Mohamed M. Atalla

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Mohamed Martin Atalla
محمد عطاالله
IEEE Milestones
IT Honor Roll

Mohamed M. Atalla (

Atalla Corporation (now Utimaco Atalla), founded in 1972. He received the Stuart Ballantine Medal (now the Benjamin Franklin Medal in physics) and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame
for his important contributions to semiconductor technology as well as data security.

Born in Port Said, Egypt, he was educated at Cairo University in Egypt and then Purdue University in the United States, before joining Bell Labs in 1949 and later adopting the more anglicized "John" or "Martin" M. Atalla as professional names. He made several important contributions to semiconductor technology at Bell Labs, including his development of the surface passivation process and his demonstration of the MOSFET with Kahng in 1959.

His work on MOSFET was initially overlooked at Bell, which led to his resignation from Bell and joining

Personal Identification Number (PIN) security system. In 1973, he released the first hardware security module, the "Atalla Box", which encrypted PIN and ATM messages, and went on to secure the majority of the world's ATM transactions. He later founded the Internet security company TriStrata Security in the 1990s. He died in Atherton, California
, on December 30, 2009.

Early life and education (1924–1949)

Mohamed Mohamed Atalla

PhD thesis was titled "High Speed Compressible Flow in Square Diffusers".[3]

Bell Telephone Laboratories (1949–1962)

After completing his PhD at

pseudonyms "Martin" M. Atalla or "John" M. Atalla for his professional career.[4]

Between 1956 and 1960, Atalla led a small team of several BTL researchers, including Eileen Tannenbaum, Edwin Joseph Scheibner and

physical chemists and mathematicians who were taken more seriously, despite Atalla demonstrating advanced skills in physical chemistry and semiconductor physics.[10]

Despite working mostly on their own,[10] Atalla and his team made significant advances in semiconductor technology.[11] According to Fairchild Semiconductor engineer Chih-Tang Sah, the work of Atalla and his team during 1956–1960 was "the most important and significant technology advance" in silicon semiconductor technology.[11]

Surface passivation by thermal oxidation

Further information:
Surface passivation and Thermal oxidation
See also: Planar process, p–n junction isolation, and Invention of the integrated circuit

An initial focus of Atalla's research was to solve the problem of silicon

carrier mobility.[15][16]

He made a breakthrough with his development of the

integrated circuits, and later became critical to the semiconductor industry.[7][14] For the surface passivation process, he developed the method of thermal oxidation, which was a breakthrough in silicon semiconductor technology.[20]

Atalla first published his findings in BTL memos during 1957, before presenting his work at an

silicon transistor passivation technique by thermal oxide[26] was the basis for several important inventions in 1959: the MOSFET (MOS transistor) by Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs, the planar process by Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor.[22][25][27]

MOSFET (MOS transistor)

Main article: MOSFET
See also: PMOS logic, NMOS logic, and CMOS
surface passivation and thermal oxidation
processes.

Building on his earlier pioneering research

high-density integrated circuit (IC) chips.[35]

Nanolayer transistor

See also: Nanoelectronics and History of nanotechnology

In 1960, Atalla and Kahng

n-type germanium (n-Ge), while the point contact was n-type silicon (n-Si).[37] Atalla resigned from BTL in 1962.[30]

Schottky diode

See also: Schottky diode and Metal–semiconductor junction

Extending their work on MOS technology, Atalla and Kahng next did pioneering work on

hot carrier devices, which used what would later be called a Schottky barrier.[38] The Schottky diode, also known as the Schottky-barrier diode, was theorized for years, but was first practically realized as a result of the work of Atalla and Kahng during 1960–1961.[39] They published their results in 1962 and called their device the "hot electron" triode structure with semiconductor-metal emitter.[40] It was one of the first metal-base transistors.[41] The Schottky diode went on to assume a prominent role in mixer applications.[39]

Hewlett-Packard (1962–1969)

In 1962, Atalla joined Hewlett-Packard, where he co-founded Hewlett-Packard and Associates (HP Associates), which provided Hewlett-Packard with fundamental solid-state capabilities.[5] He was the Director of Semiconductor Research at HP Associates,[30] and the first manager of HP's Semiconductor Lab.[42]

He continued research on

point-contact diodes and made it possible to build practical Schottky diodes.[43]

At the Semiconductor Lab during the 1960s, he launched a

material science investigation program that provided a base technology for gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) and indium arsenide (InAs) devices. These devices became the core technology used by HP's Microwave Division to develop sweepers and network analyzers that pushed 20–40 GHz frequency, giving HP more than 90% of the military communications market.[42]

Atalla helped create HP Labs in 1966. He directed its solid-state division.[5]

Fairchild Semiconductor (1969–1972)

In 1969, he left HP and joined Fairchild Semiconductor.[38] He was the vice president and general manager of the Microwave & Optoelectronics division,[47] from its inception in May 1969 up until November 1971.[48] He continued his work on light-emitting diodes (LEDs), proposing they could be used for indicator lights and optical readers in 1971.[49] He later left Fairchild in 1972.[38]

Atalla Corporation (1972–1990)

Main article: Utimaco Atalla

He left the

banking and financial institutions.[52]

Hardware security module

Further information: Hardware security module
See also: Personal identification number and Automated teller machine

He invented the first

Atalla Box", a security system that secures a majority of transactions from ATMs today. At the same time, Atalla contributed to the development of the personal identification number
(PIN) system, which has developed among others in the banking industry as the standard for identification.

The work of Atalla in the early 1970s led to the use of

account number was read by the card reader. This process replaced manual entry and avoided possible key stroke errors. It allowed users to replace traditional customer verification methods such as signature verification and test questions with a secure PIN system.[55]

A key innovation of the Atalla Box was the key

Atalla Key Block (AKB) format, which lies at the root of all cryptographic block formats used within the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards.[57]

Fearful that Atalla would dominate the market, banks and credit card companies began working on an international standard.[54] Its PIN verification process was similar to the later IBM 3624.[58] Atalla was an early competitor to IBM in the banking market, and was cited as an influence by IBM employees who worked on the Data Encryption Standard (DES).[51] In recognition of his work on the PIN system of information security management, Atalla has been referred to as the "Father of the PIN"[5][59][60] and as a father of information security technology.[61]

The Atalla Box protected over 90% of all ATM networks in operation as of 1998,[62] and secured 85% of all ATM transactions worldwide as of 2006.[63] Atalla products still secure the majority of the world's ATM transactions, as of 2014.[53]

Online security

In 1972, Atalla filed U.S. patent 3,938,091 for a remote PIN verification system, which utilized

telecommunications networks to a remote location for verification. This was a precursor to telephone banking, Internet security and e-commerce.[51]

At the National Association of Mutual Savings Banks (NAMSB) conference in January 1976, Atalla announced an upgrade to its Identikey system, called the Interchange Identikey. It added the capabilities of

Bunker Ramo Corporation products unveiled at the same NAMSB conference.[56] In 1979, Atalla introduced the first network security processor (NSP).[64]

In 1987, Atalla Corporation merged with Tandem Computers. Atalla went into retirement in 1990.

As of 2013, 250 million card transactions are protected by Atalla products every day.[50]

TriStrata Security (1993–1999)

It was not long until several executives of large banks persuaded him to develop security systems for the

e-mail, and digital video and audio, over the internet.[59]

As a result of these activities, he founded the company TriStrata Security in 1996.

word processing file, a customer database, or e-mail) that can only be opened and deciphered with an electronic permit, allowing companies to control which users have access to this information and the necessary permits.[59] It was considered a new approach to enterprise security at the time.[5]

Later years and death (2000–2009)

Atalla was the chairman of A4 System, as of 2003.[5]

He lived in Atherton, California. Atalla died on December 30, 2009, in Atherton.[66]

Awards and honors

Atalla was awarded the

Benjamin Franklin Medal in physics) at the 1975 Franklin Institute Awards, for his important contributions to silicon semiconductor technology and his invention of the MOSFET.[67][68] In 2003, Atalla received a Distinguished Alumnus doctorate from Purdue University.[5]

In 2009, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his important contributions to semiconductor technology as well as data security.[7] He was referred to as one of the "Sultans of Silicon" along with several other semiconductor pioneers.[32]

In 2014, the 1959 invention of the MOSFET was included on the

list of IEEE milestones in electronics.[69] In 2015, Atalla was inducted into the IT History Society's IT Honor Roll for his important contributions to information technology.[70]

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    . Three scientists were named recipients of the Franklin lnstitute's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1975 [...] Martin M. Atalla, president of Atalla Technovations in California, and Dawon Kahng of Bell Laboratories were chosen "for their contributions to semiconductor silicon-silicon dioxide technology, and for the development of the MOS insulated gate, field-effect transistor.
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External links

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