Mogadishu
Mogadishu
Muqdisho ( Mohammed Abdullah Hassan monument, Lido Beach, the Old Fishing Harbour, and Mosque of Islamic Solidarity . | |
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BSh | |
HDI (2019) | 0.701[4] average 1st |
Website | bra |
Mogadishu (
Mogadishu is located in the coastal Banaadir region on the Indian Ocean, which, unlike other Somali regions, is considered a municipality rather than a maamul goboleed (federal state).[9]
Mogadishu has a long history, which ranges from the ancient period up until the present, serving as the capital of the Sultanate of Mogadishu in the 9th-13th century, which for many centuries controlled the Indian Ocean gold trade and eventually came under the Ajuran Sultanate in the 13th century which was an important player in the medieval Silk Road maritime trade. Mogadishu enjoyed the height of its prosperity during the 14th and 15th centuries[10] and was during the early modern period considered the wealthiest city on the East African coast, as well as the center of a thriving textile industry.[11] In the 17th century, Mogadishu and parts of southern Somalia fell under the Hiraab Imamate. In the 19th century, it came under the Sultanate of the Geledi's sphere of influence and the Abgal imams still held power within and outside of the city.
In 1894, the Somali chief had signed a treaty of peace, friendship, and protection with Filonardi of the Commercial Company of Benadir.
This was followed by independence in 1960, the Somali Democratic Republic era during Siad Barre's presidency (1969–1991), the three-decade Somali Civil War afterwards, and as of the late 2010s and 2020s a period of reconstruction.[15]
Etymology
The origins of the name Mogadishu (Muqdisho) have many theories but it is most likely derived from a morphology of the Somali words Muuq and Disho which mean "Sight Killer" or "Blinder", possibly referring to the city's blinding beauty.[16] Magh'ad-e shāh (Persian: مقعد شاه) is another phrase from which the name of Mogadishu is believed to be derived, meaning "seat of the Shah/merchant Shah" which reflects the city's early Persian influence.[17] The Arabic 'mads', meaning "hallowed (place)" may also be a root after establishment. The 16th century explorer Leo Africanus knew the city as Magadazo (alt. Magadoxo).[18]
History
Antiquity
Sarapion
The ancient city of Sarapion is believed to have been the predecessor state of Mogadishu. It is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a Greek travel document dating from the first century AD, as one of a series of commercial ports on the Somali littoral.[19] According to the Periplus, maritime trade already connected peoples in the Mogadishu area with other communities along the Indian Ocean.[20][21]
During ancient times Mogadishu was part of the
Foundation and origins
The founding ethnicity of Mogadishu and its subsequent sultanate has been a topic of intrigue in
Mogadishu along with Zeila and other Somali coastal cities was founded upon an indigenous network involving hinterland trade and that happened even before significant Arab migrations or trade with the Somali coast. That goes back approximately four thousand years and are supported by archaeological and textual evidences.[34]
This is corroborated by the first century AD Greek document the
Mogadishu is traditionally inhabited by four clans. These are the Moorshe, Iskashato, DhabarWeyne, and the Bandawow. And with Moorshe being regarded as the, oldest, group in Mogadishu and is considered to be a sub-clan of Ajuran who established one of the most powerful medieval kingdoms in Africa called the Ajuran Sultanate. The Gibil Madow (Dark Skins) faction of the Benadiri are said to hail from the Somali clan groups from inland which make up the majority of Benadiris with a small minority being Gibil Cads (Light Skins) which descend from Muslim immigrants.[41][42]
Medieval Period
Mogadishu Sultanate
The Mogadishu Sultanate was a
For many years Mogadishu functioned as the pre-eminent city in the بلد البربر (Bilad al Barbar – "Land of the
Muzaffarids
In the late 14th century, Mogadishu fell under the control of the Muzaffarids, at the same time a strong Ajuran state expanded into the interior along the lower valley of the Webi Shabelle and was in control of the immediate hinterlands of Mogadishu.[53] As an Ajuran family, Muzaffar established a dynasty in the city, thus combining two entities together for the next 350 years, the fortunes of the urban cities in the interior and coast became the fortunes of the other.[54]
During his travels,
This period gave birth to notable figures like Abd al-Aziz of Mogadishu who was described as the governor and island chief of Maldives by Ibn Battuta[64][65][66] After him is named the Abdul-Aziz Mosque in Mogadishu which has remained there for centuries.[67]
The island's appellation "Madagascar" is not of local origin but rather was popularized in the Middle Ages by Europeans.[68] The name Madageiscar was first recorded in the memoirs of 13th-century Venetian explorer Marco Polo as a corrupted transliteration of the name Mogadishu, the famous port with which Polo had confused the island.[69]
Duarte Barbosa, the famous Portuguese traveller wrote about Mogadishu (c 1517–1518):[75]
It has a king over it, and is a place of great trade in merchandise. Ships come there from the kingdom of Cambay (India) and from Aden with stuffs of all kinds, and with spices. And they carry away from there much gold, ivory, beeswax, and other things upon which they make a profit. In this town there is plenty of meat, wheat, barley, and horses, and much fruit: it is a very rich place.
In 1542, the Portuguese commander João de Sepúvelda led a small fleet on an expedition to the Somali coast. During this expedition he briefly attacked Mogadishu, capturing an Ottoman ship and firing upon the city, which compelled the sultan of Mogadishu to sign a peace treaty with the Portuguese.[76]
According to the 16th-century explorer, Leo Africanus indicates that the native inhabitants of the Mogadishu polity were of the same origins as the denizens of the northern people of Zeila the capital of Adal Sultanate. They were generally tall with an olive skin complexion, with some being darker. They would wear traditional rich white silk wrapped around their bodies and have Islamic turbans and coastal people would only wear sarongs, and wrote Arabic as a lingua franca. Their weaponry consisted of traditional Somali weapons such as swords, daggers, spears, battle axe, and bows, although they received assistance from its close ally the Ottoman Empire and with the import of firearms such as muskets and cannons. Most were Muslims, although a few adhered to heathen bedouin tradition; there were also a number of Abyssinian Christians further inland. Mogadishu itself was a wealthy, and well-built city-state, which maintained commercial trade with kingdoms across the world.[77] The metropolis city was surrounded by walled stone fortifications.[78][79]
Ajuran Sultanate collapsed in the 17th century due to heavy taxing against their subjects which started a rebellion. The ex-subjects became a new wave of Somali immigrants, the Abgaal, moved both into Shabelle basin and into Mogadishu, and the city's Muzaffar dynasty collapsed. A new political elite led by Abgaal Yaquub imams, with ties to the new leaders in the interior, moved into Shingaani quarter of the city. Remnants of the Ajuran lived in the other key-quarters Xamarweyne. Ajuran merchants began to look for new linkages and regional trade opportunities since the Abgaal had commandeered the existing trading networks.[80][81]
Early Modern period (1700s–1900s)
Hiraab Imamate
By the 17th century, the Hiraab Imamate was a powerful kingdom that ruled large parts of southern and central Somalia. It successfully revolted against the Ajuran Sultanate and established an independent rule for at least two centuries from the seventeen hundreds and onwards.[82]
The alliance involved the army leaders and advisors of the
Hobyo served as a prosperous commercial center for the Imamate while Mogadishu served as the political centre where the ruling dynasty resided. The agricultural centres of
By the late 19th century, the Imamate began to decline due to internal problems, the Imamate also faced challenges from Imperialist kingdoms, the Zanzibari Sultan from the coast and
Geledi Sultanate
The
Despite the Somali political decline, trade with
The Geledi Sultans were at the height of their power. They dominated the East African
Italian Somaliland (late 1800s–1960)
In 1905, Italy made Mogadishu the capital of the newly established Italian Somaliland. The Italians subsequently spelled the name of the city as Mogadiscio. After World War I, the surrounding territory came under Italian control with some resistance.[94]
Thousands of Italians and other people from the Italian empire began to settle in Mogadishu and founded small manufacturing companies across Somalia. They also developed some agricultural areas in the south near the capital, such as Janale and the Villaggio duca degli Abruzzi (present-day Jowhar).[95] In the 1930s, new buildings and avenues were built. A 114 km (71 mi) narrow-gauge railway was laid from Mogadishu to Jowhar. An asphalt road, the Strada Imperiale, was also constructed and intended to link Mogadishu to Addis Ababa.[96]
In 1940, the Italo-Somali population numbered 22,000, accounting for over 44% of the city's population of 50,000 residents.[97][98] Mogadishu remained the capital of Italian Somaliland throughout the latter polity's existence. In World War II it was captured by British forces in February 1941.
After World War II Mogadishu was made the capital of the Trust Territory of Somaliland, an Italian administered fiduciary political entity under the UNO mandate, for ten years (1950–1960).
Somali Republic (1960–1991)
On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of
Alongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Ali Korshel. Kediye officially held the title of "Father of the Revolution," and Barre shortly afterwards became the head of the SRC.[102] The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic,[103][104] arrested members of the former civilian government, banned political parties,[105] dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.[106]
The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programmes, including the Mogadishu Stadium. In addition to a nationalization programme of industry and land, the Mogadishu-based new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League in 1974.[107]
After fallout from the unsuccessful
Civil war
By the late 1980s, Barre's regime had become increasingly unpopular. The authorities became ever more
During the
In 2006, the
Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into factions. Some of the more radical elements, including a youth milita within the courts military wing known as
Between 31 May and 9 June 2008, representatives of Somalia's federal government and the moderate
In November 2010, a new
In October 2017, over 500 people were killed by a truck bombing.[126]
In March 2022, al-Shabaab killed over 60 people in a series of attacks.[127]
In October 2022, an al-Shabaab
Reconstruction
In August 2011, militant group al Shabaab made a strategic withdrawal from Mogadishu to return to hit-and-run tactics.[129] Mayor Mohamed Nur recognized the opportunity as critical to stabilizing and rebuilding the city. Working closely with the UN, USAID, and DRC, Nur's administration started large-scale rehabilitation of roads and general infrastructure, with residents cooperating with the civil and police authorities to tighten up on security.[130] Nur recognized the opportunity to transform Mogadishu although resources were limited. Working with urban strategist Mitchell Sipus, the Benadir government sought to design and deploy a data-driven approach to post-war reconstruction.[131]
With the passing of a new Constitution in 2012 and the subsequent election of an inaugural President in the new Federal Government, the mayorship continued to oversee Mogadishu's ongoing post-conflict reconstruction. Building off the initial pilot, the Benadir administration launched a citywide street naming, house numbering and postal codes project. Officially called the House Numbering and Post Code System, it is a joint initiative of the municipal authorities and Somali business community representatives. According to Nur, the initiative also aims to help the authorities firm up on security and resolve housing ownership disputes.[132] As of 2016[update], there are postal codes for 156 localities and sub-localities, including the Mogadishu metropolitan area.[133]
Geography
Mogadishu is situated on the Indian Ocean coast of the
The Shebelle River (Webiga Shabelle) rises in central Ethiopia and comes within 30 km (19 mi) of the Indian Ocean near Mogadishu before turning southwestward. Usually dry during February and March, the river provides water essential for the cultivation of sugarcane, cotton, and bananas.[137]
Climate
For a city situated so near the equator, Mogadishu has a dry climate. It is classified as hot and dry-winter semi-arid (Köppen climate classification (BShw), as with much of southeastern Somalia. By contrast, towns in northern Somalia generally have a hot arid climate (Köppen BWh).[138] While the city is relatively dry, due to its coastal location, relative humidity is rather high, averaging 79% for the year.
Mogadishu is located in or near the tropical thorn woodland biome of the Holdridge global bioclimatic scheme. The mean temperature in the city year-round is 27 °C (81 °F), with an average maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) and an average minimum of 24 °C (75 °F). Mean temperature readings per month vary by 3 °C (5.4 °F), corresponding with a hyperoceanic and subtype truly hyperoceanic continentality type. Precipitation per year averages 429.2 mm (16.9 in). There are 47 wet days annually, which are associated with a 12% annual daily probability of rainfall. The city has an average of 3,066 hours of sunshine per year, with 8.4 hours of sunlight per day. Mean daylight hours and minutes per day are 8 hours and 24 minutes. The percentage of possible sunshine is 70%. Average sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day of the month is 75%.[139]
Climate data for Mogadishu | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 39.5 (103.1) |
39.5 (103.1) |
37.3 (99.1) |
39.8 (103.6) |
34.9 (94.8) |
33.0 (91.4) |
34.3 (93.7) |
36.0 (96.8) |
36.0 (96.8) |
37.0 (98.6) |
39.0 (102.2) |
37.3 (99.1) |
39.8 (103.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.2 (86.4) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
32.2 (90.0) |
31.2 (88.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.6 (83.5) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.2 (86.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.6 (79.9) |
26.9 (80.4) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.2 (82.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
25.4 (77.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
26.5 (79.7) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.5 (81.5) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.1 (80.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
24.9 (76.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.9 (76.8) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.9 (75.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | 19.0 (66.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.0 (64.4) |
16.8 (62.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
16.5 (61.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0 (0) |
0 (0) |
8 (0.3) |
61 (2.4) |
61 (2.4) |
82 (3.2) |
64 (2.5) |
44 (1.7) |
25 (1.0) |
32 (1.3) |
43 (1.7) |
9 (0.4) |
428 (16.9) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 4.8 | 6.7 | 12.7 | 13.3 | 10.2 | 4.9 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 1.5 | 63.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
78 | 78 | 77 | 77 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 79 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 266.6 | 251.4 | 282.1 | 261.0 | 272.8 | 219.0 | 226.3 | 254.2 | 264.0 | 266.6 | 261.0 | 257.3 | 3,082.3 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 8.6 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 8.4 |
Percent possible sunshine | 72 | 74 | 73 | 71 | 72 | 59 | 59 | 67 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 70 | 69 |
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[140] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (percent sunshine)[141] |
Government
Federal
The Government of Somalia has its seat in Mogadishu, the nation's capital. The
The Federal Government of Somalia was established on 20 August 2012 at the end of the TFG's interim mandate.[142] It represented the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.[142] The Federal Parliament of Somalia serves as the government's legislative branch.[143]
Municipal
Mogadishu's municipal government is led by Omar Mohamud Mohamed (Finnish), who succeeded the late mayor Abdirahman Omar Osman (Yariisow) in August 2019 after Osman was killed in a suicide bomb attack that targeted his office.[144][145]
Among the administration's development initiatives are a US$100 million urban renewal project, the creation of garbage disposal and incineration plants, the launch of a citywide cleanup project, the creation of asphalt and cement plants, rehabilitation of the Town Hall and parliament buildings, reconstruction of the former Defence Ministry offices, reconstruction of correctional facilities, rehabilitation and construction of health facilities, establishment of a Police Training Center and a permanent base in Jasiira for the new Somali Armed Forces, rebuilding of the Somali Postal Service headquarters, and rehabilitation of public playgrounds in several districts.[146] In January 2014, the Benadir administration launched the House Numbering and Post Code System.[132] It also began distributing national identity cards in March of the same year.[147] In addition, the municipal authorities started renovating important local government centers in September 2014, including the capital's former Fisho Guverno compound.[148] In January 2015, the Benadir administration also opened a new Health & Safety Office to supervise health and safety practices in the city,[149] and launched a municipal beautification campaign ahead of various international conferences that are slated to be held there.[150]
In March 2015, the Benadir administration completed the SECIL project in conjunction with the EU and UNHABITAT. The 3.5 million EUR initiative lasted three and a half years, and saw the establishment in Mogadishu of a sustainable waste collection system, a technical training centre, water quality testing laboratories, better access to clean drinking water, improved employment and livelihood opportunities in the low-cost fuel production sector, strengthened skills training and regulation in the construction sector, and laboratories for the testing of construction material quality.[151]
Diplomatic missions
A number of countries maintain foreign embassies and consulates in Mogadishu. As of January 2014, these diplomatic missions include the embassies of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sudan, Libya, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iran, Uganda, Nigeria, the United Kingdom, Japan, China,[152][153] and Qatar.[154] Embassies that are scheduled to reopen in the city include those of Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Italy and South Korea.[152]
In May 2015, in recognition of the sociopolitical progress made in Somalia and its return to effective governance, US Secretary of State
In February 2014, Somalia's Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation
Economy
Mogadishu traditionally served as a commercial and financial centre. Before the importation of mass-produced cloth from Europe and America, the city's textiles were forwarded throughout the interior of the continent, as well as to the Arabian Peninsula and as far as the Persian coast.[159]
Mogadishu's economy has grown rapidly since the city's pacification in mid-2011. The SomalFruit processing factory was reopened once again, as well as the local
The galvanization of Mogadishu's real estate sector was in part facilitated by the establishment of a local construction yard in November 2012 by the Municipality of Istanbul and the Turkish Red Crescent. 50 construction trucks and machines were imported from Turkey. The yard produces concrete, asphalt and paving stones for building projects and entrepreneurs. The Istanbul Municipality was also scheduled to bring in 100 specialists to accelerate the construction initiative which ultimately aims to modernize the capital's infrastructure.[162]
In mid-2012, Mogadishu held its first ever Technology, Entertainment, Design (TEDx) conference. The event was organized by the FirstSomali Bank to showcase improvements in business, development and security to potential Somali and international investors.[160] A second consecutive TEDx entrepreneurial conference was held the following year in the capital, highlighting new enterprises and commercial opportunities, including the establishment of the city's first dry cleaning business in several years.[163] A number of large firms have their headquarters in Mogadishu. Among these is the
In June 2013, former Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon signed a new foreign investment law. The draft bill was prepared by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in conjunction with government attorneys. Approved by the Cabinet, it establishes a secure legal framework for foreign investment in Mogadishu and elsewhere in the country.[169]
In October 2014, the firm Tawakal Money Express (Tawakal) began construction of the seven-storey Tawakal Plaza Mogadishu. The new high rise is slated to be completed by the end of 2015, and will feature a Tawakal Global Bank customer and financial services center, a large, 338 square meter supermarket, a 46-room luxury hotel, restaurant and coffee shop facilities, and conference and event halls.[170] In addition, the Nabaad Supermarket provides major retail service to local shoppers. Open daily until 10 pm, the convenience chain imports most of its products from the United Arab Emirates and China.[171] The Al Buruuj firm also launched a major real estate project in January 2015, Daru-Salam City. Financed by the Salaam Somali Bank, the new urban complex includes town houses, apartment flats, a mosque, recreational areas, playgrounds, a supermarket and roads. It is slated to be erected just outside the northern part of the capital, within a 7-kilometer radius of the Industrial Road.[149]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1936 | 50,000 | — |
1941 | 72,000 | +44.0% |
1944 | 72,000 | +0.0% |
1947 | 73,000 | +1.4% |
1950 | 55,000 | −24.7% |
1953 | 63,000 | +14.5% |
1956 | 75,000 | +19.0% |
1959 | 104,332 | +39.1% |
1962 | 116,222 | +11.4% |
1965 | 171,312 | +47.4% |
1968 | 172,700 | +0.8% |
1972 | 230,000 | +33.2% |
1982 | 500,000 | +117.4% |
1984 | 570,000 | +14.0% |
1991 | 1,100,000 | +93.0% |
2017 | 2,425,000 | +120.5% |
Sources: Italian Somaliland, British Military Administration, United Nations and Mogadishu municipal estimates and censuses; Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions.[172][173] |
Mogadishu is inhabited by All Somali clan-families, with the most dominated being the Hawiye clan.
Following a greatly improved security situation in the city in 2012, Somali expatriates began returning to Mogadishu for investment opportunities and to take part in the post-conflict reconstruction.[182] Through both private efforts and public initiatives like the Somali Diaspora Corps, they have participated in the renovation of schools, hospitals, banks and other infrastructure.[182][183] They have also helped to propel the local real estate market.[184]
According to Demographia, Mogadishu has a population of around 2,425,000 residents as of April 2017[update]. It is the 210th largest city in the world by population size. The urban area occupies 91 km2 (35 sq mi), with a population density of around 26,800/km2 (69,000/sq mi).
Landmarks
Places of worship
Among the
The Mosque of Islamic Solidarity was constructed in 1987 with financial support from the Saudi Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud Foundation. It is the main mosque in the city, and an iconic building in Somali society. With a capacity of up to 10,000 worshippers, it is the single largest masjid in the Horn region. In 2015, the federal authorities completed formal refurbishments on the mosque's infrastructure. The upgrades are part of a larger governmental renovation campaign aimed at all of the masjids in Mogadishu.[188] To this end, the municipal authority is refurbishing the historic Central Mosque, situated downtown.[146]
The
Palaces
Villa Somalia is the official residential palace and principal workplace of the President of Somalia, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud. It sits on high ground that overlooks the city on the Indian Ocean, with access to both the harbour and airport.[191]
The
Museums, libraries and theatres
The National Museum of Somalia was established after independence in 1960, when the old Garesa Museum was turned into a National Museum. The National Museum was later moved in 1985, renamed to the Garesa Museum, and converted to a regional museum.[192][193] After shutting down, the National Museum later reopened. As of January 2014, it holds many culturally important artefacts, including old coins, bartering tools, traditional artwork, ancient weaponry and pottery items.[194]
The
The National Theatre of Somalia opened in 1967 as an important cultural landmark in the national capital. It closed down after the start of the civil war in the early 1990s but reopened in March 2012 after reconstruction.[198] In September 2013, the Somali federal government and its Chinese counterpart signed an official cooperation agreement in Mogadishu as part of a five-year national recovery plan in Somalia. The pact will see the Chinese authorities reconstruct the National Theatre of Somalia in addition to several other major infrastructural landmarks.[199]
Markets
Bakaara Market was created in late 1972 by the Barre administration. It served as an open market for the sale of goods and services, including produce and clothing. After the start of the civil war, the market was controlled by militant groups, who used it as a base for their operations. Following Mogadishu's pacification in 2011, renovations resumed at the market. Shops were rehabilitated, selling everything from fruit and garments to building materials.[200] As in the rest of the city, Barkaara Market's real estate values have also risen considerably. As of 2013[update], the local Tabaarak firm was renting out a newly constructed warehouse at the market for $2,000 per month.[201]
In February 2014, the Benadir administration began renovations at the Ansaloti Market in the Hamar Jajab district. It was one of the largest markets in the city before closing down operations in the early 1990s. In September 2014, the municipal authorities reopened the Ansaloti to the public, with officials supervising all parts of the market. According to the Benadir Political Affairs Vice Chairman Mohamed Adan "Anagel", the facility is now open for business and will compete with other regional markets.[202]
Institutes
The Regional Somali Language Academy is an intergovernmental regulating body for the Somali language in the Horn region. In January 2015, President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud announced that the institute was slated to be finalized in conjunction with the governments of Djibouti and Ethiopia.[203] Among the scheduled projects was the construction of a new headquarters for the academy in Mogadishu, in recognition of Somalia's traditional position as the centre for the development and promotion of the Somali language.[204] In February 2015, the foundation stone for the new Regional Somali Language Academy was officially laid at an inauguration ceremony in the city.[205]
Hotels
Mogadishu has a number of hotels, most of which were recently constructed. The city's many returning expatriates, investors and foreign workers are among these establishments' main customers. To meet the growing demand, hotel representatives have also begun participating in international industry conferences, such as the Africa Hotel Investment Forum.[206]
Among the new hotels is the six-floor Jazeera Palace Hotel. It was built in 2010 and opened in 2012. Situated within a 300m of the Aden Adde International Airport, it has a 70-room capacity with a 70% occupancy rate. The hotel expects to host over 1,000 visitors by 2015, for which it plans to construct a larger overall building and conference facilities.[206] A new landslide hotel within the airport itself is also slated to be completed by the end of the year.[207]
Other hotels in the city include the Lafweyn Palace Hotel, Amira Castle Hotel, Sahafi Hotel, Hotel Nasa-Hablod, Oriental Hotel, Hotel Guuleed, Hotel Shamo, Peace Hotel, Aran Guest House,
Education
Mogadishu is home to a number of scholastic institutions. As part of the government's urban renewal program, 100 schools across the country are scheduled to be refurbished and reopened. Compulsory education lasts 15 years, Primary and middle school is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools, between the ages of 7 and 19, and by 2015 enrollment of children in this age range was nearly 55%. Secondary or high school education is not mandatory but required in order to then progress to
The Somali National University (SNU) was established in the 1950s, during the trusteeship period. In 1973, its programmes and facilities were expanded. The SNU developed over the next 20 years into an expansive institution of higher learning, with 13 departments, 700 staff and over 15,000 students. On 14 November 2013, the Cabinet unanimously approved a federal government plan to reopen the Somali National University, which had been closed down in the early 1990s. The refurbishing initiative cost US$3.6 million,[210] and was completed in August 2014.[211]
In 1999, the Somali Institute of Management and Administration (SIMAD) was co-established in Mogadishu by incumbent President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud. The institution subsequently grew into the SIMAD University, with Mohamud acting as dean until 2010.[213] It offers a range of undergraduate courses in various fields, including economics, statistics, business, accountancy, technology, computer science, health sciences, education, law and public administration.[214]
Benadir University (BU) was established in 2002 with the intention of training doctors. It has since expanded into other fields. Another tertiary institution in the city is the Zamzam University of Science and Technology and Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology . The Turkish Boarding School was also established, with the Mogadishu Polytechnic Institute and Shabelle University campus likewise undergoing renovations. Additionally, a New Islamic University campus is being built.[146] In April 2014, Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed also laid the foundation stone for the reconstruction of the former meteorological school in Mogadishu.[215] A new national Aviation Training Academy is likewise being built at the Aden Adde International Airport.[216]This is the first of its kind!
Culture
General
As Somalia's capital city, Mogadishu has many important national institutions. It is the seat of the
Mogadishu is home to scholastic and media institutions. As part of the municipality's urban renewal program, 100 schools across the capital are scheduled to be refurbished and reopened. The Somali National University (SNU) was established in the 1950s, and professors from the university later founded the non-governmental Mogadishu University (MU). Benadir University (BU) was established in 2002 with the intention of training doctors. Various national sporting bodies have their headquarters in Mogadishu, including the Somali Football Federation and the Somali Olympic Committee. Mogadishu Stadium was constructed in 1978 during the Siad Barre administration, with the assistance of Chinese engineers. It hosts football matches with teams from the Somali First Division and the Somalia Cup. Additionally, the Port of Mogadishu serves as a major national seaport and is the largest harbour in Somalia. Mogadishu International Airport is the capital's main airport.
Sport
The Banadir Stadium and Konis Stadium are two other major sporting facilities in the capital. In 2013, the Somali Football Federation launched a renovation project at the Konis facility, during which artificial football turf contributed by FIFA was installed at the stadium. The Ex-Lujino basketball stadium in the Abdulaziz District also underwent a $10,000 rehabilitation, with funding provided by the local Hormuud Telecom firm.[218] Additionally, the municipal authority oversaw the reconstruction of the Banadir Stadium.[146]
National sporting bodies have their headquarters in Mogadishu. Among these are the Somali Football Federation,
Transportation
Road
Roads leading out of Mogadishu connect the city to other localities in Somalia as well as to neighbouring countries. The capital itself is cut into several grid layouts by an extensive road network. In October 2013, major construction began on the 23-kilometer road leading to the airport. Overseen by Somali and Turkish engineers, the upgrade was completed in November and included lane demarcation. The road construction initiative was part of a larger agreement signed by the Somali and Turkish governments to establish Mogadishu and Istanbul as sister cities, and in the process bring all of Mogadishu's roads up to modern standards.
In 2012–2013, Mogadishu's municipal authority in conjunction with the British and Norwegian governments began a project to install solar-powered street lights on all of the capital's major roads.[207][222] With equipment imported from Norway, the initiative cost around $140,000 and lasted several months. The solar panels have helped to improve night-time visibility and enhance the city's overall aesthetic appeal.[222]
In January 2014, the Benadir administration launched a citywide street naming, house numbering and postal codes project. Officially called the House Numbering and Post Code System, it is a joint initiative of the municipal authorities and Somali business community representatives. According to former Mayor Mohamed Ahmed Nur, the initiative also aims to help the authorities firm up on security and resolve housing ownership disputes.[132] In March 2015, the Benadir administration likewise launched a renovation project on the Hawo Asir-Fagah major road in Mogadishu. The government-public partnership aims to facilitate vehicle access in the area. According to Karaan district commissioner Ahmed Hassan Yalah'ow, the reconstruction initiative will also make the road all-weather resistant and is slated to be completed shortly.[225]
Air
During the post-independence period, Mogadishu International Airport offered flights to numerous global destinations.[citation needed] In the mid-1960s, the airport was enlarged to accommodate more international carriers, with the state-owned Somali Airlines providing regular trips to many major cities.[226] By 1969, the airport's many landing grounds could also host small jets and DC 6B-type aircraft.[citation needed]
The facility grew considerably in size in the post-independence period after successive renovation projects. With the outbreak of the civil war in the early 1990s, Mogadishu International Airport's flight services experienced routine disruptions and its grounds and equipment were largely destroyed. In the late 2000s, the
In May 2011, the Ministry of Transport announced that SKA-Somalia had been contracted to manage operations at the re-opened Aden Adde International Airport over a period of ten years.[228] Among its first initiatives, worth an estimated $6 million, SKA invested in new airport equipment and expanded support services by hiring, training and equipping 200 local workers to meet international airport standards. The company also assisted in comprehensive infrastructure renovations, restored a dependable supply of electricity, revamped the baggage handling facilities as well as the arrival and departure lounges, put into place electronic check-in systems, and firmed up on security and work-flow. Additionally, SKA connected the grounds' Somali Civil Aviation and Meteorological Agency (SCAMA) and immigration, customs, commercial airlines and Somali Police Force officials to the internet.[228] By January 2013, the firm had introduced shuttle buses to ferry travelers to and from the passenger terminal.[229]
In December 2011, the Turkish government unveiled plans to further modernize the airport as part of Turkey's broader engagement in the local post-conflict reconstruction process. Among the scheduled renovations were new systems and infrastructure, including a modern control tower to monitor the airspace.
As of January 2015, the largest airline services using Aden Adde International Airport include the Somali-owned private carriers
In July 2012, Mohammed Osman Ali (Dhagah-tur), the General Director of the Ministry of Aviation and Transport, also announced that the Somali government had begun preparations to revive the Mogadishu-based national carrier, Somali Airlines.[234] The first new aircraft were scheduled for delivery in December 2013.[235]
Sea
The
After incurring some damage during the civil war, the federal government launched the Mogadishu Port Rehabilitation Project,[236] an initiative to rebuild, develop and modernize the port.[238] The renovations included the installation of Alpha Logistics technology.[146] A joint international delegation consisting of the Director of the Port of Djibouti and Chinese officials specializing in infrastructure reconstruction visited the facility in June 2013. According to Mogadishu Port manager Abdullahi Ali Nur, the delegates along with local Somali officials received reports on the port's functions as part of the rebuilding project's planning stages.[238][239]
In 2013, the Port of Mogadishu's management reportedly reached an agreement with representatives of the Iranian company Simatech Shipping LLC to handle vital operations at the seaport. Under the name Mogadishu Port Container Terminal, the firm is slated to handle all of the port's technical and operational functions.[238]
In October 2013, the federal Cabinet endorsed an agreement with the Turkish firm Al-Bayrak to manage the Port of Mogadishu for a 20-year period. The deal was secured by the Ministry of Ports and Public Works, and also assigns Al-Bayrak responsibility for rebuilding and modernizing the seaport.[240] In September 2014, the federal government officially delegated management of the Mogadishu Port to Al-Bayrak. The firm's modernization project will cost $80 million.[241]
Railway
There were projects during the 1980s to reactivate the 114 km (71 mi) railway between Mogadishu and Jowhar, built by the Italians in 1926 but dismantled in World War II by British troops. It was originally intended that this railway would reach Addis Ababa.[242] Only a few remaining tracks inside Mogadishu's harbour area are still used.
Media
Mogadishu has historically served as a media hub. In 1975, the Somali Film Agency (SFA), the nation's film regulatory body, was established in Mogadishu.[243] The SFA also organized the annual Mogadishu Pan-African and Arab Film Symposium (Mogpaafis), which brought together an array of filmmakers and movie experts from across the globe, including other parts of Northeast Africa and the Arab world, as well as Asia and Europe.
In addition, there are a number of radio news agencies based in Mogadishu.
The Mogadishu-based
Somali popular music enjoys a large audience in Mogadishu, and was widely sold prior to the civil war.[250] With the government managing to secure the city in mid-2011, radios once again play music. On 19 March 2012, an open concert was held in the city, which was broadcast live on local television.[125] In April 2013, the Waayaha Cusub ensemble also organized the Reconciliation Music Festival, the first international music festival to be held in Mogadishu in two decades.[251][252]
Notable people
- Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia
- Sharif 'Aydarus Sharif Ali Al-Nudari, famous scholar of Islamic and Somali history and pan-Islamic leader
- Shaykh Sufi, 19th-century scholar, poet, reformist, astrologist
- Hawa Abdi, physician, social activist
- Yasmine Allas, actress, writer
- Faisal Jeylani Aweys, taekwondo practitioner
- Ayub Daud, footballer
- Cristina Ali Farah, author, intellectual
- Hassan Abshir Farah, MP, former Prime Minister of Somalia, former Mayor of Mogadishu
- Ali Mohammed Ghedi, former Prime Minister of Somalia
- Iman, model, actress, entrepreneur
- K'naan, musician
- Rageh Omaar, journalist
- Diriye Osman, writer, visual artist
- Fatima Siad, model
- Ladan Osman, poet
- Sa'id of Mogadishu, 14th century Islamic scholar, traveler
- Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, former Prime Minister, President of Somalia
- Mustafa Mohamed, long-distance runner
- Mohamed Nur, former Mayor of Mogadishu
- Musse Olol, engineer, social activist
- Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, former Prime Minister of Somalia
- 2012 Olympics.
- Yasmin Warsame, model
Mogadishu-born citizens of other countries:
- Saba Anglana, Italian citizen. Singer, actress
- Zahra Bani, Italian citizen. Javelin thrower
- Elisa Kadigia Bove, Italian citizen. Actress, activist
- Linda Suleiman, orthopaedic surgeon
- Mo Farah, English citizen. Distance runner
- Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Dutch citizen. Former politician and member of the Dutch parliament, activist
- Ilhan Omar, American citizen. U.S. Representative for Minnesota's 5th congressional district[253]
Twin towns – sister cities
Mogadishu is twinned with:
- Ankara, Turkey[254]
- Doha, Qatar[255]
- Konya, Turkey[256]
- Madina, Saudi Arabia[257]
- Almaty, Kazakhstan
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{{cite news}}
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External links
- Mogadishu today
- Mogadishu in the past
- Benadir Regional Administration at Mogadishucity.net
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.