Mohammad Ali Jauhar
Muhammad Ali Jauhar | |
---|---|
Abul Kalam Azad | |
Personal details | |
Born | All India Muslim League | 10 December 1878
Other political affiliations | Indian National Congress |
Spouse |
Amjadi Bano Begum
(m. 1902–1931) |
Relations | Khilafat movement |
Religion | Islam |
Founder of | Jamia Millia Islamia |
Muhammad Ali Jauhar (10 December 1878 – 4 January 1931) was an
Jauhar was a member of the Aligarh Movement.[4] He was elected to become the President of Indian National Congress party in 1923 and it lasted only for a few months owing to the differences with the organization, especially Gandhi, on the haphazard ending of Non-cooperation movement. In the following years, he ended up being antithetical to it and accused Gandhi and Motilal Nehru of succumbing to the appeasement of Hindus as they regarded Muslims “the minorities” in India and refused to accommodate Muslim demands in the political representation. Being one of the founders, esteemed member and 10th president of the All-India Muslim League, he represented the party in the first round-table conference held in London.[5][6][7]
Early life and career
Mohammad Ali was born in 1878 at
Despite the early death of his father, Jauhar attended Aligarh Muslim University and the Allahabad University, eventually moving to England in 1898, attending the Lincoln College, Oxford, studying modern history.[1][3][11]
Upon his return to India, he served as education director for the Rampur state, and later joined the
Jauhar worked hard to expand the Aligarh Muslim University, then known as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, and was one of the co-founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia in 1920, which was later moved to Delhi.[1]
Khilafat movement in India
Jauhar had attended the founding meeting of the
He represented the Muslim League delegation that travelled to England in 1919 to convince the British government to influence the Turkish nationalist Mustafa Kemal not to depose the Sultan of Turkey, who was the Caliph of Islam and the presumed leader of all the Islamic nations of that time.[14] British government's rejection of their demands resulted in the formation of the Khilafat committee which directed Muslims all over India to protest and boycott the British government.[14]
In 1921, Jauhar formed a broad coalition with the nationalist leaders like
Alienation from Congress
Jauhar was disillusioned by the end of Khilafat movement and Gandhi's suspension of non-cooperation movement in 1922, owing to the Chauri Chaura incident. This incident, on 4 February 1922, when a large group of protesters, participating in Gandhi's non-cooperation movement clashed with police, who opened fire and killed three protesters. In retaliation, the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen. The Indian National Congress suspended the non-cooperation movement on the national level as a direct result of this incident.[15]
He restarted his daily Hamdard and left the Congress Party. He opposed the
Imprisonment in Karachi
In 1921, the British government established a court in Khaliqdina Hall in Karachi[17][8] and punished him with two-and-a-half years' imprisonment in Karachi central jail. Besides this jail sentence, he had served many and frequent jail sentences due to his anti-government activities. However, he kept fighting for the Muslim League.[10]
1930 Round Table Conference in London
Ultimately Mohammad Ali's frequent jail sentences, his diabetes and lack of proper nutrition while jailed, made him very sick. Despite his failing health, he wanted to attend the first Round Table Conference held in London in 1930.[10][1][8] Ali attended the 'Conference' in London (the chairman being Sir Agha Khan of the Muslim delegation) to show that only the Muslim League spoke for India's Muslims. Reportedly his words to the British government were that he would not return to India alive unless the country was set free, "I would prefer to die in a foreign country so long as it is a free country, and if you do not give us freedom in India, you will have to give me a grave here."[6][8]
Death and legacy
He died of a stroke in
Commemorative postage stamp
In popular culture
Maulana Mohammad Ali 'Jauhar' is a 1984 documentary film directed by Saiyed Ahmad and produced by the Government of India's Films Division, it covers his political career and life as an Indian freedom fighter.[19]
Speeches
"I had long been convinced that here in this Country of hundreds of millions of human beings, intensely attached to religion, and yet infinitely split up into communities, sects and denominations, Providence had created for us the mission of solving a unique problem and working out a new synthesis, which was nothing low than a Federation of Faiths … For more than twenty years I have dreamed the dream of a federation, grander, nobler and infinitely more spiritual than the United States of America, and today when many a political Cassandra prophesies a return to the bad old days of Hindu-Muslim dissensions I still dream that old dream of 'United Faiths of India.'" —Mohammad Ali Jauhar; from the Presidential Address, I.N.C. Session, 1923, Cocanada (now Kakinada).[20]
However later, he started supporting the concept of Pakistan and the Pakistan Movement.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Mohammad Ali Jauhar profile". Storyofpakistan.com website. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- ^ Rahmat Farrukhabadi. "Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ a b c Jafri, Raees Ahmed. Biography of Muhammad Ali Jauhar: seerat E Maulana M Ali Jauhar (in Arabic). Urdu Movies.
- ^ "Syed Ahmad Khan, Aligarh Movement: Consequences & Objectives". Jagranjosh.com. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ^ Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin (1970). Foundations of Pakistan: All-India Muslim League Documents, 1906-1947. National Publishing House.
- ^ a b c d "Profile of Mohammad Ali Jauhar". Muslims of India website. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ Chronology of Pakistan Movement: December 29, 1930-August 14, 1947. National Archives of Pakistan. 1985.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar - profile and commemorative postage stamp". Cybercity-online.net website. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- Asir Adrawi. Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta (in Urdu) (2 April 2016 ed.). Deoband: Darul Muallifeen. p. 234.
- ^ a b c d "Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar- a man who chose the pen above the sword". Dawn (newspaper). 4 January 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- ^ "Mohammad Ali Jauhar - Profile & Biography". Rekhta.org website. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ Masooma, Syed (3 June 2013). "Amjadi Begum". dostpakistan.pk. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ "Begum Mohammed Ali Passes Away". The Indian Express. 29 March 1947. p. 5. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d Muhammad Ali Johar (1938). Kalam Johar.
- ^ Shefalee Vasudev (20 October 2003) Chauri Chaura village that became metaphor for Gandhism gets entangled in criminal violence India Today newspaper. Retrieved on 2023-09-08
- S2CID 145545924.
- ^ "Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ "دليل" (PDF) (in Arabic). The Hashemite Fund, Amman; Dept. of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs & PASSIA, Jerusalem. 2020.
المدرسة الخاتونية (مدفن مجموعة من الأعلام، منهم آل الحسيني)[…] وفيها قبر موقفتها أغل خاتون إلى جانب قبور كل من الأمير محمد علي الهندي وهو أمير هندي ناضل في سبيل القضية الفلسطينية
[structure number 88 on PDF's p. 40 (= p. 79). Text also available here Archived 23 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine. ] - ^ "MAULANA MOHAMMAD ALI 'JAUHAR'". filmsdivision.org, Government of India website. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ Yumitro, Gonda. "The Roles of Muhammad Ali Jauhar in Indian Politics and Khilafat Movement".
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External links
- Biographical pages
- ISBN 9780195978940. Archived from the originalon 29 October 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- "Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar". Profile of Mohammad Ali Jauhar on 'Pioneers of Freedom' website. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013.
- "Ali brothers". nazariapak.info website. Archived from the original on 16 September 2004.
- "Presidents of Indian national Congress (Mohammad Ali Jauhar listed as President in 1923)". Kamat.com website.