Molybdate
In
4, Cr
2O2−
7, Cr
3O2−
10 and Cr
4O2−
13 ions which are all based on tetrahedral chromium. Tungsten is similar to molybdenum and forms many tungstates containing 6 coordinate tungsten.[2]
Examples of molybdate anions
Examples of molybdate oxyanions are:
- MoO2−
4, in e.g. Na2MoO4 and the mineral powellite, CaMoO4; - Mo
2O2−
7, as hydrated ammonium dimolybdate. The anhydrous tetrabutylammonium salt of Mo
2O2−
7 is also known;[3] - Mo
3O2−
10 in the ethylenediamine salt;[4] - Mo
4O2−
13 in the potassium salt;[5] - Mo
5O2−
16 in the anilinium (C
6H
5NH+
3) salt;[6] - Mo
6O2−
19(hexa-molybdate) in the tetramethylammonium salt;[7] - Mo
7O6−
24 in ammonium heptamolybdate, (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O;[8] - Mo
8O4−
26 intrimethylammonium salt.[1]
The naming of molybdates generally follows the convention of a prefix to show the number of Mo atoms present. For example, dimolybdate for 2 molybdenum atoms; trimolybdate for 3 molybdenum atoms, etc.. Sometimes the oxidation state is added as a suffix, such as in pentamolybdate(VI). The heptamolybdate ion, Mo
7O6−
24, is often called "paramolybdate".
Structure of molybdate anions
The smaller anions, MoO2−
4 and Mo
2O2−
7 feature tetrahedral centres. In MoO2−
4 the four oxygens are equivalent as in
2O2−
7 can be considered to be two tetrahedra sharing a corner, i.e. with a single bridging O atom.[1]
- in terminal non bridging M–O approximately 1.7 Å
- in bridging M–O–M units approximately 1.9 Å
The Mo
8O4−
26 anion contains both octahedral and tetrahedral molybdenum and can be isolated in 2 isomeric forms, alpha and beta.[2]
The hexamolybdate image below shows the coordination polyhedra. The space filling model of the heptamolybdate image shows the close packed nature of the oxygen atoms in the structure. The oxide ion has an ionic radius of 1.40 Å, molybdenum(VI) is much smaller, 0.59 Å.[1] There are strong similarities between the structures of the molybdates and the molybdenum oxides, (MoO3, MoO2 and the "crystallographic shear" oxides, Mo9O26 and Mo10O29) whose structures all contain close packed oxide ions.[9]
-
(a) Hexamolybdate [Mo6O19]2− (b) Heptamolybdate [Mo7O24]6−
-
Ball and stick model of heptamolybdate
-
Heptamolybdate with space filling oxygen atoms
Equilibria in aqueous solution
When MoO3, molybdenum trioxide is dissolved in alkali solution the simple MoO2−4 anion is produced:
As the pH is lowered, condensations ensue, with loss of water and the formation of Mo–O–Mo linkages. The stoichiometry leading to hexa-, hepta-, and octamolybdates are shown:[1][10]
Peroxomolybdates
Many peroxomolybdates are known. They tend to form upon treatment of molybdate salts with hydrogen peroxide. Notable is the monomer–dimer equilibrium:
Also known but unstable is [Mo(O2)4]2− (see potassium tetraperoxochromate(V)). Some related compounds find use as oxidants in organic synthesis.[11]
Tetrathiomolybdate
The red tetrathiomolybdate anion results when molybdate solutions are treated with hydrogen sulfide:
Like molybdate itself, MoS2−4 undergoes condensation in the presence of acids, but these condensations are accompanied by redox processes.
Industrial uses
Catalysis
Molybdates are widely used in catalysis. In terms of scale, the largest consumer of molybdate is as a precursor to catalysts for hydrodesulfurization, the process by which sulfur is removed from petroleum. Bismuth molybdates, nominally of the composition Bi9PMo12O52, catalyzes ammoxidation of propylene to acrylonitrile. Ferric molybdates are used industrially to catalyze the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde.[12]
Corrosion inhibitors
Sodium molybdate has been used in industrial water treatment as a corrosion inhibitor. It was initially thought that it would be a good replacement for chromate, when chromate was banned for toxicity. However, molybdate requires high concentrations when used alone, therefore complementary corrosion inhibitors are generally added,[13] and is mainly used in high temperature closed-loop cooling circuits.[14] According to an experimental study, Molybdate has been reported as an efficient biocide against microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC), where adding 1.5 mM of Molybdate/day resulted in a 50% decrease in the corrosion rate.[15]
Supercapacitors
Molybdates (especially FeMoO4, Fe2(MoO4)3, NiMoO4, CoMoO4 and MnMoO4) have been used as anode or cathode materials in aqueous capacitors.[16][17][18][19] Due to pseudocapacitive charge storage, specific capacitance up to 1500 F g−1 has been observed.[17]
Medicine
Radioactive molybdenum-99 in the form of molybdate is used as the parent isotope in technetium-99m generators for nuclear medicine imaging.[20]
Other
Nitrogen fixation requires molybdoenzymes in legumes (e.g., soybeans, acacia, etc.). For this reason, fertilizers often contain small amounts of molybdate salts. Coverage is typically less than a kilogram per acre.[12]
Molybdate chrome pigments are speciality but commercially available pigments.
Collectible molybdate
Molybdate crystals as collected by gem enthusiasts with the world's best samples of crystalized Molybdate coming from Madawaska Mine.[22]
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ ISBN 0-471-19957-5
- .
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- S2CID 95078211.
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- ISBN 0-471-93620-0
- ISBN 9780470132586.
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- ^
- ^ "Open Recirculating Cooling Systems - GE Water". gewater.com.
- ^ "Closed Recirculating Cooling Systems - GE Water". gewater.com.
- ^ "Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry".
- .
- ^ ISSN 2046-2069.
- PMID 24274769.
- .
- ^ National Research Council (US) Committee on Medical Isotope Production Without Highly Enriched Uranium. (2009). "Molybdenum-99/Technetium-99m Production and Use". Medical Isotope Production without Highly Enriched Uranium. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
- ^ "ASTM D7126 - 15 Standard Test Method for On-Line Colorimetric Measurement of Silica". astm.org.
- S2CID 201298402.