Mohorovičić discontinuity
The Mohorovičić discontinuity (
The Moho lies almost entirely within the
Named after the pioneering
Nature and seismology
The Moho marks the transition in composition between the Earth's crust and the lithospheric mantle. Immediately above the Moho, the velocities of primary seismic waves (P-waves) are consistent with those through basalt (6.7–7.2 km/s), and below they are similar to those through peridotite or dunite (7.6–8.6 km/s).[5] This increase of approximately 1 km/s corresponds to a distinct change in material as the waves pass through the Earth, and is commonly accepted as the lower limit of the Earth's crust.[2] The Moho is characterized by a transition zone of up to 500 meters.[6] Ancient Moho zones are exposed above-ground in numerous ophiolites around the world.[7]
Beginning in the 1980s, geologists became aware that the Moho does not always coincide with the crust-mantle boundary defined by composition.
Serpentinization of mantle rock below slowly spreading mid-ocean ridges can also increase the depth to the Moho, since serpentinization lowers seismic wave velocities.[9][10]
History
Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić is credited with discovering and defining the Moho.[11] In 1909, he was examining data from a local earthquake in Zagreb when he observed two distinct sets of P-waves and S-waves propagating out from the focus of the earthquake.[12] Mohorovičić knew that waves caused by earthquakes travel at velocities proportional to the density of the material carrying them. As a result of this information, he theorized that the second set of waves could only be caused by a sharp transition in density in the Earth's crust, which could account for such a dramatic change in wave velocity. Using velocity data from the earthquake, he was able to calculate the depth of the Moho to be approximately 54 km, which was supported by subsequent seismological studies.[13]
The Moho has played a large role in the fields of geology and earth science for well over a century. By observing the Moho's refractive nature and how it affects the speed of P-waves, scientists were able to theorize about the earth's composition. These early studies gave rise to modern seismology.[13]
In the early 1960s, Project Mohole was an attempt to drill to the Moho from deep-ocean regions.[14] After initial success in establishing deep-ocean drilling, the project suffered from political and scientific opposition, mismanagement, and cost overruns, and it was cancelled in 1966.[15]
Exploration
Reaching the discontinuity by drilling remains an important scientific objective.
Plans called for the drill-ship JOIDES Resolution to sail from Colombo in Sri Lanka in late 2015 and to head for the Atlantis Bank, a promising location in the southwestern Indian Ocean on the Southwest Indian Ridge, to attempt to drill an initial bore hole to a depth of approximately 1.5 kilometres.[18] The attempt did not even reach 1.3 km, but researchers hope to further their investigations at a later date.[19]
See also
- Brittle–ductile transition zone – Strongest part of the Earth's crust
- Core–mantle boundary – Discontinuity where the bottom of the planet's mantle meets the outer layer of the core
- Lehmann discontinuity – Lehmann discontinuity is a layer separating outer core from inner core.
- Gutenberg discontinuity
Notes
- ISBN 9783411040667.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-08-043751-4, retrieved 2019-11-21
- ISBN 978-0-495-55480-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-17-448221-5.
- ISBN 978-1-4020-3739-9.
- ^ D.P. McKenzie – The Mohorovičić Discontinuity
- .
- .
- S2CID 128410328.
- .
- ISBN 978-0-87590-513-6
- ^ Mohorovičić, A. (1910). "Potres od 8.x.1909; Das Beben vom 8.x.1909" [The earthquake of 8 October 1909]. Godisnje Izvjesce Zagrebackog Meteoroloskog Opservatorija za godinu 1909 - Jahrbuch des Meteorologischen Observatoriums in Zagreb für das Jahr 1909 [Yearbook of the Meteorological Observatory in Zagreb for the year 1909] (in Croatian and German). 9 (4): 1–63.
- ^ ISBN 9780813712086.
- ^ Winterer, Edward L. (2000). "Scientific Ocean Drilling, from AMSOC to COMPOST". 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950–2000. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US).
- ^ Mohole, LOCO, CORE, and JOIDES: A brief chronology Betty Shor, The Scripps Institution of Oceanography, August 1978, 7 pp. Access date 25 June 2019.
- ^ "How the Soviets Drilled the Deepest Hole in the World". Wired. 2008-08-25. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
- ^
Ozhovan, M.; F. Gibb; P. Poluektov & E. Emets (August 2005). "Probing of the Interior Layers of the Earth with Self-Sinking Capsules". Atomic Energy. 99 (2): 556–562. S2CID 918850.
- ^
Witze, Alexandra (December 2015). "Quest to drill into Earth's mantle restarts". Nature News. 528 (7580): 16–17. PMID 26632566.
- ^
Kavanagh, Lucas (2016-01-27). "Looking Back on Expedition 360". JOIDES Resolution. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2016-09-21.
We may not have made it to our goal of 1300 m, but we did drill the deepest ever single-leg hole into hard rock (789 m), which is currently the 5th deepest ever drilled into the hard ocean crust. We also obtained both the longest (2.85 m) and widest (18 cm) single pieces of hard rock ever recovered by the International Ocean Discovery Program and its predecessors! [...] Our hopes are high to return to this site in the not too distant future.
References
- Harris, P. (1972). "The composition of the earth". In Gass, I. G.; et al. (eds.). Understanding the earth: a reader in the earth sciences. Horsham: Artemis Press for the Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-85141-308-2.
- "Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary". Schlumberger. Archived from the original on 2008-07-17. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- ISBN 978-0-7537-0358-8.
External links
- Britt, Robert Roy (2005-04-07). "Hole Drilled to Bottom of Earth's Crust, Breakthrough to Mantle Looms". Imaginova. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- "Digging a Hole in the Ocean: Project Mohole, 1958–1966". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the originalon 2015-11-02. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- Map of the Moho depth of the European plate