Monarda fistulosa
Wild bergamot | |
---|---|
Inflorescence | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Lamiaceae |
Genus: | Monarda |
Species: | M. fistulosa
|
Binomial name | |
Monarda fistulosa |
Monarda fistulosa, the wild bergamot or bee balm,
Description and distribution
Monarda fistulosa is an
Monarda fistulosa ranges from Quebec to the Northwest Territories and British Columbia, south to Georgia, Texas, Arizona, Idaho, and northeastern Washington. The Latin specific epithet fistulosa means hollow like a pipe.[5]
The plant is noted for its fragrance, though the composition of its oils is quite variable. It can have
Taxonomy
Several varieties have been variously recognized within Monarda fistulosa, of which some have also been treated as subspecies or as distinct species. Some of the varieties are geographically widespread, and others are quite restricted in their ranges. Varieties include:
- Monarda fistulosa var. brevis[8] – Smoke Hole bergamot (Virginia and West Virginia)[9][10]
- Monarda fistulosa var. fistulosa – wild bergamot (widespread, primarily eastern and central North America)[11]
- Monarda fistulosa var. longipetiolata – (Ontario and Quebec)[12]
- Monarda fistulosa var. maheuxii – (Ontario)[13]
- Monarda fistulosa var. menthifolia – (widespread, western North America, excluding Oregon and California)[14]
- Monarda fistulosa var. mollis – (widespread, primarily eastern and central North America)[15]
- Monarda fistulosa var. rubra – (eastern North America, uncommon)[16]
- Monarda fistulosa, unnamed variety[17] – (Arkansas and Oklahoma)[18]
One authority states that Native Americans recognized four kinds of wild bergamot that had different odors (Wood, 1997).
Conservation status in the United States
It is listed as historical in Rhode Island.[19]
Uses
Wild bergamot is considered a medicinal plant by many Native Americans. The
The species of
The
M. fistulosa distillate has been proposed as an antimicrobial agent in laboratory settings, specifically as an agent in artificial media used for growth of tachinid fly larvae.[24]
Ecology
As a honey plant, it is popular with a variety of pollinators, including bees, hummingbirds, and lepidoptera. It is a larval host to the
See also
Notes
- ^ Wild Bergamot Archived 2010-04-17 at the Wayback Machine, Edmonton Naturalization Group
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Monarda fistulosa". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
- ^ "Plant Guide: Monarda fistulosa" (PDF). Plant Materials, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
- ^ Dickinson T, Metsger D, Bull J, Dickinson R. (2004) The ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario, Toronto:ROM Museum, p. 293.
- ^ "Monarda fistulosa - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
- ^ a b Keefover-Ring, Ken (9 May 2015). "Monarda fistulosa: Making Good Scents in Colorado". Colorado Native Plant Society. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- PMID 33105614.
- ^ This taxon is sometimes referred to as Monarda fistulosa subsp. brevis; however, as of September 2011, that nomenclatural combination has not yet been validly published.
- ^ "Monarda fistulosa ssp. 1". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- S2CID 44055621.
- ^ "Monarda fistulosa var. fistulosa". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ "Monarda fistulosa var. longipetiolata". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ "Monarda fistulosa var. maheuxii". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ "Monarda fistulosa var. menthifolia". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ "Monarda fistulosa var. mollis". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ "Monarda fistulosa var. rubra". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ This taxon is sometimes referred to as Monarda fistulosa var. stipitatoglandulosa; however, as of September 2011, that nomenclatural combination has not yet been validly published. The synonymous name Monarda stipitatoglandulosa is validly published.
- ^ "Monarda fistulosa var. 1". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Monarda fistulosa". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ^ Restoring wildlife habitat and traditional plants with the Oneida Nation, at the United States Fish and Wildlife Service; published January 10, 2018; updated December 20, 2019; retrieved July 20, 2021
- ^ Wild Bergamot, USDA
- ISBN 0-87842-359-1
- S2CID 24267822.
- S2CID 225493796.
- ^ The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.
References
- Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors. Project GutenbergLiterary Archive Foundation.
External links
- Connecticut Plants, Connecticut Botanical Society
- Edibility of Monarda fistulosa: Visual identification and edible parts of Monarda fistulosa
- Wild Bergamot, Andy's Northern Ontario Wildflowers at the Wayback Machine (archived 18 February 2020)