Laurel; Frayer, Lauren (26 February 2020), In New Delhi, Days Of Deadly Violence And Riots, NPR, archived from the original on 4 March 2020, retrieved 25 March 2020
  22. ^ Abi-Habib, Maria (5 March 2020), "Violence in India Threatens Its Global Ambitions", The New York Times, archived from the original on 5 March 2020, retrieved 6 March 2020
  23. ^ Ellis-Peterson, Hannah; Azizur Rahman, Shaikh (16 March 2020), "Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots", The Guardian, Delhi, archived from the original on 17 March 2020, retrieved 17 March 2020
  24. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Abi-Habib, Maria (1 March 2020), "In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse", The New York Times, archived from the original on 1 March 2020, retrieved 1 March 2020
  25. ^ a b Grimley, Naomi; Cornish, Jack; Stylianou, Nassos (5 May 2022). "Covid: World's true pandemic death toll nearly 15 million, says WHO". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  26. ^ a b Biswas, Soutik (5 May 2022). "Why India's real Covid toll may never be known". BBC. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  27. ISBN 978-0-19-873228-0
  28. S2CID 245210210
  29. S2CID 148625260. Archived
    from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  30. ^
    S2CID 221083830
    .
  31. ^ a b Ganguly, Sumit (18 September 2020). "India's Democracy Is Under Threat". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  32. ^ "India: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report". Freedom House. 2021. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  33. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  34. ^
    ISBN 978-3-030-34098-8
    .
  35. ^ "Global Leader Approval Ratings". Morning Consult. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  36. ^ "PM Narendra Modi continues to be most popular global leader with approval rating of 74%: Survey". The Times of India. 12 August 2022. Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  37. OCLC 682895189
    . Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  38. ^
    S2CID 153861198
    .
  39. ^
    S2CID 154421269
    .
  40. ^ "Indian PM Narendra Modi still mired in controversy, says expert". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 April 2015. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  41. ^ Robinson, Simon (11 December 2007). "India's Voters Torn Over Politician". Time. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  42. ^ Burke, Jason (28 March 2010). "Gujarat leader Narendra Modi grilled for 10 hours at massacre inquiry". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  43. ISBN 978-1-000-64640-5. Archived
    from the original on 8 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  44. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived
    from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
  45. ^ Marino 2014, pp. 13, 15, 29–30, 74.
  46. ^ "Heeraben Modi: Indian PM Modi's mother dies aged 99". BBC. 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  47. ISBN 978-0-19-007817-1
  48. ISBN 978-1-61039-670-7
  49. ^ Roberts, Adam (23 May 2015), Special Report, India: Modi's many tasks (PDF), London: Economist, archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2021, retrieved 22 December 2021
  50. ^ "Who is Prahlad Modi? Claimed PM Modi Never Sold Tea in an Old Video". Janbharat Times. 28 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  51. ^ a b c d Jose, Vinod K. (1 March 2012). "The Emperor Uncrowned: The Rise of Narendra Modi". The Caravan. pp. 2–4. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  52. ^ Mukhopadhyay 2013, p. 82.
  53. ^ Raina, Shilpa (14 March 2014). "Modi's life dominates publishing space (Election Special)". newkerala.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  54. ^ Marino 2014, p. 24.
  55. ^ Pathak, Anil (2 October 2001). "Modi's meteoric rise". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  56. ISBN 978-93-5194-068-5
    .
  57. ^ Gowen, Annie (25 January 2015). "Abandoned as a child bride, wife of Narendra Modi hopes he calls". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  58. ^ a b Schultz, Kai; Kumar, Hari (7 February 2018). "Narendra Modi's Estranged Wife Escapes Unhurt From Car Crash in India". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  59. ^ Gowen, Annie (25 January 2015). "Abandoned as a child bride, wife of Narendra Modi hopes he calls". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  60. ^ "Narendra Modi Fast Facts". CNN. 12 September 2018. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  61. ^ a b "Narendra Modi: From tea vendor to PM candidate". India Today. 13 September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  62. ^ Mukhopadhyay 2013, A time of difference.
  63. ^ Marino 2014, p. 25.
  64. ^ * Marino 2014, pp. 30–33
  65. ^ "The tale of two Narendras: Narendra Modi and Swami Vivekananda". The Statesman. 4 July 2016. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  66. ^ Marino 2014, pp. 26–29.
  67. ^ Guha 2007, pp. 491–492; Panda 2016, pp. 96; Mahurkar 2017, pp. 7–9.
  68. ^ Mukhopadhyay 2013, pp. 131, 138.
  69. ^ Unnithan, Sandeep (19 May 2014). "The man behind Modi: Lakshmanrao Inamdar". India Today. Ahmedabad. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  70. ^ Mukhopadhyay, Nilanjan (14 May 2014). "Narendra Modi: The making of the political leader". Mint. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  71. ^ Marino 2014, p. 35.
  72. ^ Sengupta, Shubbhabrata (27 March 2021). "A Sataygrah [sic] and Asatyagraha: Narendra Modi and the Liberation of Bangladesh". The Wire. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  73. ^ Lahiri, Ishadrita (27 March 2021). "Was Modi Arrested for Bangladesh Satyagraha? Here's What We Know". The Quint. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  74. ^ "Delhi confidential: The Satyagraha". The Indian Express. 27 March 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  75. ^
    The Tribune
    . 26 March 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  76. ^ "Modi's satyagraha talk in Dhaka sparks online war". The Times of India. 27 March 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  77. ^ Mukhopadhyay 2013, p. 138.
  78. ^ a b Marino 2014, pp. 35–40.
  79. ^ "RTI filed seeking info on Modi's claim of his arrest for supporting Bangladesh's independence". Dhaka Tribune. 27 March 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  80. ^ "PMO cites a cut-off year of 2014 for recordkeeping on Modi". Telegraph India. 19 June 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  81. ^ a b "Narendra Modi degree row: DU college says it has no data of students passing out in 1978". India Today. 14 March 2017. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  82. ^ "Narendra Modi's degree 'authentic': Delhi University Registrar Tarun Das". The Hindu. 10 May 2016. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  83. ^ Avasthi, Yogesh (10 May 2016). "Globetrotting PM Modi was weakest in 'International Relations'". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  84. ^ "Modi proves to be an astute strategist". Hindustan Times. 23 December 2007. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  85. ^ "Degree row- PM Modi MA with first class: Gujarat University". The Indian Express. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  86. ^ "The curious case of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's degree". National Herald. 16 June 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  87. ^ "The curious case of TOI's report on Modi's 'dear friend'". Newslaundry. 3 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  88. ^ "Huge discrepancy in Modi's MA degree, claims ex-Gujarat University professor". India Today. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  89. ^ "Subjects listed in Narendra Modi's Gujarat University degree were not in syllabus, says ex-professor". Scroll.in. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  90. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived
    from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  91. ^ Guha 2007, p. 493–494.
  92. ^ Kochanek & Hardgrave 2007, p. 205.
  93. ^ Marino 2014, pp. 36–40.
  94. ^ Marino 2014, pp. 71–74; Natarajan and Pooja 2019, pp. 98–101.
  95. ^ Marino 2014, p. 43.
  96. ^ Mukhopadhyay 2013, p. 150.
  97. ^ Marino 2014, p. 65; Natarajan and Pooja 2019, pp. 98–99; Sen 2016, pp. 145–151; Hall 2016, p. 90; Mukhopadhyay 2013, pp. 56–57
  98. ^ Patel, Aakar (22 December 2013). "The poetic side of Narendra Modi". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  99. ^ Mehta, Harit (28 June 2004). "Gujarat not enamoured by poet Narendra Modi". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  100. ^ Marino 2014, pp. 38–43, 46–50.
  101. ISBN 978-81-288-2803-4
    .
  102. ^ Marino 2014, pp. 45–48, 54–59.
  103. ^ Guha 2007; Marino 2014, pp. 56; Panda 2016, pp. fontcover; Rao 2020, pp. 228.
  104. ^ Mukhopadhyay 2013, pp. 68–69.
  105. ^ a b Marino 2014, pp. 60–63.
  106. ^ "Gujarat-CM candidates: Gujarat Assembly Elections 2012: Narendra Modi profile". Zee News. Gujarat. 11 December 2012. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  107. ^ Jain & E 2018, pp. 17–21; Komireddi 2019, pp. 67–69; Kochanek & Hardgrave 2007, pp. 44–49; Marino 2014, p. 49; Panda 2016, p. 95; Kanrad 2018, pp. 87–91.
  108. ^ Mehta, Harit (1 April 2014). "Six-year banishment led to Narendra Modi's metamorphosis". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  109. ^ a b Venkatesan, V. (26 October 2001). "A pracharak as Chief Minister". frontlineonnet.com (magazine). Vol. 18 – Issue 21. New Delhi: Frontline. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  110. ^ Marino 2014, pp. 78–79; Mukhopadhyay 2013, pp. 78–95.
  111. ^
    ISBN 978-81-905735-4-2. Archived
    from the original on 3 January 2014.
  112. ^ Bunsha, Dionne (26 October 2001). "A new oarsman". Frontline. Vol. 18 – Issue 21. Archived from the original on 28 August 2006. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  113. ^ Srivastava, Ritesh K. (8 April 2014). "Narendra Modi – Leading the race to 7 RCR". Zee News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  114. ^ Dasgupta, Manas (7 October 2001). "Modi sworn in Gujarat CM amidst fanfare". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  115. ^ Venkatesan, V. (15 March 2002). "A victory and many pointers". Frontline. Vol. 19 – Issue 05. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  116. ^ "Eleven sentenced to death for India Godhra train blaze". BBC News. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  117. ^ Burke, Jason (22 February 2011). "Godhra train fire verdict prompts tight security measures". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  118. ^ a b c Ghosh, Partha S. (Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi; formerly, ICSSR National Fellow, and Professor of South Asian Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University): OP-ED: South Asia's leaders have failed their region," Archived 7 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine opinion and historical analysis, 15 November 2021, Dhaka Tribune, retrieved 15 November 2021
  119. ^
    doi:10.11588/heidok.00004127. Archived
    from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  120. ^ a b "Gujarat riot death toll revealed". BBC News. 11 May 2005. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  121. ^
    ISBN 978-0-415-49801-2
    .
  122. ^ a b c Desai, Bharat; Pathak, Anil (1 March 2002). "Mobs rule Ahmedabad streets". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  123. ^ a b c Dasgupta, Manas (1 March 2002). "140 killed as Gujarat bandh turns violent". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  124. ^ "Decision to bring Godhra victims' bodies taken at top level". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 10 February 2012. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  125. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9
    .
  126. ISBN 978-0-295-98506-0
    .
  127. ^ Filkins, Dexter (2 December 2019). "Blood and Soil in Narendra Modi's India". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  128. ISBN 978-1-315-68257-0
    , retrieved 22 December 2022
  129. ^ a b Sengupta, Somini (28 April 2009). "Shadows of Violence Cling to Indian Politician". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  130. S2CID 245165294
  131. ISBN 978-1-315-62880-6, archived
    from the original on 22 December 2022, retrieved 22 December 2022
  132. ISBN 978-1-85383-952-8
    .
  133. ^
    S2CID 146854210. Archived
    from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  134. Economic & Political Weekly. 47 (8). Archived
    from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  135. S2CID 54615047
    .
  136. ISBN 978-0-8047-5264-0
    .
  137. ISBN 978-0-7748-1928-2. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  138. ^ Barry, Ellen (7 April 2014). "Wish for Change Animates Voters in India Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  139. ^ a b c "Timeline: Zakia Jafri vs Modi in 2002 Gujarat riots case". Hindustan Times. 26 December 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  140. ^ "National Human Rights Commission vs. State of Gujarat & Ors. – Writ Petition (Crl.) No. 109/2003". Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  141. ^ Mahapatra, Dhananjay (3 December 2010). "SIT clears Narendra Modi of wilfully allowing post-Godhra riots". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  142. ^ "Proceed against Modi for Gujarat riots: amicus". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 May 2012. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  143. ^ Dasgupta, Manas (10 May 2012). "SIT rejects amicus curiae's observations against Modi". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  144. ^ Khan, Saeed; Kaushik, Himanshu (26 December 2013). "2002 Gujarat riots: Clean chit to Modi, court rejects Zakia Jafri's plea". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  145. ^ Tripathi, Ashish (24 June 2022). "'Appeal devoid of merit': SC junks Zakia Jafri plea, upholds clean chit given to Narendra Modi in Gujarat riots case". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  146. ^ Singh, Darpan. "Gujarat riots clean chit to PM: Two decades of legal battle and what's next". India Today. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  147. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived
    from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  148. ^ "Congress demands Modi's resignation over Bannerjee report". Rediff.com. 3 March 2006. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2007.
  149. ^ "BJP national exec rejects Modi's resignation". Rediff.com. 12 April 2002. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  150. ^
    S2CID 145758627
    .
  151. ^ a b "Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 228. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  152. ^
    S2CID 156137272. Archived
    from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  153. ISBN 978-0-415-32411-3
    .
  154. ISBN 978-0-7456-6112-4
    .
  155. ISBN 978-0-8047-5085-1
    .
  156. ^ "Modi wins Maninagar seat by 75,333 votes". The Times of India. TNN. 15 December 2002. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  157. Rediff. 22 December 2002. Archived
    from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  158. ^ a b Umat, Ajay (9 February 2013). "Once Hindutva twins, Narendra Modi and Pravin Togadia no longer conjoined". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  159. DNA India. Press Trust of India. 25 November 2008. Archived
    from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  160. Outlook India. Archived
    from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  161. ^
    S2CID 155472230
    .
  162. ISBN 978-0-9713938-8-2. Archived
    from the original on 6 January 2016.
  163. ^ Yogendra, Kanwar (13 June 2004). "Not removing Modi was a mistake, says Vajpayee". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  164. ^
    ISSN 0099-9660. Archived
    from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  165. ^ a b "No entry for Modi into US: visa denied". The Times of India. 18 March 2005. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  166. ^ Burke, Jason (22 October 2012). "UK government ends boycott of Narendra Modi". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  167. ^ "Germany delinks Narendra Modi's image from human rights issues". NDTV. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  168. National Archives
    .
  169. ^ Cassidy, John (16 May 2014). "What Does Modi's Victory Mean for the World?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  170. Outlook India. pp. 26–28. Archived
    from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  171. ^ "Mahatma on lips, Modi fights Centre". The Telegraph. Kolkata, India. 19 July 2006. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
  172. ^ Shah, Rajiv (24 November 2007). "'Karmayogi' swears by caste order 'Scavenging A Spiritual Experience For Valmiks'". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  173. ^ "Narendra Modi is 'anti-Dalit': Congress". DNA. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  174. ^ Gupta, Smita (15 April 2014). "Modi against dalits". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  175. ^ "Modi wants 3-layer ring to secure coast". The Times of India. 28 November 2008. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  176. ^ "Narendra Modi wins Maninagar by 70,000 votes". Hindustan Times. 20 December 2012. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  177. ^ "BJP adds 5 seats in Gujarat Assembly by-polls". Deccan Herald. 14 September 2009. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  178. ^ a b "Big win for Narendra Modi, defeats Shweta Bhatt by huge margin". NDTV. Press Trust of India. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  179. ISBN 978-0-691-15177-9. Archived
    from the original on 6 January 2016.
  180. ^ "Anandiben Patel named new Gujarat chief minister". India Today. 21 May 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  181. ^
    ISBN 978-93-80740-04-1. Archived
    from the original on 6 January 2016.
  182. ^ Mahurkar, Uday (4 June 2010). "A green rising". India Today. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  183. ^ "Gujarat, Maharashtra record highest growth in farm sector". The Hindu. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  184. JSTOR 25663939. Archived
    from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.(subscription required)
  185. ^
    S2CID 155579981. Archived from the original
    on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  186. ^ Mishra, Mayank (20 July 2013). "Did Narendra Modi make Gujarat Vibrant?". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  187. JSTOR 40277613. Archived
    from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  188. ^ a b c d e f g Basu, Dipankar; Misra, Kartik (June 2014). "BJP's Demographic Dividend in the 2014 General Elections: An Empirical Analysis". Economics Department Working Paper Series Via EconStor. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  189. ^ Ghatak, Maitreesh; Roy, Sanchari (12 April 2014). "Did Gujarat's Growth Rate Accelerate under Modi?". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (15): 12–15. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  190. ^ "Gujarat tops ease of doing business ranking among states – The Economic Times on Mobile". The Economic Times. 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  191. hindustantimes.com. 19 March 2014. Archived from the original
    on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  192. S2CID 155022285
    . (subscription required)
  193. ^
    S2CID 147615034. Archived
    from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  194. ^ a b "Sparing Mr Modi's blushes". The Economist. 27 June 2015. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  195. ^ "Details in the Birla, Sahara Papers Reveal Why the Government Is Avoiding Inquiry". The Wire. 23 December 2016.
  196. ^ a b "All You Need To Know About The Sahara-Birla Papers". Newslaundry. 23 December 2016.
  197. ^ Simha, Vijay (4 March 2017). "The Zero Case: Deadly Implications of the Birla-Sahara Judgment". Economic and Political Weekly. Archived from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  198. ^ "Did Modi receive over ₹55 crore from the Sahara Group as the chief minister of Gujarat?". Economic and Political Weekly. 19 November 2016. Archived from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  199. ^ "Modi took bribes from Sahara, Birla: Rahul". The Hindu. 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  200. ^ "Sahara-Birla: Rahul Gandhi accuses Narendra Modi of taking cash payments". Zee Business. 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  201. ^ "Sahara Birla Diaries: Supreme Court To Hear Prashant Bhushan's Plea Today". NDTV. 11 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  202. ^ "Watch: Prashant Bhushan Explains the Sahara-Birla Diaries". The Wire. 24 November 2016. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  203. ^ "Supreme Court dismisses plea seeking probe against Narendra Modi, others". Mint. 11 January 2017. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  204. ^ "Sahara-Birla Diaries Case: SC throws out case alleging Modi took cash payments". Business Today. 11 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  205. ^ "Justice Arun Mishra's Six Most Controversial Cases in the SC". Mint. 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  206. ^ "Controversial judge who praised Modi appointed to lead Human Rights Commission in India". The Independent. 3 June 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  207. ^ "Five Questions We Have to Ask Before the Birla-Sahara Payoff Case is Buried Forever". The Wire. 11 April 2017. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  208. ^
    S2CID 155080682. Archived
    from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  209. ^ Reddy, B. Muralidhar (14 September 2013). "BJP announces Modi as prime ministerial candidate". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013.
  210. ^
    S2CID 142912068. Archived
    from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  211. ^ "Advani grabs lifeline, meekly withdraws resignation". The Times of India. 12 June 2013. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  212. ^ Srivastava, Ritesh K. (30 August 2011). "Election 2009 dissected: How parties cut the vote pie". Zee News. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  213. ^
    S2CID 145151089. Archived
    from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  214. ^
    S2CID 154806289. Archived
    from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  215. ^
    S2CID 145367170
    .
  216. Economic & Political Weekly. 49 (20): 12–14. Archived
    from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  217. ^
    S2CID 147143160
    .
  218. ^ "BJP, top choice of corporate donors in 2014–15". Business Line. 7 December 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  219. S2CID 154421269. Archived
    from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  220. ^ Palshikar, Suhas; Suri, K. C. (2014). "India's 2014 Lok Sabha elections: Critical shifts in the long term, caution in the short term". Economic and Political Weekly. 49: 39–76. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  221. S2CID 53451635. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  222. ^ a b "Narendra Modi files nomination in Vadodara after grand roadshow". NDTV. 9 April 2014. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  223. ^ "Modi's Vadodara victory margin not highest-ever". Business Standard. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  224. ^ "President appoints Narendra Modi as Prime Minister, Oath taking ceremony on May 26". Rashtrapati Bhavan via National Informatics Centre. 20 May 2014. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  225. ^ "Narendra Modi appointed PM, swearing-in on May 26". The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 20 May 2014. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  226. ^ "Modi thanks Vadodara, looks forward to serve Ganga". Hindustan Times. Press Trust of India. 29 May 2014. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  227. ^ "Narendra Modi: It's all about Narendra Modi as India prepares for mammoth 2019 election". The Economic Times. 13 December 2018. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  228. ^ "PM Modi launches 'Main Bhi Chowkidar' campaign for 2019 elections". The Times of India. 16 March 2019. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  229. NDTV.com. Archived
    from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  230. ^ "'Chowkidar Narendra Modi': PM changes Twitter handle name to counter Rahul Gandhi's chor jibe". The Economic Times. 17 March 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  231. ^ Singh, D. K. (27 February 2019). "5 ways Modi's Pakistan air strike 'bombed' opposition's election strategy". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  232. ^ Bommakanti, Kartik (27 December 2019). "Indian national security and defence in 2019: Modi ticks three boxes". ORF. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  233. ^ "Election Results 2019: PM Narendra Modi storms to victory in Varanasi". India Today. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  234. businesstoday.in. 23 May 2019. Archived
    from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  235. ^ "Narendra Modi to be sworn in as PM for 2nd term on May 30". The Economic Times. 26 May 2019. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  236. News18. Archived
    from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  237. ^ "BJP wins 302 seats on its own in Lok Sabha election 2019, propels NDA alliance to a final tally of 353 seats in Lower House". Firstpost. 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  238. ^ "Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister, swearing in on May 26". The Times of India. 20 May 2014. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  239. ^ Sharma, Akhilesh; Divyanshu Dutta Roy (13 August 2020). "PM Modi Becomes Longest Serving Non-Congress Prime Minister". NDTV. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  240. hdl:1983/e5eeb791-2072-45b8-94b5-fc003dbb5a24. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  241. ^
    S2CID 147683722
    .
  242. ^ a b "Modi replaces Planning Commission, aiming to boost growth". Reuters. 1 January 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  243. ^
    S2CID 156027018
    .
  244. ^
    S2CID 155182560
    .
  245. Economic & Political Weekly. 50 (4). Archived
    from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  246. ^ Jalihal, Shreegireesh; Sethi, Nitin (18 January 2024). "As PM, India's Modi secretly tried to massively cut state funds". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  247. ^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah; Hassan, Aakash (10 December 2021). "How a terrorism law in India is being used to silence Modi's critics". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  248. ^ "Goodbye, old laws: Modi government scraps 1,200 redundant Acts, 1,824 more identified for repeal". India Today. 22 June 2017. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017.
  249. ^ Mohan, Vishwa (19 May 2016). "1,159 obsolete laws scrapped by Modi govt; 1,301 junked in previous 64 years". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  250. ^ "Report card: Two years later, here's how much Modi has delivered on his promises". Daily News and Analysis. 26 May 2016. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  251. Live Mint. Archived
    from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  252. Live Mint. Archived
    from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  253. ^ "Bill on 10% reservation for upper caste poor passes Parliament test: 10 things to know". Business Today. 10 January 2019. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  254. ^ "10% quota Bill becomes law". The Hindu. 12 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  255. ^ "Ujjwala scheme boosts India's LPG consumption to a record high in FY19". Business Standard. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  256. ^ "No LPG subsidy to households". Economic Times. 3 June 2022. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  257. ^ Parashar, Utpal (3 June 2023). "98 killed in Manipur clashes, 36k moved to relief camps, says govt". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  258. ^ "Manipur: PM's silence adds to anger, frustration amid violence, flare-up". The Federal. 17 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  259. New York Times. Archived
    from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  260. ^ Serhan, Yasmeen (27 May 2022). "The Hinduization of India Is Nearly Complete". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  261. ^
    ISBN 978-1-00-016917-1. Archived
    from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  262. S2CID 242173559. Archived
    from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023. The masterplot of love jihad is not just literary imaginings but also a potent brew of Islamophobia and patriarchy that harms Muslims and women. Akin to some of the post-9/11 rhetoric in the United States, contemporary Hindu nationalists propagate "a mythical history of medieval Muslim tyranny and present-day existential threat, demanding mobilization and revenge."
  263. S2CID 220512241
    . The fake claim by the Hindu right-wing that love jihad forces Hindu women to love and marry a Muslim man and convert to Islam is perpetuating an already existing anti-Muslim narrative in the country. The love jihad phenomenon has thus become a tool of hate and anger towards Muslims. Afrazul's killing by Raigher is an extreme demonstration of this form of hate and anger towards Muslims.
  264. S2CID 218822737. Archived
    from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2021 – via Academia.edu. Heterosexual couples who defy caste and religious structures often face violence, some of which results in death through honor killings and lynching targeting specifically Muslim and Dalit men. For instance, the Hindutva campaign against what it calls the "love jihad" is an attempt to protect Hindu women from Muslim men, as the latter are imagined/blamed to convert Hindu women to Islam through trickery and marriage (Gupta 2018b, 85). Needless to say, these claims are unfounded and Islamophobic imaginations of the Hindu Right.
  265. S2CID 201409140
    – via Academia.edu.
  266. ^ [261]: 226–227 [262][263][264][265]: 289 
  267. S2CID 149838857
    .
  268. S2CID 164693982. Archived
    from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2020 – via ResearchGate. Muslims form about 15% of India's population and have suffered severe marginalization in education and employment, since the partition of Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan in 1947 (Alam, 2010). They have since faced recurrent riots (Varshney, 2003). Other hostilities include false accusations of love jihad (a conspiracy theory claiming Muslim men feign love with non-Muslim women to convert them to Islam) and attempts to convert Muslims to Hinduism by Hindu fundamentalist organizations (Gupta, 2009).
  269. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived
    from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  270. ^ Yasir, Sameer (4 February 2020). "Gandhi's Killer Evokes Admiration as Never Before". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  271. ^ "Narendra Modi and the struggle for India's soul". The Economist. 2 March 2019. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  272. ^ Joshua, Anita (16 July 2014). "Choice of ICHR chief reignites saffronisation debate". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  273. ^ Mukul, Akshaya (18 July 2014). "Right-wingers question ICHR chief selection". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 21 July 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  274. ^
    S2CID 224896271
    .
  275. OCLC 1089418969
    .
  276. ^ Citizenship Amendment Bill: India's new 'anti-Muslim' law explained Archived 12 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 11 December 2019.
  277. ^ "Parliament passes the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2019". pib.gov.in. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  278. ^ Regan, Helen; Gupta, Swati; Khan, Omar. "India passes controversial citizenship bill that excludes Muslims". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  279. ^ Gringlas, Sam. "India Passes Controversial Citizenship Bill That Would Exclude Muslims". NPR. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  280. ^ a b Slater, Joanna (18 December 2019). "Why protests are erupting over India's new citizenship law". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  281. S2CID 151037291
    .
  282. ^ Ellis-Peterson, Hannah; Azizur Rahman, Shaikh (16 March 2020), "Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots", The Guardian, Delhi, archived from the original on 17 March 2020, retrieved 17 March 2020
  283. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Abi-Habib, Maria (1 March 2020), "In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse", The New York Times, archived from the original on 1 March 2020, retrieved 1 March 2020
  284. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Yasir, Sameer; Raj, Suhasini; Kumar, Hari (12 March 2020), "'If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims", The New York Times, Photographs by Loke, Atul, archived from the original on 13 March 2020, retrieved 13 March 2020
  285. ^ Slater, Joanna; Masih, Niha (6 March 2020), "In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn", The Washington Post, archived from the original on 7 March 2020, retrieved 6 March 2020
  286. ^ Slater, Joanna; Masih, Niha (2 March 2020), "What Delhi's worst communal violence in decades means for Modi's India", The Washington Post, archived from the original on 3 March 2020, retrieved 15 March 2020
  287. ^ "Modi slammed as death toll in New Delhi violence rises". Al Jazeera. 26 February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  288. ^ Varadarajan, Siddharth (27 February 2020). "Narendra Modi's Reckless Politics Brings Mob Rule to New Delhi". The Wire. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  289. ^ "Ayodhya verdict live: Country's unity strengthened after verdict, say religious leaders". The Times of India. 10 November 2019. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  290. ^ "Modi becomes first PM to visit Ram Janmabhoomi, Hanumangarhi temple in Ayodhya". The Financial Express. Press Trust of India. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  291. ^ "Lok Sabha passes instant talaq bill; JDU walks out". The Economic Times. 25 July 2019. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  292. ^ "Triple talaq bill passed in Rajya Sabha". India Today. 30 July 2019. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  293. ^ "Fresh triple talaq Bill introduced in Lok Sabha". The Economic Times. 21 June 2019. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  294. ^ "Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Bill passed by Rajya Sabha: Key takeaways". The Indian Express. 5 August 2019. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  295. ^ "As 4G is restored in Jammu & Kashmir, Centre plans another trip for foreign envoys". Zee News. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  296. ^ "At Least 2,300 People Have Been Detained During the Lockdown in Kashmir". Time. 21 August 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019.
  297. ^ "Kashmir city on lockdown after calls for protest march". The Guardian. 23 August 2019. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  298. ^ "Inside Kashmir's lockdown: 'Even I will pick up a gun'". BBC. 10 August 2019. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  299. ^ "Thousands detained in Indian Kashmir crackdown, official data reveals". Reuters. 12 September 2019. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  300. ^ "India opposition criticises Modi for 'hate speech'".
  301. ^ "'Infiltrators': Modi accused of anti-Muslim hate speech amid India election".
  302. ^
    Economic & Political Weekly. 50 (41): 33–36. Archived
    from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  303. ^ "Cabinet approves raising FDI cap in defence to 49 percent, opens up railways". The Times of India. 7 August 2014. Archived from the original on 7 August 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  304. ^ Zhong, Raymond (20 November 2014). "Modi Presses Reform for India—But Is it Enough?". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  305. ^ "Modi renews labour reforms push as jobs regain focus before polls". The Economic Times. 14 March 2018. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  306. ^ Shrivastava, Rahul (18 October 2014). "Narendra Modi Government Deregulates Diesel Prices". NDTV. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  307. ^ "How successive govts are flunking education budgets, NDA worse". India Today. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  308. ^ "Story in numbers: Spending on education in four years of Modi government". Business Standard News. 4 February 2018. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  309. ^ Chowdhury, Shreya Roy (26 January 2019). "The Modi Years: What have school children gained in the last five years?". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  310. ^ "Children's Share in Budget Has Nearly Halved Since Modi Took Charge". The Wire. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  311. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived
    from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  312. ^ Choudhury, Gaurav (25 September 2014). "Look East, Link West, says PM Modi at Make in India launch". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  313. ^ Guha, Abhijit (2015). "Dangers of Indian Reform of the Colonial Land Acquisition Law". Global Journal of Human-Social Science. 15 (1).
  314. ^ "3 years of Modi govt: 6 economic policies that have made BJP stronger, harder to defeat". Business Standard. 16 May 2017. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017.
  315. ^ "SIT formed to unearth black money – Narendra Modi Cabinet's first decision". The Times of India. 27 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  316. ^ "Rs 500, Rs 1000 currency notes stand abolished from midnight: PM Modi". The Indian Express. 9 November 2016. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  317. ^ "Demonetisation: Chaos grows, queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend". The Indian Express. 12 November 2016. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  318. ^ "India demonetisation: Chaos as ATMs run dry". Al Jazeera. 9 November 2016. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  319. ^ "Queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend". The Hindu. 12 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  320. ^ Rukhaiyar, Ashish (9 November 2016). "Sensex crashes 1,689 points on black money crackdown, U.S. election". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  321. ^ "Thousands Protest Across India Against Currency Policy". The New York Times. 28 November 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  322. ^ "Demonetisation drive that cost India 1.5m jobs fails to uncover 'black money'". the Guardian. 30 August 2018. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  323. ^ "India: Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor". Al Jazeera. 16 November 2016. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  324. The Huffington Post. Archived
    from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  325. ^ "PM Narendra Modi's demonetisation move pays off as income tax net widens". Business Today. 8 August 2017. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017.
  326. ^ Bhakta, Pratik (27 May 2017). "Demonetisation effect: Digital payments India's new currency; debit card transactions surge to over 1 billion". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  327. ^ Inamdar, Nikhil; Alluri, Aparna (21 June 2021). "India economy: Seven years of Modi in seven charts". BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  328. ^ Tiwari, Amitabh (30 May 2022). "PM Narendra Modi's 8 Years: How He Has Performed Compared to Manmohan Singh". TheQuint. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  329. ^ V., Harini (14 November 2018). "India's economy is booming. Now comes the hard part". CNBC. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  330. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Kumar, Hari (31 January 2019). "India's Leader Is Accused of Hiding Unemployment Data Before Vote". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  331. ^ Kumar, Manoj; Ghoshal, Devjyot (31 January 2019). "Indian jobless rate at multi-decade high, report says, in blow to Modi". Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  332. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  333. ^ Beniwal, Vrishti (20 May 2019). "Lok sabha election: 2019 general elections: The winner gets an economy riddled with problems". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  334. ^ Sheel, Alok (20 August 2022). "Assessing the Recent Indian Economic Growth". Economic & Political Weekly. 57 (34). Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  335. ^
    S2CID 10544022
    .
  336. S2CID 206906898
    .
  337. businesstoday.in. Business Today. Reuters. Archived
    from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  338. ^ Shetty, Adhil (15 March 2015). "Budget 2015 disappointed healthcare sector". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  339. S2CID 40551136
    . Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  340. ^ Bhattacharya, Devika; Neelakantan, Shailaja (2 February 2018). "Budget 2018 boost for healthcare: Lessons for 'Modicare' from Obamacare". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  341. PMID 25360801
    .
  342. ^
    S2CID 147169571
    .
  343. ^ a b Lakshmi, Rama (4 June 2015). "India is building millions of toilets, but that's the easy part". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  344. ^ a b Gahlot, Mandakini (3 April 2015). "India steps up efforts to encourage use of toilets". USA Today. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  345. ^ "The Final Frontier". The Economist. 19 July 2014. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  346. ^ Chaudhary, Archana (18 May 2015). "India Plans 1.3-Billion Sewage Plants in Towns Along the Ganges". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  347. ^ "Swachh Bharat full marks for access, usage not upto the mark". The Times of India. 2 October 2018. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  348. ^ * Kaul, Rhythma (29 September 2018). "How Swachh Bharat transformed the way public hospitals function". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  349. ^ Awasthi, Prashasti (12 March 2020). "Centre invokes 'Epidemic Act' and 'Disaster Management Act' to prevent spread of coronavirus". @businessline. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  350. ^ Sharma, Ayan (18 March 2020). "How Indian states are gearing up to tackle the coronavirus pandemic". Newslaundry. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  351. ^ a b Sanyal, Anindita, ed. (12 March 2020). "India Suspends All Tourist Visas Till April 15 Over Coronavirus: 10 Facts". NDTV. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  352. ^ "PM Modi calls for 'Janata curfew' on March 22 from 7 AM-9 PM". The Hindu @businessline. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  353. ^ "India Covid-19: PM Modi 'did not consult' before lockdown". BBC News. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  354. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  355. ^ "Ministry of Home Affairs Unlock 5.0 official guidelines on their official website" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs.
  356. ^ "Unlock 6.0 latest guidelines: What do they mean for schools, colleges, other educational institutions". DNA India. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  357. ^ Safi, Michael (21 April 2021). "India's shocking surge in Covid cases follows baffling decline". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  358. ISSN 0971-751X
    . Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  359. ^ "#IndiaFightsCorona COVID-19". MyGov.in. Govt of India. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  360. ^ Daily COVID-19 vaccine doses administered – India, Our World in Data. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  361. ^ "United with India: Supporting India's COVID-19 vaccination drive". UNSDG. 2 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  362. ^
    S2CID 154260676
    .
  363. ^ Hall 2016, pp. 278–281.
  364. ^ Hall 2020, pp. 283–285; Gupta 2019, pp. 3–9; Madan 2020, pp. 65.
  365. National Archives
    .
  366. ^ Sammon, Alexander (23 January 2020). "Barack Obama's Legacy Is Narendra Modi". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  367. ^ "Obama, in reply to question on friendship with Modi, ends up praising Manmohan". India Today. 1 December 2017. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  368. hdl:1885/13357
    .
  369. ^
    S2CID 154940836
    .
  370. ^ a b Downie, Edmund (25 February 2015). "Manipur and India's 'Act East' Policy". The Diplomat. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  371. ^ "Modi takes veiled dig at China on visit to disputed border area". Al Jazeera. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  372. ^ "President Ashraf Ghani's Congratulatory Message on the Occasion of India's 73rd Independence Day". President of Afghanistan. 15 August 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  373. ^ "PM Modi conferred Afghanistan's highest civilian honour". The Indian Express. 4 June 2016. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  374. ^ "PM Modi And His Friendship With World Leaders". The Economic Times. 17 September 2022.
  375. ^ Kugiel, Patryk (3 October 2022). "What Modi and Putin's 'unbreakable friendship' means for the EU". EUobserver.
  376. ^ Mogul, Rhea (4 October 2022). "India's words are anti-war, but New Delhi's actions are propping up Putin's regime". CNN.
  377. ^ "African Union formally joins G20, PM Modi calls for 'trust and reliance'". Hindustan Times. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  378. ^ "PM Narendra Modi interview highlights: From G20 presidency to India as a manufacturing destination, PM lays out his expansive vision for the country". Business Today. 26 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  379. ^ "Exclusive | PM Modi calls for global framework on cryptocurrency. Here's what he said". India Today. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  380. ^ "'G20 की अध्यक्षता कर पूरी दुनिया को नई राह दिखा रहा भारत', Exclusive इंटरव्यू में बोले पीएम मोदी". आज तक (in Hindi). 26 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  381. ^ "India, advocate for the global poor, clears slums as G20 draw near". CNN. 5 September 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  382. ^ Mehrotra, Karishma; Shih, Gerry (20 March 2023). "As G-20 meetings come to India, Modi launches a public relations blitz". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  383. ^ "Many New Delhi slums disappear ahead of G20 summit". Reuters. 5 September 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  384. ^ "PIB Debunks CNN's Claims About Delhi Slum Clearance for G20 Summit". www.newsx.com. 7 September 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  385. BloombergQuint
    . Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  386. ^ a b Rajagopalan, Rajeswari Pillai (9 February 2019). "Why India's New Defense Budget Falls Short". The Diplomat. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  387. ^ a b "India spends a fortune on defence and gets poor value for money". The Economist. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  388. ^ Sharma, Kiran (17 February 2019). "India's arms modernization hampered by populist budget". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  389. ^ a b "Reversing roles". The Economist. 6 October 2016. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  390. ^ "PM slams Pakistan on terror: 10 quotes from Narendra Modi's speech in Kozhikode". The Indian Express. 24 September 2016. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  391. ^ Balasubramanian, Shyam (5 September 2016). "One nation in South Asia spreading terrorism: PM Modi at G20 Summit". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  392. ^ "India's surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh". Hindustan Times. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  393. ^ "Uri avenged: 35–40 terrorists, 9 Pakistani soldiers killed in Indian surgical strikes, say TV reports". 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016.
  394. ^ Negi, Manjeet Singh (29 September 2016). "Surgical strikes in PoK: How Indian para commandos killed 50 terrorists, hit 7 camps". India Today. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  395. ^ Barry, Ellen; Masood, Salman (29 September 2016). "India Claims 'Surgical Strikes' Across Line of Control in Kashmir". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  396. ^ Khan, M Ilyas (23 October 2016). "India's 'surgical strikes' in Kashmir: Truth or illusion?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  397. ^ "Balakot: Pakistan vows to respond after Indian 'air strikes'". BBC. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  398. ^ Lalwani, Sameer; Tallo, Emily (17 April 2019), "Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal: There are broader implications for India—and the United States", Washington Post
  399. S2CID 203266692
  400. ISSN 0190-8286
    . Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  401. ISSN 0013-0613
    . Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  402. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  403. ^ "India admits friendly fire downed Mi-17 helicopter in Kashmir". Washington, DC: The Defense Post. 4 October 2019. The Indian Air Force confirmed for the first time on Friday, October 4 that it shot down one of its own Mi-17 helicopters during clashes with Pakistan in February over Kashmir, killing all six on board.
  404. ISBN 978-981-15-9500-4
    .
  405. S2CID 222093756
    .
  406. ^ Pattanayak, Banikinkar (9 September 2020). "Border clash fails to dampen India-China trade". The Financial Express. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  407. ^ Kaushik, Krishn (26 January 2021). "India, China troops clash in Sikkim; resolved, says Army". The Indian Express. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  408. ^ Hassan, Aakash (19 September 2022). "Indian government accused of ceding land in Himalayas to China". the Guardian.
  409. ^ Siddiqui, Imran Ahmed (16 June 2023). "'Subjugation and surrender': Military veterans slam Modi government's continuing silence on Galwan". Telegraph India.
  410. ^ Chellaney, Brahma (19 December 2022). "Modi's silence on China's land grabs will not be India's last word – Nikkei Asia". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  411. ^
    ISSN 0099-9660
    . Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  412. ^ "Explained: S-400 purchase & implications". The Indian Express. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  413. ISSN 0015-7120
    . Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  414. ^ "All you need to know Operation Ganga, launched to evacuate Indians from Ukraine". The Indian Express. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  415. ^ "31 Flights To Evacuate Over 6,300 Indians From Ukraine By March 8: Report". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  416. ISSN 0971-751X
    . Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  417. ^ Shrivastava, Kumar Sambhav (11 July 2014). "Too little in environment ministry's kitty". www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  418. ^
    JSTOR i24478692
    .
  419. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  420. ^ "Teachers Day speech: PM Modi says no climate change". India Today. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  421. ISSN 0971-751X
    . Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  422. ^ Kukreti, Ishan (3 November 2021). "Explainer: What Modi promised at the COP26 climate change meet – and what that means for India". Scroll.in. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  423. ^ "PM Narendra Modi to address Renewable Energy players on initiatives in energy resources". The Economic Times. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  424. ^ "PM Modi says India, Germany ties an example of success; both ink $10.5 bn green deal". Business Today. 2 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  425. ^ "ISA General Assembly promises to achieve USD 1 trillion investment in solar energy by 2030". The Economic Times. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  426. ISSN 0971-751X
    . Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  427. ^ Shrivastava, Rahul (1 November 2021). "Push for renewable by 2030, net-zero emissions by 2070: PM Modi's 5 commitments at COP26 summit". India Today. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  428. ^ "India pledges net-zero emissions by 2070 — but also wants to expand coal mining". NPR. 3 November 2021.
  429. ^ "India largely on track to meet its Paris Climate Agreement targets, says new report". Business Line. PTI. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  430. ^ "10% ethanol blending ahead of schedule: PM". Hindustan Times. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  431. S2CID 148625260
    .
  432. ^ Finzel, Lydia (24 February 2020). "Democratic Backsliding in India, the World's Largest Democracy". www.v-dem.net. V-Dem Institute. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  433. S2CID 231643689
    .
  434. ^ "MOTN: Narendra Modi voted India's best PM again, Atal Bihari Vajpayee comes second". India Today. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  435. ^ "Guess who India thinks is the best prime minister of all time". The Indian Express. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  436. ^ "India at 75 survey: Modi the most popular PM ever, Nehru second". mint. 14 August 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  437. ^ Singh, Raj (17 September 2015). "B'day Spl: 10 facts to know about Prime Minister Narendra Modi". Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  438. ^ Harding, Luke (18 August 2003). "Profile: Narendra Modi". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  439. Outlook India. Archived
    from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  440. ^ "Narendra Modi on Google Hangout, Ajay Devgn to host event". The Times of India. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  441. CNN-IBN. 1 September 2012. Archived from the original
    on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  442. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived
    from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  443. ^ Friedman, Vanessa (3 June 2014). "Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India: A Leader Who Is What He Wears". The New York Times: On The Runway. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  444. ISBN 978-1-62365-938-7
    .
  445. ^ Marino 2014, pp. 60–70.
  446. ^ Ramaseshan, Radhika (2 July 2013). "Boomerang warning in article on 'polarising' Modi". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  447. ^ Malik, Ashok (8 November 2012). "Popular but polarising: can Narendra Modi be PM?". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  448. ^ "NaMo, Ram the new mantra on Dalal Street!". The Economic Times. 15 September 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  449. Pew Research. Archived
    from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  450. ^ Shashidhar, Karthik (23 May 2016). "PM Modi's approval rating remains high 2 years into term: poll". Mint. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  451. Pew Research. Archived
    from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  452. ^ Najar, Nida (20 September 2016). "PM Narendra Modi retains broad support in India despite criticism, poll finds". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  453. Pew Research. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  454. ^ "Modi Govt gets high approval rating at three-year mark in TOI online poll". The Times of India. 23 May 2017. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  455. ^ "PM Narendra Modi 'By Far' Most Popular Figure in Indian Politics: Pew Survey". NDTV. 16 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  456. ^ "Modi's high approval rating a matter of pride for all Indians: Nadda". Press Trust of India. 2 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  457. ^ "Global Leader Approval Tracker". Morning Consult. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  458. ^ Noorani, Reza. "Modi Kaka Ka Gaon Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Modi Kaka Ka Gaon by Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 June 2021..
  459. ^ Bhatnagar, Gaurav Vivek (20 March 2019). "Does the Release of 'PM Narendra Modi' Violate Model Code of Conduct?". The Wire. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  460. moneycontrol.com
    . Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  461. ^ First episode of 7 RCR on Narendra Modi. ABP News via YouTube. 12 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  462. ^ "India invokes emergency laws to ban BBC Modi documentary". the Guardian. 23 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  463. ISSN 0971-751X
    . Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  464. ^ "India's government scrambles to block a film about Modi's role in anti-Muslim riots". NPR. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  465. ^ Yasir, Samir (25 January 2023). "As India Tries to Block a Modi Documentary, Students Fight to See It". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  466. ^ "Uri: The Surgical Strike". ZEE5. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  467. ^ "Watch Avrodh Web Series Online". SonyLIV. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  468. ^ "Avrodh 2: The Siege Within' to release on June 24". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  469. ^ Salam, Ziya Us (13 August 2004). "Ideology shackled". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  470. ^ "Man vs Wild with Bear Grylls and PM Modi". Discovery+. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  471. ^ "PM Modi rows boat, makes weapon, goes on a wild adventure for Man vs Wild TV show". India Today. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  472. Jagran Josh
    . Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  473. ^ "Man Vs Wild: PM Modi walks in jungles of Jim Corbett with Bear Grylls, talks about conserving nature". Business Today. 13 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  474. News18
    . 12 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  475. pmonradio.nic.in
    . Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  476. ^ "Pariksha Pe Charcha 2021". MyGov.in. 5 April 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  477. ^ Thottam, Jyoti (16 March 2012). "Why Narendra Modi is India's Most Loved and Loathed Politician". Time. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  478. ^ "Narendra Modi: The New Face of India". Time. Vol. 183 – No. 21. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  479. CNN-IBN. 17 March 2015. Archived from the original
    on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  480. ^ Gibbs, Nancy; Abdoolcarim, Zoher; Kumar, Nikhil (7 May 2015). "Exclusive Interview With Narendra Modi: 'We Are Natural Allies'". Time. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  481. ^ Zakaria, Fareed (23 April 2014). "The 100 Most Influential People: Narendra Modi". Time. US. Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  482. ^ "Narendra Modi". Forbes. November 2018. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  483. ^ Dieterich, Robert S. (September 2015). "Bloomberg Markets 50 Most Influential". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  484. ^ "PM Narendra Modi features in Time Magazine's list of 100 most influential people of 2021; 'dominating the country's politics', says report". The Financial Express. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  485. ^ "PM Modi In TIME Magazine's '100 Most Influential People 2021' List; Mamata Banerjee, Adar Poonawalla Also Feature". Moneycontrol. 15 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  486. ^ "World's Greatest Leaders 2015: Narendra Modi". Fortune. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  487. ^ "Narendra Modi and Kailash Satyarthi are world's greatest leaders, says Fortune Magazine". Business Insider. 27 March 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  488. ^ "GIA poll: Modi ranks third after Merkel, Macron in global ratings of top world leaders; best ever rank for an Indian PM". firstpost.com. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  489. ^ Rana, Abhishek (12 January 2018). "GIA Poll 2017: Narendra Modi ranks third, the highest for an Indian Prime Minister". www.newsfolo.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  490. ^ "London: PM Modi's wax statue unveiled at Madame Tussaud's Museum". The Indian Express. 28 April 2015. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  491. ^ "Narendra Modi's wax statue unveiled at Madame Tussaud's Museum". Business Standard. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  492. ^ "The 30 Most Influential People on the Internet". Time. 5 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  493. Indian Express
    . 11 July 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  494. ^ Agarwal, Surabhi (27 May 2017). "With 41.7 million followers, Modi becomes most followed world leader on Facebook". The Economic Times. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  495. ^ "PM Narendra Modi most followed world leader on Instagram". India Today. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  496. ^ "Narendra Modi – Policy Leadership Award | Champions of the Earth". web.unep.org. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  497. ^ "PM Narendra Modi receives UN's Champions of the Earth Award". The Economic Times. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  498. ^ "Prime Minister Modi Awarded the 2018 Seoul Peace Prize". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 24 October 2018. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  499. ^ "PM Modi receives Seoul Peace Prize for 2018". Economic Times. 22 February 2019. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  500. ^ "Video: ADNOC marks Modi's inauguration as Prime Minister of India". Khaleej Times. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  501. ^ "'Howdy, Modi!': Trump hails Indian PM at 'historic' Texas rally". BBC. 22 September 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  502. ^ "Texas India Forum – Howdy Modi". howdymodi.org. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  503. ^ Haidar, Suhasini (22 September 2019). "'Howdy Modi' in Houston: After Modi show, Trump tweets: 'The USA Loves India!'". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  504. Gates Foundation [@gatesfoundation] (25 September 2019). "Prime Minister Narendra Modi received the Global Goalkeeper Award at tonight's Goalkeepers Global Goals Awards. This award recognizes the progress India has made in providing safe sanitation under his leadership. https://t.co/QSMD4UqxiU" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022 – via Twitter
    .
  505. indiatimes.com
    . Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  506. ^ "Narendra Modi: 'Global Goalkeeper' award for PM Modi for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan". The Times of India. 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  507. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3675
    . Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  508. ISSN 0971-751X
    . Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  509. ^ "Donald Trump awards PM Narendra Modi with Legion of Merit for elevating India-US ties". Mumbai Mirror. Asian News International. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  510. oneindia.com. Archived from the original
    on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  511. ^ Sharma, Aakriti (22 December 2020). "After UAE's 'Order of Zayed' Indian PM Narendra Modi & QUAD Allies Awarded 'Legion of Merit' By US Government". eurasiantimes.com. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  512. ^ "Largest cricket stadium in Motera, with seating capacity for over 1 lakh fans, renamed as Narendra Modi Stadium". India Today. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  513. ^ Mahurkar, Uday (25 February 2002). "Rajkot II by-elections: Narendra Modi pushes his own image as a rising star of BJP". India Today. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  514. ^ Marino 2014, pp. 98; Bal Narendra 2014, pp. 67–69.
  515. Rediff. Archived
    from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  516. ^ "General Election To Lok Sabha Trends & Result 2014". ECI. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  517. ^ "Varanasi Election Result 2019: PM Modi' Varanasi is the star constituency". Hindustan Times. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  518. ^ "Narendra Modi on MS Golwalkar, translated by Aakar Patel – Part 1". The Caravan. 31 May 2014. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  519. ^ "Jyotipunj: Narendra Modi writes on 'my organisation, my leaders'". The Economic Times. 9 April 2008. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  520. ^ "Song Featuring PM Modi Nominated For Grammy Awards". NDTV.com. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  521. ^ Dave, Kapil (17 September 2016). "PM Narendra Modi takes blessings from mother Hiraba on his 66th birthday". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.

Further reading

External links

Scholia has a profile for Narendra Modi (Q1058).
Library resources about
Narendra Modi
Political offices
Preceded by
Chief Minister of Gujarat

2001–2014 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of India
2014–present 		Incumbent
Gujarat Legislative Assembly
Preceded by
Rajkot II

2002–2002 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Maninagar

2002–2014 		Succeeded by
Lok Sabha
Preceded by
Varanasi

2014–present 		Incumbent
Preceded by Leader of the House
2014–present
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Leader of BRICS Summit
2016 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Head of SCO Summit
30 November 2020 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Leader of BRICS Summit
2021 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairperson of the Group of 20
2023 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narendra_Modi&oldid=1220402766"
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article: Modi. Articles is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license; additional terms may apply.Privacy Policy