Monarchies in the Americas
There are 12 monarchies in the
Historically, some
From that date on, through the
Current monarchies
Commonwealth monarchies
Various countries of the Commonwealth of Nations all have legally independent monarchies, but with succession rules kept in synchronization with other countries that ensure they all have the same monarch (as of 2024, Charles III, who largely presides from the United Kingdom). The monarch's day-to-day governmental and ceremonial duties are generally carried out by an appointed local viceroy or governor-general.
Antigua and Barbuda
The monarchy of
Elizabeth and her
The Bahamas
The monarchy of
Belize
Belize was, until the 15th century, a part of the
Canada
Grenada
The monarchy of
Jamaica
The monarchy of
Former
Saint Kitts and Nevis
The monarchy of
Saint Lucia
The
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
The present monarchy of
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom possesses a number of
The Falkland Islands, off the south coast of Argentina, were simultaneously claimed for
Danish monarchy
Dutch monarchy
Succession laws
Succession in the American Commonwealth realms, as well as the British overseas territories in the region, was via
Succession to the Danish throne was via male-preference primogeniture from 1953 to 2009, and by absolute primogeniture since 2009.[28][29]
Succession to the Dutch throne was via male-preference primogeniture from 1887 to 1983, and has been by absolute primogeniture since 1983.[30]
Former monarchies
Much about the nature of the
Aztec
The
Barbados
The monarchy of Barbados had its roots in the
In 1966, Elizabeth's cousin, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, opened the second session of the first parliament of the newly established country,[33] before the Queen herself, along with Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, toured Barbados. Elizabeth returned for her Silver Jubilee in 1977, and again in 1989, to mark the 350th anniversary of the establishment of the Barbadian Parliament.[33][35]
Former
Brazil
Brazil was created as a kingdom on 16 December 1815, when
Prince Pedro became the first Emperor of Brazil on 12 October 1822, with the title of Pedro I (on that date, he was formally offered the Throne of the newly created Empire, accepted it, and was acclaimed as monarch), and his coronation took place on 1 December 1822.
The Brazilian constitution of 1988 called for a general vote on the restoration of the monarchy, which was held in 1993. The royalists went to the polls divided, with the press indicating there were actually two princes aspiring to the Brazilian throne (Dom Luiz de Orleans e Bragança and Dom João Henrique); this created some confusion among the voters.
Haiti
The entire island of
Inca
The
Maya
The Maya civilization was located on the Yucatán Peninsula and into the isthmian portion of North America, and the northern portion of Central America (Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras) comprised a number of ajawil, ajawlel, or ajawlil – hierarchical polities headed by an hereditary ruler known as a k’uhul ajaw "divine lord" (the Classic Maya term for a sovereign leader).[N 1]
Despite constant warfare and shifts in regional power, most
Mexico
With the victory of the
Archduke Maximilian of Austria, brother of the Emperor of Austria, and descendant of the prior Habsburg rulers of Mexico as New Spain, was elected Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico by the Assembly of Notables in Mexico City, thereby re-establishing the Mexican monarchy.
The year before,
The new Mexican emperor ultimately did not bow to Napoleon's wishes, leading the latter to withdraw the majority of his influence from Mexico. Regardless, Maximilian was still viewed as a French puppet by the liberals. As well, at the end of the
Kingdom of Mosquitia
The Kingdom of Mosquitia controlled the Atlantic coasts of Nicaragua and Honduras from the seventeenth century to the mid-nineteenth century.
The Miskitu, Pech, Rama, Garifuna, Mayagna and later Creole people of Central America who inhabited the territory were governed by the authority of the Mosquitian Monarchy. While the kings had authority over the entire territory; there were other important leaders known as "generals," "governors," and "admirals," who controlled different regions within the Kingdom.
The Kingdom of Mosquitia was similar to that of the Hawaiian kinship system. Many generals tried to become kings, but only Peter, the first known historically, became King Regent, following the death of his brother King Jeremy II. All Miskitu kings, generals, governors and Admirals were close relatives who controlled the kingship for more than 270 years.[52]
According to the oral tradition of the Miskitus, centuries ago, a group of people who were led by their warrior leader Miskut, emigrated from northern South America, traveled the Caribbean coast and settled on the continent, in a place where a river, a lagoon and the sea converged. They called this site Sitawala, the river would later be called Wangki (Coco River), and the lagoon Kip Almuk (Old Cape). The villagers called themselves Miskut kiampka (Miskut family) or Miskut uplika nani (people of Miskut).
Contacts with pirates (French, Dutch and British) and Africans (seeking refuge to escape slavery) began in the 17th century. In 1629, English Puritans established on Providence Island, what they called New Westminster, the Providence Company. From dealing with British merchants and settlers, the Miskitu people obtain non-traditional products and firearms, which became a new cultural needs. This was also the time when the Kingdom start to gain its popularity.[53]
The Kingdom of Mosquitia became a stronger force against the Spanish when the Miskitu King Edward I, signed a Treaty of Friendship and Alliance with King George II of Great Britain, accepting military protection and the English common law except when English law was in conflict with existing Miskitu customs, culture and traditions.
At the cessation of the
However,
After the chief and the people of the Mosquito Reserve enjoyed 34 years of autonomy, the Nicaraguan government violated the terms of the 1860 Treaty of Managua, and in 1894, sent army troops to the Mosquito Reserve in order to incorporate the region to the rest of the country. In 1905, the Harrison-Altamirano Treaty was signed between Nicaragua and Great Britain which ended the Mosquito Reserve, it's legal and hereditary government, and its Autonomy Statute.
During this same historical time, in 1957, the Hereditary Matriarch, Josephenie Hendy Hebbert Twaska, tried to regain the independence of Mosquitia. However, after the execution of some of her family members, in 1960, she was given the option to be exiled permanently or face death or imprisonment. She moved to Costa Rica and now lives the United States where she is still trying to regain Independence for her people.
Mosquitia regained its Autonomy Statute after three years of war between the FSLN government and a group of alliance between Indigenous and Afro-descendant people of the Mosquitia, when in 1984, the government proposed negotiations to end the war. The first talks of these negotiations were carried out with the Miskitu leader, Brooklyn Rivera. And on 30 October 1987 the Autonomy Statute was published. The Mosquitian Monarchy have still yet to be restored, still many Miskitu people and others still recognize the Miskitu Royal family.[54]
Taíno
The
Colonial monarchies
Courland
After a number of failed attempts at colonising
France
After
Russia
The first permanent Russian settlements in what is today the US state of
Portugal
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves came into being in the wake of Portugal's war with
Spain
Beginning in 1492 with the voyages of
Sweden
For a period of time the French ceded sovereignty of the island of
Self-proclaimed monarchies
These entities were never recognised as de jure or legitimate governments:
- James J. Strang
- Joshua Norton
- James Harden-Hickey
- Redonda
The small uninhabited island of Redonda is part of Antigua and Barbuda, a Commonwealth country. There is a micronation, the "Kingdom of Redonda", which largely consists of people in England claiming to be king of an island they have never visited. The micronation dates to fantasy writer M. P. Shiel, who created a dubious account in 1929 that his father, Matthew Dowdy Shiell, had asked for and been given the title of King of Redonda by the British colonial authorities in 1865. The younger Shiel then took the throne at the age of 15 in 1880. No record exists of such an unlikely grant, nor even of the two visiting the island. Nevertheless, John Gawsworth took up the mantle in 1947 and claimed to be king afterward, sold the kingship to others several times, and sold ranks of nobility. The result of the repeated sales is that at least 9 people claim to all be king of Redonda. None of those involved appear to have ever tried to physically establish themselves on the island itself.[71]
Araucania and Patagonia
The
Orélie-Antoine felt that the Mapuche of the region would only be acknowledged by the surrounding powers if they had a European leader such as himself,
See also
- Afro-Bolivian monarchy
- Canadian Confederation
- List of monarchs in the Americas
- List of the last monarchs in the Americas
- Monarchies in Africa
- Monarchies in Europe
- Monarchies in Oceania
Notes
References
- ^ Foreign and Commonwealth Office. "Country profiles > North & Central America and Caribbean > Antigua and Barbuda". Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Archived from the originalon 19 January 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
- ^ Royal Household at Buckingham Palace. "The Monarchy Today > Queen and Commonwealth > Other Caribbean realms". Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
- ^ Government of the Bahamas. "The Government of the Bahamas > About The Government > Overview and Structure of the Government". Government of the Bahamas. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
- ^ Government of Belize. "About Belize > Politics > Constitution and Government". Government of Belize. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ Kehoe, Alice Beck (October 2001). "First Nations History". The World & I Online. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ^ Simon, John. "Engravings of the Four Kings: More Than Meets the Eye". Pequot Museum. Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage. "The Crown in Canada". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ^ Government House. "Role and duties of the Lieutenant-Governor". Memorial University. Archived from the original on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
- ^ Foreign and Commonwealth Office. "Country profiles > North & Central America and Caribbean > Grenada". Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ "Grenada". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
- Foreign and Commonwealth Office. "Country profiles > North & Central America and Caribbean > Jamaica". Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Archived from the originalon 19 January 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
- ^ "Jamaica plans to become a republic". Sky News Australia. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
- ^ "Jamaica to break links with Queen, says Prime Minister Simpson Miller". BBC News. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
- ^ "Jamaica eyes republican future". BBC. 22 September 2003. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ "About Government". Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ "Country Profile: Saint Kitts and Nevis". Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK). Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ Foreign and Commonwealth Office. "Country profiles > North & Central America and Caribbean > Saint Lucia". Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Government Information Service. "Government of Saint Lucia > Office of the Governor General". Government of Saint Lucia. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Royal Household at Buckingham Palace. "The Monarchy Today > Queen and Commonwealth > Other Caribbean Realms". Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- Foreign and Commonwealth Office. "Country profiles > North & Central America and Caribbean > Saint Vincent and the Grenadines". Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Archived from the originalon 5 December 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ "HM Governor". HM Government of the British Virgin Islands. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ "Falklands' Swearing in Ceremony for Governor Phillips on 12 September". MercoPress. 2 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
- ^ "Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands". Prime Minister of Denmark. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ "Greenland". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
- ^ "Aruba". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Who is Governor Frits Goedgedrag?". Official Website of the Governor of the Netherlands Antilles. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Danish succession". Deutsche Welle. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ "Suggested changes to the Succession". Parliament of Denmark. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2009. (In Danish)
- ^ "Succession to the throne". Dutch Monarchy. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-521-58916-1. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
Aztec Triple Alliance.
- ISBN 978-0-8061-2950-1.
- ^ a b c The Clerk of Parliament. "The Barbados Parliament > Parliament's History". Parliament of Barbados. Archived from the original on 23 May 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
- ^ Government Information Service. "Government > Governor General". Government of Barbados. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ Royal Household at Buckingham Palace. "The Monarchy Today > Queen and Commonwealth > Other Caribbean Realms". Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
- ^ Thomas, Norman (7 February 2005). "Barbados to vote on move to republic". Caribbean News. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Referendum on Republic to be bundled with election". Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation. 26 November 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
- ^ Gollop, Chris (2 December 2007). "Vote Off". The Nation. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
- ^ Vianna, Hélio (1994). História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república (in Spanish). São Paulo: Melhoramentos.
- ^ a b c Miller, James. "Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil". Historical Text Archive. Archived from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
- ^ Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). Dicionário do Brasil Imperial (in Spanish). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva.
- ^ Handler, Bruce (5 March 1989). "Brazil to Decide on Return of Monarchy". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. p. 34.
- ^ Haggerty, Richard A. (1989). "Haiti, A Country Study: French Settlement and Sovereignty". US Library of Congress. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
- ^ "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online > Emmanuel-Auguste de Cahideuc, Comte Dubois de la Motte". University of Toronto/Université Laval. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-9506980-2-1. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ISBN 0-8160-3811-2.
- ^ Inca Empire: Spanish Conquest. MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ^ Túpac Amaru. MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-2130-1.
- ^ "History » Independence » The Mexican Empire, 1821–23". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ^ "History » Independence » French intervention". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ^ "Generales, Gobernadores y Almirantes: Tres líneas de sucesión Miskita. Michael D. Olien". pueblosoriginarios.com. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- ^ "Miskito. Historia". pueblosoriginarios.com. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- ^ "Meet the Founder". Miskitu Nation. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- ^ "Caciques, nobles and their regalia". elmuseo.org. Archived from the original on 9 October 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2006.
- ISBN 0-300-05696-6.
- ISBN 0-333-57479-6.
- ^ "Taíno people". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Dutch Portuguese Colonial History > Dutch and Courlanders in Tobago". Colonialvoyage.com. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- S2CID 220878619.
- ISBN 0-688-03704-6. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ISBN 0-231-08598-2. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ^ "Alaska History Timeline". Kodiak Island Internet Directory. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
- ISBN 0-930931-15-7.
- ^ Farrar, Victor John (1966). The Annexation of Russian America to the United States. New York: Russell & Russell.
- ^ Bartroli, Tomás (1968). Presencia hispánica en la costa noroeste de América (in Spanish). Vancouver: Universidad de British Columbio.
- ^ Miró, Angelina. Catalans a la costa oest del Canadà: Els catalans a la Colúmbia Britànica al s.XVIII (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-7614-7402-9.
- ^ Weeks, Robert P. "For His Was the Kingdom, and the Power, and the Glory...Briefly" American Heritage 21 (4). The sceptre is preserved in the vault of the archives of the Community of Christ church in Independence, Missouri; the whereabouts of Strang's remaining regalia is a mystery.
- ^ Robert Ernest Cowan (October 1923). "Norton I, Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico". Quarterly of the California Historical Society. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ Hingston, Michael. Try Not to Be Strange: The Curious History of the Kingdom of Redonda
- ^ a b "Histoiry of the King Orllie-Antoine". Kingdom of Araucania & Patagonia. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
- ^ Marhique, Huichacurha. "The Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia". Kingdom of Araucania & Patagonia. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
- ^ Menéndez, Braun (1959). Pequeña historia patagónica (in Spanish). Emecé Editores. p. 128.
Sources
- Central Intelligence Agency (11 July 2006). "CIA – The World Factbook". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
- Central Intelligence Agency (18 July 2006). "World Leaders". Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2008.