Monarchism in Canada
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Canadian monarchism is a movement for raising awareness of
In Canada, monarchism, though it is sometimes mocked by its opponents,[10] is driven by various factors: monarchists support the perceived practicality of popular power being ultimately placed in the hands of a non-partisan, apolitical individual, and see the Canadian monarchy as a modern link, via the Crown's shared nature, to ethnically and historically similar countries around the world.[6] It is also celebrated by monarchists as being a significant element of Canada's national identity,[11] stemming from the organization's 500-year deep roots in the country's tradition,[12] as well as having a pivotal role in maintaining Canada's independence from the United States.[13] David E. Smith asserted in 2017 that the Canadian Crown is not only the "keystone of the constitutional architecture of Canada", but also "an index both of the history of Canadian development as a federation and as an autonomous member of the Commonwealth."[14]
Though polling has traditionally suggested little interest in removing the monarchy during the reign of Elizabeth II, more recent polls conducted in 2022 and 2023 following the accession of Charles III, suggested that a majority of Canadians think there should be a referendum on the future of the monarchy and that more Canadians now favour becoming a republic than do retaining the monarchy.[15][16][17]
National identity
Every country is different, and we grew up in this one with the Royal Family as part of our heritage.[18]
Legal and cultural sovereignty
Colonial era
From Canada's colonial period until the end of the
At the same time, those who remained loyal to the British monarchy and
Predominantly, Canadians retained their loyalty to Britain's
A confederated Dominion
Monarchist feelings were further entrenched in many
Post-Quebec sovereignty movement
The "almost cult status" the monarchy enjoyed in the first half of the 20th century began to waver between the 1950s and 1970s,
At the same time, and into the period of Pierre Trudeau's prime ministership, however, some of the royal symbols that had previously been accepted as representative of Canada because of their British heritage became the target of iconoclasm for exactly the same reason,[n 1] and the Crown was more frequently said to be at odds with multiculturalism;[11] Canadians were, according to Arthur Bousfield and Gary Toffoli, being encouraged to "neglect, ignore, forget, reject, debase, suppress, even hate and certainly treat as foreign what their parents and grandparents, whether spiritual or blood, regarded as the basis of Canadian nationhood, autonomy and history", including the monarchy.[42] This phenomenon was the inspiration for the founding in 1970 of the Monarchist League of Canada (MLC) as an organised way for citizens to voice their opposition to any downplaying of the Crown.[43]
Still, at the height of the
Constitutional and societal keystone
Personification of Canada
In a government like ours, the Crown is the abiding and unshakable element in government; politicians may come and go, but the Crown remains and certain aspects of our system pertain to it which are not dependent on any political party. In this sense, the Crown is the consecrated spirit of Canada.[52]
Robertson Davies, introduction to
Hunting Stuart & the Voice of the People, 1994
I want the Crown to be seen as a symbol of national sovereignty belonging to all. It is not only a link between Commonwealth nations, but between Canadian citizens of every national origin and ancestry ... I want the Crown in Canada to represent everything that is best and most admired in the Canadian ideal.[53]
Elizabeth II, Toronto, 1973
Canadian monarchists support the official government position (both federal and provincial) of the monarch as the
Since at least the 1930s,[61] supporters of the Crown have held the opinion that the Canadian monarch is also one of the rare unified elements of Canadian society,[62] focusing both "the historic consciousness of the nation" and various forms of patriotism and national love "[on] the point around which coheres the nation's sense of a continuing personality",[63] and reflecting this back through lifelong public duties and service,[59] an arrangement its supporters contend allows for diversity, as opposed to the American ideology of the state being the majority and demanding allegiance.[64] Former Governor General Vincent Massey articulated that the monarchy "is part of ourselves. It is linked in a very special way with our national life. It stands for qualities and institutions which mean Canada to every one of us and which for all our differences and all our variety have kept Canada Canadian."[65] Gary Toffoli, past chairman of the Toronto branch of the MLC, stated on this concept that "it is one of the great protections of democracy and one of the weaknesses of the republican system that in our system the Queen is the state and the people are not the state", arguing that such a society permits its members, though they be in an inseparable symbiosis with it,[66] to exist apart from the state, to criticise it, and not take responsibility for what the state might have done. This, he asserted, avoids the paradox wherein opposing the state is opposing the people, which would mean one opposes one's self.[67] George-Étienne Cartier predicted that Canada, with its cohabitational French and English-based cultures, could never have an ethnic nationality, but through allegiance to the common symbol of the Crown, it was possible for the country to be a unified political nationality.[2]
Canadian institution and symbol
Combining constitutional law, the concept of national personification, and their acknowledgement of the reigning monarch as the end of
Because of this history and contemporary sentiment, the monarchy's supporters allege that presidential republicanism is not a part of the Canadian psyche,
Canadian loyalists further aver that, rather than be ashamed of the country's monarchical chronicle and present arrangements, they should be embraced.[7][86] Monarchists find that republican arguments often take the form of cultural cringe,[86] focusing, as they perceive it, on long settled issues like Canada's independence and responsible government,[87] or unsubstantiated ones, such as the republican claim that the monarchy was non-consensually imposed on Canadians,[31][73] and demonstrating a sophistry that has been described as "'presto-you're-an-adult' immaturity that would malign Canada as some sort of pimply-faced adolescent thinking she could prove she is grown up by smoking a cigarette and telling Mom where to get off."[33] Monarchists have contended that this is a product of inadequate knowledge of the monarchy's role in both Canadian history and modern civics,[50][88] a phenomenon sometimes compounded by the pervasiveness of American culture in Canada.
The central role of the monarchy in the Canadian constitution, and the difficult prescriptions to removing it, are said by monarchists to illustrate the importance of the Crown as the centre of the entire system of government and justice in Canada, to the point where Crown and constitution are inseparable.
First Nations, Quebec and multiculturalism
Quebec in the latter half of the 20th century has been regarded as less inclined towards the Crown. However, it was expressed by Jacques Rouillard that from the mid-19th century until the end of the Second World War, in Quebec the monarchy was seen as a source of democracy that permitted the prosperity of French Canada.]
Monarchists have also come to find that the Canadian monarchy correlates well with multiculturalism, the monarch being a living illustration of the concept:
In regards to the anti-
Democratic principles and governmental role
Monarchists in Canada uphold that "the old view that democracy and monarchy are fundamentally incompatible has been proven wrong" by countries such as Norway, Sweden, Belgium, Spain, and the like;[108] and there is no reason why Canada is different. Not only is a monarch trained from birth to be a competent head of state,[108][109] they argue, but also that constitutional monarchy is a democratic institution, given that the monarch's position is created and filled by and according to the Canadian constitution, which continues to be supported by the Canadian people through their elected representatives in parliament. It has been noted that such a system is already built on republican principles,[110] wherein the Crown's power has, since long before Confederation, been tempered by the will of the elected legislature,[111] coming directly into play only when an elected individual abuses the power lent to him.
Arguments against the monarchy include the idea that the existence of
The system is generally viewed by supporters of the monarchy as well functioning, and, as such, adhere to the analogy of "if it ain't broke, don't fix it". Along those lines, at a 1968
Though political scholar David Smith theorised that the Canadian monarchy had benefited from the dearth of discussion around it, he also expressed his feeling that those monarchist arguments in favour of the Crown that focused on legalities, despite their strong legislative and logical foundations, were actually counter-productive, serving only to further distance average Canadians from their monarchy, which they perceived mostly through the filter of mass media.[115]
Non-partisanship
The monarchy in Canada has undergone profound change since Confederation. Indeed, far from being a static institution mired in the past, it has been remarkably versatile. Particularly relevant here is the process by which an indivisible Imperial Crown was superseded by a divisible Canadian Crown.[38]
Stephen Phillips, 2002
The institution was used as the bedrock of the constitution because it was viewed by the Fathers of Confederation as a guarantor of Canadians' "life, liberty, and prosperity", and a body that was both inclusive and still subject to the rule of law; parliament, of which the monarch is one of the three pillars, spoke for all.
Monarchists opine that in a country such as Canada, where regional, linguistic, and cultural divisions already exist, a divisive head of state would be detrimental rather than beneficial;
John A. Macdonald, speaking in 1865 about the proposals for the upcoming Confederation of Canada, said:
By adhering to the monarchical principle we avoid one defect inherent in the
Constitution of the United States. By the election of the president by a majority and for a short period, he never is the sovereign and chief of the nation. He is never looked up to by the whole people as the head and front of the nation. He is at best but the successful leader of a party. This defect is all the greater on account of the practice of reelection. During his first term of office he is employed in taking steps to secure his own reelection, and for his party a continuance of power. We avoid this by adhering to the monarchical principle – the sovereign whom you respect and love. I believe that it is of the utmost importance to have that principle recognized so that we shall have a sovereign who is placed above the region of party – to whom all parties look up; who is not elevated by the action of one party nor depressed by the action of another; who is the common head and sovereign of all."[30]
Indeed, five years prior, it was said that Canadians' enthusiasm for the Prince of Wales (later
Constitutional guarantor
Canadians should realise when they are well off under the monarchy. For the vast majority of Canadians, being a monarchy is probably the only form of government acceptable to them. I have always been for parliamentary democracy and I think the institution of monarchy with the Queen heading it all has served Canada well.[125]
Pierre Trudeau, 1973
But for all those who don't want the Queen there are easily as many who don't want a President and even more who certainly would not want one if they knew who it would be. As you can readily see, I have given more thought to this subject than most and I have reached my own conclusion. God save the Queen.[126]
Dalton Camp, 23 August 1994
Monarchists consider that the monarch's position apart from the machinations of politics allows him or her to work as an effective intermediary between Canada's various levels of government and political parties; an indispensable feature in a federal system. It is thus reasoned that the monarchy makes the provinces in their fields of jurisdiction equally as potent as the federal authority, allowing for a flexible and sustainable federalism that thwarts "the political, academic and journalistic elites" in Canada.[12][47][93] During constitutional talks in the 1970s, the provinces did not endorse any alterations to the Crown in either its federal or provincial fields,[127] all agreeing that the Crown "has served us well",[113][128] and later analysis by David Smith showed that the federal Cabinet at the time failed both to understand the complexity of the Canadian Crown and to "recognize its federalist dimension,"[129] the monarchy being said to be crucial to provincial co-sovereignty.[130][131] Even beyond provincial geo-politics, the monarchy has been said to be the only body in which Canadian sovereignty can be vested, as none of the alternatives, the people or the nation, has enough cohesiveness in Canada to serve the purpose.[132] The Irish presidency, which Canadian republicans theorise could be copied in Canada,[133] is not the head of a federated country and thus a hypothetical Canadian president's role would not be the same as that in Ireland.
Monarchists, such as the Lord Tweedsmuir, felt that, despite having some drawbacks, constitutional monarchy offered greater stability,
Monarchists thus see the monarch, unconnected with to party politics,
Quebec sovereignty
The Canadian monarchy has been presented by monarchists in Canada as being a continuation of the French monarchy under which New France was founded, the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec representing the sovereign in "the same way representatives of the French Crown were resident in Château St-Louis". It is further argued that, as with the rest of Canada, Quebec has never been a republican order,[138] and monarchism is not an alien concept to the populace of the province.[n 7] Moreover, far from being dismissive of the French heritage of Canada, the country's royalty has always gone to allowable lengths to ensure the inclusion and appreciation of that culture.[105]
In response to the republican claim that Canada becoming a republic would appease the drive for Quebec sovereignty, monarchists say that those in Quebec who wish for their province to secede from confederation rely on anti-British, historical revisionism,[141] and view any federal authority as repressive, regardless of whether that authority is republican or monarchical; hence, the future of the monarchy is regarded as a non-issue by separatist parties like the Bloc and Parti Québécois.[142][143] Monarchists also say that Canadian presidents would be more often selected by and/or from the majority Anglophone population of the country, and thus sovereigntists would argue that Québécois are not being represented by the head of state. Even if a sovereignty-association relationship with Canada was established, questions remain as to whether or not Quebec would truly be free of the Canadian monarchy.[n 8]
Loyal organizations in Canada
- Monarchist League of Canada[4]
- Grand Orange Lodge of Canada[145]
- Royal Society of St. George[5]
- United Empire Loyalist Association
See also
- Debate on the monarchy in Canada
- Republicanism in Canada
- Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada
- Monarchy
- Monarchism
Notes
- Canadian Forces.
- ^ See Note 8 at Monarchy of Canada.
- ^ Toffoli and Bosefield said in 1996 in Monarchy Canada: "Anyone doing media interviews on the Crown or taking part in radio phone-in shows quickly becomes used to the arguments used by opponents of the Monarchy ... The only one that does any damage because it is a broader, subtler and more plausible notion is the idea that because the Crown is "British" in origin it is somehow foreign and ought to be removed. But if the Queen and the Monarchy are foreign because they are British, so are Parliament, the Common Law and the English language ... (The same argument would of course logically have to be applied to the French language as well. Because it is "French" it would also have to be looked upon as foreign.) Of course we know all these things are not foreign, they are Canadian. They all came to be Canadian in the same way – by being brought here by settlers who became Canadian and by being rooted here and having functioned here for generations. No one can come along and suddenly declare something foreign when it patently is not. If some one does, that person's motives should be looked at closely because they are likely to be grounded in ethnic hatred or prejudice."[42]
- ^ As put by Reg Whitaker: "In the 1960s, in the first fine, careless rapture of bilingualism and biculturalism, an end to the monarchy might have become a shared program between Quebec nationalists and Canadian dualists. It never happened."[77]
- ^ See note 1 at Republicanism in Canada
- ^ The results revealed one in favour of a republic (Newfoundland and Labrador), one abstaining from comment(Quebec), and the remaining eight in support of Canada's monarchy.[83]
- Robert J. C. Stead that "French Canada is unswervingly loyal to the monarchy".[140]
- ^ University of Toronto Professor Richard Toporoski held the theory that a sovereign, not independent, Quebec would still be under the sovereignty of the Queen; he said: "the real problem ... is not separation from Canada: Quebec has said that it wishes to preserve common elements – Canadian currency (issued officially by whom? – the Queen of Canada), for example, and the possibility of Quebec citizens being Canadian citizens (and who are Canadian citizens? – subjects of the Queen)."[144]
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