Mohammad Daoud Khan
King) | |
---|---|
Succeeded by | Sardar Prof. Abdul Khaliq Khan Telai (As only Sardar surviving the Saur Revolutionist Purge) |
Prime Minister of Afghanistan | |
In office 7 September 1953 – 10 March 1963 | |
Monarch | Mohammad Zahir Shah |
Preceded by | Shah Mahmud Khan |
Succeeded by | Mohammad Yusuf |
Personal details | |
Born | General | 18 July 1909
Battles/wars | 1973 Afghan coup d'état 1975 Panjshir Valley uprising Saur Revolution 1975 Laghman uprising Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947 |
Mohammad Daoud Khan (
Born into the
Khan was known for his
Early life
Khan was born in
Educated in France, he served as a senior administrator in the Kingdom of Afghanistan, serving as Governor of the Eastern Province in 1934–35 and in 1938–39, and was Governor of Kandahar Province from 1935 to 1938.
In 1939, Khan was promoted to Commander of the Central Forces.
In 1951, he was promoted to General and served in that capacity as Commander of the
Royal Prime Minister
Khan was appointed prime minister in September 1953 through an intra-family transfer of power, replacing Shah Mahmud Khan. His ten-year tenure was noted for his foreign policy turn to the Soviet Union, the completion of the Helmand Valley project, which dramatically improved living conditions in southwestern Afghanistan, as well as tentative steps towards the emancipation of women, giving women a higher public presence,[15][16] which led to significant amounts of freedom and educational opportunities for them.[17]
With the creation of an independent
In 1960, Khan
In 1961, as a result of his policies and support to militias in areas along the Durand Line, Pakistan closed its borders with Afghanistan and the latter severed ties, causing an economic crisis and greater dependence on the
As a result of continued resentment against Daoud's
The crisis was finally resolved with his forced resignation in March 1963 and the re-opening of the border in May. Pakistan continued to remain suspicious of Afghan intentions and Daoud's policy left a negative impression in the eyes of many Tajiks who felt they were being disenfranchised for the sake of Pashtun nationalism.[21] He was succeeded by Mohammad Yusuf.
In 1964, King Zahir Shah introduced a new constitution, for the first time excluding all members of the Royal Family from the Council of Ministers. Khan had already stepped down. In addition to having been Prime Minister, he had also held the portfolios of Minister of Defense and Minister of Planning until 1963.[citation needed]
President of the Republic
Khan was unsatisfied with King Zahir Shah's constitutional parliamentary system and lack of progress. He planned rebellion for more than a year
King Zahir Shah's constitution establishing a parliament with elected members and the separation of powers was replaced by a now largely nominated
Although he was close to the Soviet Union during his prime ministership, Khan continued the Afghan policy of non-alignment with the Cold War superpowers. Nor did he bring drastic pro-Soviet change to the economic system.[26]
In Khan's new cabinet, many ministers were fresh faced politicians, and only Dr Abdul Majid was a ministerial carryover from Khan's Prime Minister era (1953–1963); Majid was Minister of Education from 1953 to 1957, and from 1973 was appointed Minister of Justice until 1977. Initially about half of the new cabinet were either current members, former members or sympathizers of the PDPA, but over time their influence would be eradicated by Khan.[23][27]
Daoud cabinet (1973) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Office | Incumbent | Took office | Left office | |||||
Deputy Prime Minister | Mohammad Hassan Sharq
|
2 August 1973 | ||||||
Minister of Education | Niamatullah Pazhwak | 2 August 1973 | December 1974 | |||||
Minister of Agriculture | Ghulam Jalani Bakhtari | 2 August 1973 | September 1975 | |||||
Minister of Communications
|
Abdul Hamid Mohtat | 2 August 1973 | April 1974 | |||||
Minister of Frontier and Tribal Affairs | Pacha Gul Wafadar | 2 August 1973 | April 1974 | |||||
Minister of Interior
|
Faiz Mohammad | 2 August 1973 | September 1975 | |||||
Minister of Finance
|
Abdulillah | 2 August 1973 | ||||||
Minister of Justice
|
Abdul Majid | 2 August 1973 | ||||||
Minister of Mines, Industries | Abdul Qayyum | 2 August 1973 | ||||||
Minister of Information | Abdul Rahim Nawin | 2 August 1973 | ||||||
Minister of Health | Nazar Mohammad Sikandar | 2 August 1973 |
A coup against Khan, which may have been planned before he took power, was repressed shortly after his seizure of power. In October 1973, Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a former Prime Minister and a highly respected former diplomat, was arrested in a coup plot and died in prison before his trial set for December 1973. This was at a time when Parchamites controlled the Ministry of Interior under circumstances corroborating the widespread belief that he had been tortured to death by the leftists. According to one account, Daoud Khan planned to appoint Maiwandwal as prime minister, leading to the Parchamite Minister of Interior, Faiz Mohammad, along with fellow communists, framing Maiwandwal in a coup plot, then torturing him to death without Daoud Khan's knowledge. Louis Dupree wrote that Maiwandwal, one of few Afghan politicians with an international reputation, could have been a leader in a democratic process and therefore a target for communists.[28] One of the army generals arrested under suspicion of this plot with Maiwandwal was Mohammed Asif Safi, who was later released. Khan personally apologized to him for the arrest.
In 1974, he signed one of two economic packages that aimed to greatly increase the capability of the Afghan military. At this time, there were increasing concerns that Afghanistan lacked a modern army comparable to the militaries of Iran and Pakistan.
In 1975, his government nationalized all banks in Afghanistan, including Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan's central bank.[29]
Khan wanted to lessen the country's dependence on the Soviet Union and attempted to promote a new foreign policy. In 1975 he visited some countries in the Middle East, including Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Iran, all of which were anti-Soviet states,[30] to ask for aid,[31] He also visited India.[27] Regarding the Non-Aligned Movement summit in Havana, Khan said that Cuba "only pretends to be non-aligned."[30] Surprisingly, he did not renew the Pashtunistan agitation; relations with Pakistan improved thanks to interventions from the US and the Shah of Iran. These moves alerted the Soviets.
Constitution of 1977
In 1977, he established his own political party, the
He also began to moderate his socialist policies, although the 1977 constitution had a nationalist bend in addition to previous socialism and Islam.[25] In 1978, there was a rift with the PDPA. Internally he attempted to distance himself from the communist elements within the coup. He was concerned about the tenor of many communists in his government and Afghanistan's growing dependency on the Soviet Union. These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would soon become closer to the West, especially the United States; the Soviets had always feared that the United States could find a way to influence the government in Kabul.
Daoud cabinet (1977) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Office | Incumbent | Took office | Left office | |||||
Minister of Planning | Ali Ahmad Khurram | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Minister of Defence
|
Ghulam Haidar Rasuli | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Minister of Interior
|
Abdul Qadir Nuristani | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Minister of Education | Ibrahim Majid Siraj | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Minister of Finance | Sayyid Abdullah | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Minister of Commerce | Mohammad Khan Jalalar | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Ministry of Public Works | Ghausuddin Fayeq | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Minister of Border Affairs | Abdul Qayyum | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Minister of Justice | Wafiyullah Sami'i | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Minister of Communications
|
Abdul Karim Atayi | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Minister of Mines, Industries | Abdul Tawab Asefi | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Minister of Water, Power | Juma Muhammad Muhammadi | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Minister of Higher Education | Ghulam Siddiq Muhibi | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Minister of Health | Abdullah Omar | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Minister of Agriculture | Azizullah Wasefi | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Ministry of Information | Abdul Rahim Navin | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Ministry without portfolio | Abdul Majid | 13 March 1977 | ||||||
Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs | Wahid Abdullah | 13 March 1977 |
During his latter years in charge, his purge of communists in his government strained his relations with them, while his desire for one person rule created conflicts with the liberals who had been in charge during the monarchy. At the same time, his persecution of religious conservatives engendered enmity with them and their followers as well.[32]
Relations with Pakistan
As during his time as Prime Minister, Daoud Khan again pressed on the question of Pashtunistan, again leading to sometimes tense relations with Pakistan.
Daoud hosted General Secretary of the
Since coming to power, under pressure from the PDPA and to increase domestic Pashtun support, Khan took a stronger line on the Pashtunistan issue and promoted a proxy war in Pakistan. Trade and transit agreements with Pakistan were subsequently severely affected.
The year 1975 was a watershed in Afghan-Pakistan relations. Pakistan blamed Afghanistan for unrest in
At the same time, Afghanistan also faced several short lived uprisings in retaliation in eastern Afghanistan and in Panjshir valley, which Afghanistan blamed on Pakistan. There was also deployment of additional troops by both the countries along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.[33]
The same year Kabul was also quietly negotiating with Islamabad to defuse the tensions between the two countries.[36] In early 1976, relations between the two countries improved and the leaders of the two countries, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Douad Khan, exchanged visits. Daoud Khan was also worried about the growing power of communists within his government so he started improving his relations with Pakistan and Iran.[33] The same year Pakistan also provided aid to Afghanistan to help alleviate the suffering caused by earthquake and floods in northern Afghanistan. This gesture by Pakistan had helped mollify Afghan public opinion about Pakistan.[36]
By October 1976, the head of Pakistan intelligence agency, Jilani was informing a US diplomat that Afghanistan was no longer creating troubles for Pakistan.[33] By August 1976 relations with Pakistan had improved to a high degree.[36] Later on, while promoting his new foreign policy doctrine, Daoud Khan came to a tentative agreement on a solution to the Pashtunistan problem with Ali Bhutto.[37]
Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union
Khan met Leonid Brezhnev on a state visit to Moscow from 12 to 15 April 1977. He had asked for a private meeting with the Soviet leader to discuss with him the increased pattern of Soviet actions in Afghanistan. In particular, he discussed the intensified Soviet attempt to unite the two factions of the Afghan communist parties, Parcham and Khalq.[38] Brezhnev described Afghanistan's non-alignment as important to the USSR and essential to the promotion of peace in Asia, and warned him about the presence of experts from NATO countries stationed in the northern parts of Afghanistan. Daoud bluntly replied:
"we will never allow you to dictate to us how to run our country and whom to employ in Afghanistan. How and where we employ the foreign experts will remain the exclusive prerogative of the Afghan state. Afghanistan shall remain poor, if necessary, but free in its acts and decisions"[39][40]
"All of his life experience is evidence that Sardar Mohammad Daoud Khan would not bow to foreigners, regardless of their nationality. Particularly, in his last meeting with [Soviet leader] Leonid Brezhnev, he proved his bravery and patriotism. But KGB deceptions and the games that they played could have benefited from Daoud Khan's influence in the armed forces. So Daoud Khan, indirectly and with total unawareness, could have been manipulated by the KGB."
Sayed Makhdoom Raheen in 2003[41]
After returning to Afghanistan, he made plans that his government would downscale its relationship with the Soviet Union, and instead forge closer contacts with the West as well as the oil-rich Saudi Arabia and Iran. Afghanistan signed a co-operative military treaty with Egypt and by 1977, the Afghan military and police force were being trained by Egyptian Armed Forces. This angered the Soviet Union because Egypt took the same route in 1974 in distancing itself from the Soviet Union.[citation needed]
Communist coup and assassination
After the murder of Mir Akbar Khyber, the prominent Parchamite ideologue, his funeral on 19 April 1978 served as a rallying point for the Afghan communists. An estimated 1,000 to 3,000 people gathered to hear speeches by PDPA leaders such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.[42]
Shocked by this demonstration of communist unity, Khan ordered the arrest of the PDPA leaders, but he acted too slowly. It took him a week to arrest Taraki, Karmal managed to escape to the
The army had been put on alert on 26 April because of a presumed coup. On 27 April 1978, a coup d'état, beginning with troop movements at the military base at Kabul International Airport, gained ground slowly over the next twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Khan in and around the capital.
Khan and most of his family were
Body and state funeral
On 28 June 2008, his body and those of his family were found in two separate mass graves outside the walls of Pul-e-Charkhi prison, District 12 of Kabul city. Initial reports indicate that sixteen corpses were in one grave and twelve others were in the second.[10] On 4 December 2008, the Afghan Health Ministry announced that the body had been identified on the basis of teeth molds and a small golden Quran, a present he had received from the King of Saudi Arabia, found near the body.[47]
On 17 March 2009, General Daoud was given a state funeral.[10] His only surviving child, Dorkhanai, attended the funeral.[11]
Daoud and following family members that were killed (resembling the Murder of the Romanov family by the Bolsheviks) on the same day on 28 April 1978 are buried at an incomplete hilltop tomb located 2.5 km west of Darul Aman Palace, Kabul:[48][49]
- Brother: Sardar Muhammad Naim Khan (b. 1910, age 68)
- Daughter: Bibi Zarmina Naim Ghazi (unmarked grave)
- Wife: Bibi Zainab Daoud (b. 1917, age 61)
- Sister: Bibi Aisha Daoud (b. 1920, age 58)
- Son-in-law: Sardar Niezamudeen Ghazi (b. 1934, age 44)
- Daughter: Bibi Safora Abdulaziz Ghazi (b. 1965, age 13)
- Son: Sardar Muhammad Umar Daoud (b. 1934, age 44)
- Daughter: Bibi Hila Umar (b. 1961, age 17)
- Daughter: Bibi Ghizal Umar (b. 1964, age 14)
- Daughter: Bibi Shinkay Daoud (b. 1940, age 38)
- Son: Sardar Wais Daoud (b. 1947, age 31)
- Wife: Bibi Shaima Asefi Daoud (b. 1946, age 32)
- Mother: Bibi Belqis Asefi (b. 1920, age 58)
- Son: Sardar Ares Daoud (b. 1973, age 5)
- Son: Sardar Waygal Wais Daoud (b. 1976, age 2)
- Wife: Bibi Shaima Asefi Daoud (b. 1946, age 32)
- Son: Sardar Khalid Daoud (b. 1947, age 31)
- Daughter: Bibi Zarlasht Daoud (b. 1953, age 25)
Public image
News sources in the 1970s claimed that General Daoud Khan said he was happiest when he could "light his American cigarettes with Soviet matches."[50][31]
Mohammad Daoud Khan was retrospectively described as an "old-fashioned statesman, compassionate yet reserved and authoritarian" by The Guardian's Nushin Arbabzadeh.[24] Then-President Hamid Karzai hailed Khan's courage and patriotism in comments after his 2009 state funeral, saying he was "always thinking of the advancement and prosperity of the country."[51] Some Afghans fondly consider him to be the best leader their country has had in modern times.[52]
During his time as prime minister and president, Khan was highly unpopular among the non-Pashtun minorities in Afghanistan because of his alleged Pashtun favouritism.[53] During his regime, all significant positions in the government, army and educational institutions were held by Pashtuns. His attempt at the Pashtunisation of Afghanistan reached such an extent that the word 'Afghan' started being used to refer only to Pashtuns and not to the other minority groups who collectively formed a majority in Afghanistan.[54]
The
Daoud Khan viewed the Afghan armed forces as a crucial vector in the Pashtunisation of Afghan state.[55] The Panjshir uprising in 1975 is also believed to be result of anti-Pashtun frustration which had been building up in Panjshir valley as result of Daoud Khan's policies.[56]
Personal life
In September 1934, Daoud Khan married his cousin, the Princess Zamina Begum (11 January 1917 – 28 April 1978), sister of King Zahir (15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007). The couple had four sons and four daughters:
- 1. Zarlasht Daoud Khan (1953 – k. 1978)
- 2. Khalid Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had a son:
- Tariq Daoud Khan
- 3. Wais Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had four children:
- Turan Daoud Khan (1972–)
- Ares Daoud Khan (1973 – k. 1978)
- Waygal Daoud Khan (1976 – k. 1978)
- Zahra Khanum (1970–)
- 4. Muhammad Umar Daoud Khan (1934 – k. 1978). Had two daughters:
- Hila Khanum (1961 – k. 1978)
- Ghazala Khanum (1964 – k. 1978)
- 5. Dorkhanai Begum
- 6. Shinkay Begum (1940 – k. 1978). Had two daughters:
- Ariane Heila Khanum Ghazi (1961–)
- Hawa Khanum Ghazi (1963–)
- 7. Torpekay Begum. Had three children:
- Shah Mahmud Khan Ghazi
- Daud Khan Ghazi
- Zahra Khanum Ghazi
Ancestry
Ancestors of Mohammad Daoud Khan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Saeedi, Sayed Ziafatullah (7 November 2018). "Daoud's Footprints: how Afghanistan's First President Influences Ghani". The Globe Post. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
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- ISBN 9780817977931.