Mohammad Nadir Shah
Mohammad Nadir Shah | |
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King of Afghanistan | |
Reign | 15 October 1929 – 8 November 1933 |
Predecessor | Habibullāh Kalakāni |
Successor | Mohammad Zahir Shah |
Born | 9 April 1883 Dehradun, British India |
Died | 8 November 1933 Kabul, Afghanistan | (aged 50)
Burial | King Nadir Shah Mausoleum |
Spouse | Mah Parwar Begum |
Issue | Sardar Muhammad Tahir Khan King Mohammad Zahir Shah Tahera Khanum Princess Zuhra Begum Princess Zainab Begum Princess Sultana Begum Princess Bilqis Begum |
House | Musahiban |
Father | Mohammad Yusuf Khan |
Mother | Sharaf Sultana Hukumat Begum |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Mohammad Nadir Shah (
Background
Nadir Khan was born on 9 April 1883 in Dehradun, British India, in the Musahiban branch of the Royal dynasty of Afghanistan (of the Mohammadzai section of Barakzai Pashtuns). His father was Mohammad Yusuf Khan and his mother was Sharaf Sultana Hukumat Begum. His paternal grandfather was Yahya Khan and his great grandfather was Sultan Mohammad Khan Telayee, the brother of Dost Mohammad Khan. Nadir's ancestors were exiled to British India by Emir Abdur Rahman Khan after the Emir realized their aspiration for power. Abdur Rahman advised his incumbent Crown Prince Habibullah not to allow "Al-Yahya" family to enter the country under any terms or conditions. In 1901 Abdul Rahman died and Habibullah was crowned emir. In 1912, Nadir assisted in helping the Afghan government defeat the Khost rebellion.[2] Unlike his father, Amir Habibullah had many weaknesses, including philandery. During an official visit to the British India, Amir Habibullah married one of Nader's sisters; this was the time that the Nader family moved to Afghanistan. Nader became the minister of war during Amanullah while concealing his ambitions to become the King. Nader and his brothers played an important role in destabilizing Amani government and they started to support Habibullāh Kalakāni.
Rise to power
After growing up in India, Nadir Khan first went to Afghanistan when his grandfather Mohammad Yahya was authorized to return from exile by the British and
Shortly after a rebellion by some Pashtun tribesmen and Tajik forces of Habibullāh Kalakāni against the monarchy, Nadir Khan was exiled due to disagreements with King Amanullah. After the overthrow of Amanullah Khan's monarchy by Habibullah Kalakani, he returned to Afghanistan with his army of Mangal, Mahsud and Wazir tribesmen and took most of Afghanistan. By 13 October 1929, Forces loyal to Nadir captured Kabul and subsequently sacked the city,[5] and he arrived in the city on the 15th.[1] He captured Kalakani and executed him by firing squad on the west wall of the Arg on 1 November 1929, along with Kalakani's brother, and 9 other members of Kalakani's inner circle.[6]
King of Afghanistan
As
Nadir Khan named a ten-member cabinet, consisting mostly of members of his family, and in September 1930 he called into session a
Although Nadir Khan placated religious factions with a constitutional emphasis on orthodox denominational principles, he also took steps to modernize Afghanistan in material ways, although far less obtrusively than Amanullah. He improved road construction, especially the Great North Road through the Hindu Kush, methods of communication, and helped establish Afghanistan's first university in 1931; however, this university (Kabul University) did not admit any students until 1932.[9] He forged commercial links with the same foreign powers that Amanullah had established diplomatic relations with in the 1920s, and, under the leadership of several prominent entrepreneurs, he initiated a banking system and long-range economic planning. Although his efforts to improve the army did not bear fruit immediately, by the time of his death in 1933 Nadir Shah had created a 40,000-strong military force.
Assassination
On 8 November 1933, Nadir Khan was visiting a high school and was shot dead by
Ancestry
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Titles and styles
Styles of Mohammed Nadir Shah of Afghanistan | |
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His Majesty | |
Spoken style | Your Majesty |
During his reign, His Majesty Mohammed Nadir Shah, King of Afghanistan.[14]
References and footnotes
- ^ ISBN 9781558761551.
Nadir received word of the victory in Ali Khayl and immediately set out for the capital, arriving in the city on the 15th.
- ^ Hale, W. (1966). AFGHANISTAN, BRITAIN AND RUSSIA 1905 – 21. pp. 16, 17, 18.
- ^ Schinasi, May (7 April 2008). "MOḤAMMAD NĀDER SHAH". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). United States: Columbia University.
- ISBN 9781558761544.
- ^ Balland, D. "AFGHĀNISTĀN". In Ehsan Yarshater (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). United States: Columbia University.
- ISBN 9781558761551.
- ISBN 9780810878150.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-577634-8. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ Kabul University web page: History History
- )
- ISBN 978-0-313-33798-7.
- ISBN 0-2759-7365-4.
- ^ Sadat, Fariba (8 July 2020). "Tombstones Stolen, Graves Looted, on Nader Khan Hill". TOLOnews.
- ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1934, Europe, Near East and Africa, Volume II – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov.