Mohammad Daoud Khan

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

King)
Succeeded bySardar Prof. Abdul Khaliq Khan Telai (As only Sardar surviving the Saur Revolutionist Purge)
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
In office
7 September 1953 – 10 March 1963
MonarchMohammad Zahir Shah
Preceded byShah Mahmud Khan
Succeeded byMohammad Yusuf
Personal details
Born(1909-07-18)18 July 1909
General
Battles/wars1973 Afghan coup d'état
1975 Panjshir Valley uprising
Saur Revolution
1975 Laghman uprising
Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947

Mohammad Daoud Khan (

romanized as Daud Khan[2] or Dawood Khan[3] (18 July 1909 – 28 April 1978), was an Afghan politician who served as prime minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963 and, as leader of the 1973 Afghan coup d'état which overthrew the monarchy, served as the first president of Afghanistan from 1973 until his assassination in the Saur Revolution.[4]

Born into the

Afghan Army officers, and proclaimed himself the first President of the Republic of Afghanistan, establishing an autocratic one-party system under his National Revolutionary Party
.

Khan was known for his

King Khalid of Saudi Arabia he always carried. He received a state funeral.[10][11]

Early life

Khan was born in

Pashtun family and was the eldest son of the diplomat Prince Mohammad Aziz Khan (1877–1933; an older half-brother of King Mohammad Nadir Shah) and his wife, Khurshid Begum. He lost his father to an assassination in Berlin in 1933, while his father was serving as the Afghan Ambassador to Germany. He and his brother Prince Naim Khan (1911–1978) then came under the tutelage of their uncle Mohammad Hashim Khan
(1884–1953). Daoud proved to be an apt student of politics.

Educated in France, he served as a senior administrator in the Kingdom of Afghanistan, serving as Governor of the Eastern Province in 1934–35 and in 1938–39, and was Governor of Kandahar Province from 1935 to 1938.

In 1939, Khan was promoted to Commander of the Central Forces.

Interior Minister
from 1949 to 1951. In 1948, he served as Afghan Ambassador to France.

In 1951, he was promoted to General and served in that capacity as Commander of the

Central Corps of the Afghan Armed Forces[13] in Kabul from 1951 to 1953.[14]

Royal Prime Minister

Further information: Prime Minister of Afghanistan

Khan was appointed prime minister in September 1953 through an intra-family transfer of power, replacing Shah Mahmud Khan. His ten-year tenure was noted for his foreign policy turn to the Soviet Union, the completion of the Helmand Valley project, which dramatically improved living conditions in southwestern Afghanistan, as well as tentative steps towards the emancipation of women, giving women a higher public presence,[15][16] which led to significant amounts of freedom and educational opportunities for them.[17]

With the creation of an independent

Uzbek, who suspected his intention was to increase the Pashtuns' disproportionate hold on political power.[5]

Abdul Ghaffar Khan (founder of Khudai Khidmatgar movement), stated "that Daoud Khan only exploited the idea of reunification of Pashtun people to meet his own political ends. The idea of reunification of Pashtun people never helped Pashtuns and it only caused trouble for Pakistan. In fact it was never a reality".[19] Moreover, Daoud Khan's project for the reunification of the Pashtun people failed to gain support from the majority of Pashtuns in Pakistan.[5]

In 1960, Khan

Kunar province who were supporting the Afghan army. Several Afghan soldiers were also captured and were paraded in front of international media, which in turn caused embarrassment for Daoud Khan.[5]

In 1961, as a result of his policies and support to militias in areas along the Durand Line, Pakistan closed its borders with Afghanistan and the latter severed ties, causing an economic crisis and greater dependence on the

light artillery, for a heavily discounted price tag of $25 million, to Afghanistan. That same year he attended the 1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Belgrade making Afghanistan one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement
.

As a result of continued resentment against Daoud's

Zahir Shah to approve new 'one-party constitution' proposed by him which would in turn increase Daoud Khan's already considerable power. Upon rejection, Daoud Khan angrily resigned.[5]

The crisis was finally resolved with his forced resignation in March 1963 and the re-opening of the border in May. Pakistan continued to remain suspicious of Afghan intentions and Daoud's policy left a negative impression in the eyes of many Tajiks who felt they were being disenfranchised for the sake of Pashtun nationalism.[21] He was succeeded by Mohammad Yusuf.

In 1964, King Zahir Shah introduced a new constitution, for the first time excluding all members of the Royal Family from the Council of Ministers. Khan had already stepped down. In addition to having been Prime Minister, he had also held the portfolios of Minister of Defense and Minister of Planning until 1963.[citation needed]

President of the Republic

Further information: President of Afghanistan
Daoud Khan visiting National Iranian Radio and Television in Iran, c. 1974.

Khan was unsatisfied with King Zahir Shah's constitutional parliamentary system and lack of progress. He planned rebellion for more than a year

Parchamite officers in the coup led to him receiving the nickname "Red Prince" by some.[24]

King Zahir Shah's constitution establishing a parliament with elected members and the separation of powers was replaced by a now largely nominated

loya jirga (meaning "grand assembly"). The parliament was disbanded.[25]

Although he was close to the Soviet Union during his prime ministership, Khan continued the Afghan policy of non-alignment with the Cold War superpowers. Nor did he bring drastic pro-Soviet change to the economic system.[26]

In Khan's new cabinet, many ministers were fresh faced politicians, and only Dr Abdul Majid was a ministerial carryover from Khan's Prime Minister era (1953–1963); Majid was Minister of Education from 1953 to 1957, and from 1973 was appointed Minister of Justice until 1977. Initially about half of the new cabinet were either current members, former members or sympathizers of the PDPA, but over time their influence would be eradicated by Khan.[23][27]

A coup against Khan, which may have been planned before he took power, was repressed shortly after his seizure of power. In October 1973, Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a former Prime Minister and a highly respected former diplomat, was arrested in a coup plot and died in prison before his trial set for December 1973. This was at a time when Parchamites controlled the Ministry of Interior under circumstances corroborating the widespread belief that he had been tortured to death by the leftists. According to one account, Daoud Khan planned to appoint Maiwandwal as prime minister, leading to the Parchamite Minister of Interior, Faiz Mohammad, along with fellow communists, framing Maiwandwal in a coup plot, then torturing him to death without Daoud Khan's knowledge. Louis Dupree wrote that Maiwandwal, one of few Afghan politicians with an international reputation, could have been a leader in a democratic process and therefore a target for communists.[28] One of the army generals arrested under suspicion of this plot with Maiwandwal was Mohammed Asif Safi, who was later released. Khan personally apologized to him for the arrest.

In 1974, he signed one of two economic packages that aimed to greatly increase the capability of the Afghan military. At this time, there were increasing concerns that Afghanistan lacked a modern army comparable to the militaries of Iran and Pakistan.

In 1975, his government nationalized all banks in Afghanistan, including Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan's central bank.[29]

Khan wanted to lessen the country's dependence on the Soviet Union and attempted to promote a new foreign policy. In 1975 he visited some countries in the Middle East, including Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Iran, all of which were anti-Soviet states,[30] to ask for aid,[31] He also visited India.[27] Regarding the Non-Aligned Movement summit in Havana, Khan said that Cuba "only pretends to be non-aligned."[30] Surprisingly, he did not renew the Pashtunistan agitation; relations with Pakistan improved thanks to interventions from the US and the Shah of Iran. These moves alerted the Soviets.

Constitution of 1977

In 1977, he established his own political party, the

loya jirga approved a new constitution. It wrote in several new articles and amended others - one of these was the creation of a presidential
one-party system of government.

He also began to moderate his socialist policies, although the 1977 constitution had a nationalist bend in addition to previous socialism and Islam.[25] In 1978, there was a rift with the PDPA. Internally he attempted to distance himself from the communist elements within the coup. He was concerned about the tenor of many communists in his government and Afghanistan's growing dependency on the Soviet Union. These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would soon become closer to the West, especially the United States; the Soviets had always feared that the United States could find a way to influence the government in Kabul.

During his latter years in charge, his purge of communists in his government strained his relations with them, while his desire for one person rule created conflicts with the liberals who had been in charge during the monarchy. At the same time, his persecution of religious conservatives engendered enmity with them and their followers as well.[32]

Relations with Pakistan

Further information: Durand Line

As during his time as Prime Minister, Daoud Khan again pressed on the question of Pashtunistan, again leading to sometimes tense relations with Pakistan.

Daoud hosted General Secretary of the

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), had begun to engage in promoting a proxy war
in Afghanistan.

Since coming to power, under pressure from the PDPA and to increase domestic Pashtun support, Khan took a stronger line on the Pashtunistan issue and promoted a proxy war in Pakistan. Trade and transit agreements with Pakistan were subsequently severely affected.

The year 1975 was a watershed in Afghan-Pakistan relations. Pakistan blamed Afghanistan for unrest in

PIA B707 at Islamabad airport in 1975.[33] The 130 passengers of PIA B707 had deplaned before the explosion took place and thus no one was harmed in the explosion inside the aircraft.[34][35]

At the same time, Afghanistan also faced several short lived uprisings in retaliation in eastern Afghanistan and in Panjshir valley, which Afghanistan blamed on Pakistan. There was also deployment of additional troops by both the countries along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.[33]

The same year Kabul was also quietly negotiating with Islamabad to defuse the tensions between the two countries.[36] In early 1976, relations between the two countries improved and the leaders of the two countries, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Douad Khan, exchanged visits. Daoud Khan was also worried about the growing power of communists within his government so he started improving his relations with Pakistan and Iran.[33] The same year Pakistan also provided aid to Afghanistan to help alleviate the suffering caused by earthquake and floods in northern Afghanistan. This gesture by Pakistan had helped mollify Afghan public opinion about Pakistan.[36]

By October 1976, the head of Pakistan intelligence agency, Jilani was informing a US diplomat that Afghanistan was no longer creating troubles for Pakistan.[33] By August 1976 relations with Pakistan had improved to a high degree.[36] Later on, while promoting his new foreign policy doctrine, Daoud Khan came to a tentative agreement on a solution to the Pashtunistan problem with Ali Bhutto.[37]

Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union

Further information: Afghanistan–Russia relations

Khan met Leonid Brezhnev on a state visit to Moscow from 12 to 15 April 1977. He had asked for a private meeting with the Soviet leader to discuss with him the increased pattern of Soviet actions in Afghanistan. In particular, he discussed the intensified Soviet attempt to unite the two factions of the Afghan communist parties, Parcham and Khalq.[38] Brezhnev described Afghanistan's non-alignment as important to the USSR and essential to the promotion of peace in Asia, and warned him about the presence of experts from NATO countries stationed in the northern parts of Afghanistan. Daoud bluntly replied:

"we will never allow you to dictate to us how to run our country and whom to employ in Afghanistan. How and where we employ the foreign experts will remain the exclusive prerogative of the Afghan state. Afghanistan shall remain poor, if necessary, but free in its acts and decisions"[39][40]

"All of his life experience is evidence that Sardar Mohammad Daoud Khan would not bow to foreigners, regardless of their nationality. Particularly, in his last meeting with [Soviet leader] Leonid Brezhnev, he proved his bravery and patriotism. But KGB deceptions and the games that they played could have benefited from Daoud Khan's influence in the armed forces. So Daoud Khan, indirectly and with total unawareness, could have been manipulated by the KGB."

Sayed Makhdoom Raheen in 2003[41]

After returning to Afghanistan, he made plans that his government would downscale its relationship with the Soviet Union, and instead forge closer contacts with the West as well as the oil-rich Saudi Arabia and Iran. Afghanistan signed a co-operative military treaty with Egypt and by 1977, the Afghan military and police force were being trained by Egyptian Armed Forces. This angered the Soviet Union because Egypt took the same route in 1974 in distancing itself from the Soviet Union.[citation needed]

Communist coup and assassination

Further information: Saur Revolution
the Arg (the Presidential palace, formerly the chief Royal palace) in Kabul, the day after the Saur Revolution
(28 April 1978)

After the murder of Mir Akbar Khyber, the prominent Parchamite ideologue, his funeral on 19 April 1978 served as a rallying point for the Afghan communists. An estimated 1,000 to 3,000 people gathered to hear speeches by PDPA leaders such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.[42]

Shocked by this demonstration of communist unity, Khan ordered the arrest of the PDPA leaders, but he acted too slowly. It took him a week to arrest Taraki, Karmal managed to escape to the

USSR
, and Amin was merely placed under house arrest. Khan had misjudged the situation and believed that Karmal's Parcham faction was the main communist threat. In fact, according to PDPA documents, Amin's Khalq faction had extensively infiltrated the military and they outnumbered Parcham cells by a factor of 2 to 3. Amin sent complete orders for the coup from his home while it was under armed guard, using his family as messengers.

The army had been put on alert on 26 April because of a presumed coup. On 27 April 1978, a coup d'état, beginning with troop movements at the military base at Kabul International Airport, gained ground slowly over the next twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Khan in and around the capital.

Khan and most of his family were

the Arg, the former chief Royal palace, during the early hours of 28 April 1978,[43] involving heavy fighting and many deaths.[44] Shortly afterwards, the new military leaders announced that Khan was killed for refusing to pledge allegiance to the new regime by Lieutenant Imamuddin of the 444th Commando Battalion.[45] Upon Daoud’s assassination, Afghan singer Fazal Ghani wrote the song “Khalqi Nizam” which mocked the former president for his baldness and for being “finished with one strike”, which was aired on Radio Television Afghanistan.[46]

Body and state funeral

On 28 June 2008, his body and those of his family were found in two separate mass graves outside the walls of Pul-e-Charkhi prison, District 12 of Kabul city. Initial reports indicate that sixteen corpses were in one grave and twelve others were in the second.[10] On 4 December 2008, the Afghan Health Ministry announced that the body had been identified on the basis of teeth molds and a small golden Quran, a present he had received from the King of Saudi Arabia, found near the body.[47]

On 17 March 2009, General Daoud was given a state funeral.[10] His only surviving child, Dorkhanai, attended the funeral.[11]

Tomb of Sardar Daoud Khan (July 2022)

Daoud and following family members that were killed (resembling the Murder of the Romanov family by the Bolsheviks) on the same day on 28 April 1978 are buried at an incomplete hilltop tomb located 2.5 km west of Darul Aman Palace, Kabul:[48][49]

  • Brother: Sardar Muhammad Naim Khan (b. 1910, age 68)
    • Daughter: Bibi Zarmina Naim Ghazi (unmarked grave)
  • Wife: Bibi Zainab Daoud (b. 1917, age 61)
  • Sister: Bibi Aisha Daoud (b. 1920, age 58)
  • Son-in-law: Sardar Niezamudeen Ghazi (b. 1934, age 44)
    • Daughter: Bibi Safora Abdulaziz Ghazi (b. 1965, age 13)
  • Son: Sardar Muhammad Umar Daoud (b. 1934, age 44)
    • Daughter: Bibi Hila Umar (b. 1961, age 17)
    • Daughter: Bibi Ghizal Umar (b. 1964, age 14)
  • Daughter: Bibi Shinkay Daoud (b. 1940, age 38)
  • Son: Sardar Wais Daoud (b. 1947, age 31)
    • Wife: Bibi Shaima Asefi Daoud (b. 1946, age 32)
      • Mother: Bibi Belqis Asefi (b. 1920, age 58)
    • Son: Sardar Ares Daoud (b. 1973, age 5)
    • Son: Sardar Waygal Wais Daoud (b. 1976, age 2)
  • Son: Sardar Khalid Daoud (b. 1947, age 31)
  • Daughter: Bibi Zarlasht Daoud (b. 1953, age 25)

Public image

News sources in the 1970s claimed that General Daoud Khan said he was happiest when he could "light his American cigarettes with Soviet matches."[50][31]

Mohammad Daoud Khan was retrospectively described as an "old-fashioned statesman, compassionate yet reserved and authoritarian" by The Guardian's Nushin Arbabzadeh.[24] Then-President Hamid Karzai hailed Khan's courage and patriotism in comments after his 2009 state funeral, saying he was "always thinking of the advancement and prosperity of the country."[51] Some Afghans fondly consider him to be the best leader their country has had in modern times.[52]

During his time as prime minister and president, Khan was highly unpopular among the non-Pashtun minorities in Afghanistan because of his alleged Pashtun favouritism.[53] During his regime, all significant positions in the government, army and educational institutions were held by Pashtuns. His attempt at the Pashtunisation of Afghanistan reached such an extent that the word 'Afghan' started being used to refer only to Pashtuns and not to the other minority groups who collectively formed a majority in Afghanistan.[54]

The

Afghan Armed Forces. In 1963, Afghan Uzbeks were barred from becoming high-ranking officers in the Afghan armed forces. Similarly only a few Tajiks
were allowed to hold the position of officer in the Afghan army, while other ethnicities were excluded from those positions.

Daoud Khan viewed the Afghan armed forces as a crucial vector in the Pashtunisation of Afghan state.[55] The Panjshir uprising in 1975 is also believed to be result of anti-Pashtun frustration which had been building up in Panjshir valley as result of Daoud Khan's policies.[56]

Personal life

In September 1934, Daoud Khan married his cousin, the Princess Zamina Begum (11 January 1917 – 28 April 1978), sister of King Zahir (15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007). The couple had four sons and four daughters:

  • 1. Zarlasht Daoud Khan (1953 – k. 1978)
  • 2. Khalid Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had a son:
    • Tariq Daoud Khan
  • 3. Wais Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had four children:
    • Turan Daoud Khan (1972–)
    • Ares Daoud Khan (1973 – k. 1978)
    • Waygal Daoud Khan (1976 – k. 1978)
    • Zahra Khanum (1970–)
  • 4. Muhammad Umar Daoud Khan (1934 – k. 1978). Had two daughters:
    • Hila Khanum (1961 – k. 1978)
    • Ghazala Khanum (1964 – k. 1978)
  • 5. Dorkhanai Begum
  • 6. Shinkay Begum (1940 – k. 1978). Had two daughters:
    • Ariane Heila Khanum Ghazi (1961–)
    • Hawa Khanum Ghazi (1963–)
  • 7. Torpekay Begum. Had three children:
    • Shah Mahmud Khan Ghazi
    • Daud Khan Ghazi
    • Zahra Khanum Ghazi

Ancestry

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohammed Daoud Khan.
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Afghanistan
1953–1963 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
King
 1st President of Afghanistan
1973–1978 		Succeeded byas Chairman of the Presidium
of the Revolutionary Council
Vacant
Title next held by
Mohammad Najibullah (1987)
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