Monmouthshire
Monmouthshire
Sir Fynwy (Welsh) | |
---|---|
UTC+1 (BST) | |
ISO 3166 code | GB-MON |
ONS code | 00PP (ONS) W06000021 (GSS) |
Monmouthshire (/ˈmɒnməθʃər, ˈmʌn-/ MON-məth-shər, MUN-; Welsh: Sir Fynwy) is a county in the south east of Wales. It borders Powys to the north; the English counties of Herefordshire and Gloucestershire to the north and east; the Severn Estuary to the south, and Torfaen, Newport and Blaenau Gwent to the west. The largest town is Abergavenny, and the administrative centre is Usk.
The county is rural, although adjacent to the city of Newport and the urbanised
The lowlands in the centre of Monmouthshire are gently undulating, and shaped by the
The name derives from the historic county of the same name, of which the contemporary county covers the eastern three-fifths. The present county was formed under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, which came into effect in 1996.[2][3] Between 1974 and 1996, the county was known by the ancient title of Gwent,[4] recalling the medieval Welsh kingdom.[5] In his essay on local government in the fifth and final volume of the Gwent County History, Robert McCloy suggests that the governance of "no county in the United Kingdom in the twentieth century was so transformed as that of Monmouthshire".[6]
History
Pre-History
Evidence of human activity in the Mesolithic period has been found across Monmouthshire; examples include important remains on the Caldicot and Wentloog Levels[7][a] and at Monmouth.[9] The county has a number of hillfort sites, such as those at Bulwark,[10] and Llanmelin Wood.[11] The latter has been suggested as the capital of the Silures, a Celtic tribe who occupied south-east Wales in the Iron Age.[12]
Roman period
The Roman conquest of Britain began in AD43 and within five years they had reached the borders of what is now Wales.[13] In south-east Wales they encountered strong resistance from the Silures, led by Caratacus (Caradog), who fled West after the defeat of his own tribe, the Catuvellauni. His final defeat in AD50, saw the subjugation of the entirety of south-east Wales.
Monmouthshire's most important Roman remains are found at the town of Venta Silurum (Market of the Slilures), present-day Caerwent in the south of the county. The town was established in AD75.[14] Other Roman settlements in the area included Blestium (Monmouth).[b][16]
Sub-Roman period
The
Norman period and Middle Ages
The
Monmouthshire's Norman castles became favoured residences of the
A brief re-assertion of Welsh autonomy in Monmouthshire occurred during the
Monmouthshire 1535-1974
Tudor reforms
The first
The laws establishing the 13 counties (shires), the
Civil war and religious strife
Monmouthshire in the 1600s experienced to a high degree the political and religious convulsions arising from the
John Arnold was a firm enemy of Catholics and pursued a policy of harassment throughout the 1670s.[citation needed] Monmouthshire’s only dukedom was created in 1663 for James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, but became forfeit following Scott’s execution after the failed Monmouth Rebellion in 1685.[citation needed] In the 18th and much of the 19th centuries county politics was dominated by the Beauforts, and the Morgans, "an everlasting friendship between the house of Raglan and Tredegar".[38] By the late 19th century, three families held over a fifth of the land in Monmouthshire; the Beauforts, the Morgans, and the Hanburys of Pontypool.[39]
Industrialisation
Industrialisation came early to Monmouthshire, the first
War
Fitzroy Somerset, a younger son of the 5th Duke of Beaufort, enjoyed a long military career, serving on the staff of the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo,[42] and as commander-in-chief of the British forces during the Crimean War.[43] Created Baron Raglan in 1852, he died in 1855. His son was gifted Cefntilla Court, near Llandenny in his memory.[44]
The
Gwent 1974-1996
The
Late 20th and 21st centuries
The
.In his essay on local government in the fifth and final volume of the Gwent County History, Robert McCloy suggests that the governance of "no county in the United Kingdom in the twentieth century was so transformed as that of Monmouthshire".[6] The title of Gwent continues as a preserved county, one of eight such counties in Wales, which have mainly ceremonial functions such as the Lords-lieutenant and High sheriffs. The current Lord-lieutenant of Gwent from 2016 is Brigadier Robert Aitken.[50] The current High sheriff for 2023-2024 is Professor Simon J. Gibson.[51] It is also retained for a limited number of public service functions which operate across principal areas, for example Gwent Police.[52]
In the 1997 Welsh devolution referendum, which resulted in a narrow "Yes" vote [50.30 per cent v. 49.70 per cent] for the establishment of a National Assembly for Wales, Monmouthshire recorded the highest "No" vote of any principal area, its population voting 67.9 percent against, to 32.1 per cent in favour.[citation needed]
Geography
Monmouthshire is broadly rectangular in shape, and borders the county of Powys to the north, the county boroughs of Newport, Torfaen and Blaenau Gwent to the west, with its southern border on the Severn Estuary giving the county its only coastline. To the east, it borders the English counties of Herefordshire and Gloucestershire.[53] The centre of the county is the plain of Gwent, formed from the basin of the River Usk, while the River Wye forms part of its eastern border, running through the Wye Valley, one of the five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales and the only one in the county.[54]
The north and west of the county is mountainous, particularly the western area adjoining the industrial South Wales Valleys and the Black Mountains which form part of the Brecon Beacons National Park. Two major river valleys dominate the lowlands - the scenic gorge of the Wye Valley along the border with Gloucestershire adjoining the Forest of Dean, and the valley of the River Usk between Abergavenny and Newport. Both rivers flow south to the Severn Estuary. The River Monnow is a tributary of the River Wye and forms part of the border with Herefordshire and England, passing through the town of Monmouth. The highest point of the county is Chwarel y Fan in the Black Mountains, with a height of 679 metres (2,228 ft). The Sugar Loaf (Welsh: Mynydd Pen-y-fâl or Y Fâl), located three kilometres (two miles) northwest of Abergavenny, offers far-reaching views; although its height is only 596 metres (1,955 ft), its isolation and distinctive peak shape makes it a prominent landmark.[55]
Wentwood, now partly in Monmouthshire and partly in Newport, is the remnant of a once much-larger forest, but remains the largest ancient woodland in Wales and the ninth largest in Britain.[56] Once a 3,000.00 hectares (7,413.2 acres) woodland it formed the hunting ground for Chepstow Castle, and gave its name to a traditional, north-south, division of the county, Gwent Uwchcoed (above the wood) and Gwent Iscoed (below the wood).[57]
Geology
Coastline and landscape
Monmouth's coastline forms its southern border, running the length of the Severn Estuary from Chepstow in the east to the shore south of Magor in the west. The distance, roughly 15 miles (24 km), can be walked via the Wales Coast Path.[58] The coastline includes the eastern part of the Caldicot and Wentloog Levels, also known as the Monmouthshire or Gwent Levels, an almost entirely man-made environment, that has seen land reclamation since Roman times.[59]
Denny Island, a 0.24 hectares (0.6 acres) outcrop of rock in the Severn Estuary, the southern foreshore of which is the boundary between England and Wales, is Monmouthshire's only off-shore island.[60]
Biodiversity
The battle to save
Climate
Climate data for Monmouthshire | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.4 (47.1) |
8.9 (48.0) |
11.40 (52.52) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.1 (71.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
15.16 (59.29) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.72 (35.10) |
1.7 (35.1) |
2.7 (36.9) |
4.1 (39.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
9.8 (49.6) |
11.5 (52.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
9.1 (48.4) |
6.7 (44.1) |
4.0 (39.2) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.0 (42.8) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 127.3 (5.01) |
93.9 (3.70) |
74.8 (2.94) |
67.6 (2.66) |
73.9 (2.91) |
69.1 (2.72) |
66.2 (2.61) |
82.8 (3.26) |
75.8 (2.98) |
125.6 (4.94) |
120.9 (4.76) |
132.2 (5.20) |
1,110.7 (43.73) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) | 14.5 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 13.1 | 14.2 | 13.9 | 137.9 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 51.3 | 75.0 | 110.6 | 158.1 | 187.1 | 176.7 | 185.3 | 178.9 | 133.3 | 95.4 | 59.3 | 47.0 | 1,458.4 |
Source: 1991–2020 averages for Usk climate station. Sources: Met Office[66] |
Governance, politics and public services
Local governance
The current unitary authority of Monmouthshire was created on 1 April 1996 as a successor to the district of Monmouth along with the Llanelly community from Blaenau Gwent, both of which were districts of Gwent. It is a principal area of Wales.[g] Monmouthshire is styled as a county, and includes; the former boroughs of Abergavenny and Monmouth; the former urban districts of Chepstow and Usk; the former rural districts of Abergavenny, Chepstow and Monmouth; the former rural district of Pontypool, except the community of Llanfrechfa Lower and the parish of Llanelly from the former Crickhowell Rural District in Brecknockshire.[68]
The county is administered by Monmouthshire County Council, with its head office at Rhadyr, outside Usk, opened in 2013.[69][70][71] In the 2022 Monmouthshire County Council election, no party gained overall control, with the Welsh Labour party forming a minority administration, its 22 councillors allying with five Independents and one Green Party councillor. The council leader is Mary Ann Brocklesby.[72]
National representation
Monmouthshire elects one
Public services
Fire and rescue services are provided by South Wales Fire and Rescue Service, which has fire stations in the county at Abergavenny, Caldicot, Chepstow, Monmouth and Usk.[77] Policing services are provided by Gwent Police, whose officers cover Monmouthshire, as well as Blaenau Gwent, Caerphilly, Newport and Torfaen.[78] Civilian oversight is provided by the Gwent Police and Crime Commissioner.[79] Monmouthshire's prisons are HM Prison Prescoed, a Category D open prison at Coed-y-paen and HM Prison Usk, a Category C prison, both in the west of the county.[80]
Demography
Population
Monmouthshire's population was 93,000 at the 2021 census, increasing marginally from 91,300 at the 2011 census. 54,100 (58.2 per cent) of residents were born in Wales, while 32,300 (34.7 per cent) were born in England.[81] Just over 20 per cent of the county's population is over the age of 65. It remains one of the least densely-populated of Wales' principal areas.[82]
Language, ethnicity and identity
The 2021 census recorded that Welsh is spoken by 8.7 per cent of the population of the county, a decrease from 9.9 per cent in 2011. The number of non-Welsh speakers increased by 3,000 over the decade.[81] In 2021, 96.9 per cent of Monmouthshire residents identified as "white European", marginally lower than in 2011, compared with 98 per cent for the whole of Wales.[81] 41.9 per cent of the population identified as "Welsh", down from 44.0% in 2011. The percentage of residents in Monmouthshire that identified as "British only" increased from 23.5% to 27.0%. [81]
Religion
In the 2021 census 43.4 per cent of Monmouthshire residents reported having "No religion", an increase of nearly 15 per cent from the 28.5 per cent in the 2011 census. 48.7 per cent described themselves as "Christian" with the remainder reporting themselves as Buddhist (0.4 percent); Hindu (0.2 per cent); Jewish (0.1 per cent); Muslim (0.5 per cent); Sikh (0.1 per cent) or Other (0.6 per cent).[81]
Economy
Employment
Monmouthshire is now primarily a service economy, with professional, scientific and technical businesses, financial services, IT and business administration, retail, hospitality and arts and entertainment businesses accounting for just over 50 per cent of the total number of enterprises in the county. Employers are generally small, with 91 per cent of businesses employing fewer than 10 people.[83] It is a relatively prosperous county in comparison with the average in Wales; 80.0 per cent of people of working age are in employment compared with the Welsh average of 72.8 per cent; just under 3,000 people were in receipt of the main unemployment benefit, a substantially lower number than in all of the adjoining principal areas; average annual earnings in 2020 were just over £41,000 compared to just over £32,000 in Wales as a whole. Total Income tax payments from the county in 2013 were second only to the City of Cardiff, and the average individual payment exceeded that paid in the capital city.[84] Agriculture continues to be an important employer, accounting for 15.3 per cent of businesses, the second largest single sector after professional, scientific and technical enterprises. The Monmouthshire Show, an annual agricultural show is one of the largest such events in Wales and has operated since 1790.[85] The third largest individual employment sector is construction.[83]
Transport
Road
The only
Rail
Monmouthshire is served by four railways stations: in the south are the Severn Tunnel Junction railway station at Rogiet on the South Wales Main Line, which connects South Wales to London; and Chepstow railway station and Caldicot railway station on the Gloucester–Newport line; and in the north, Abergavenny railway station on the Welsh Marches line.[90]
Bus services
The county's main centres of population are served by a bus network, connecting Abergavenny, Monmouth, Chepstow, Raglan and Usk, with stopping points at smaller settlements on route.[91] National coach services have stopping points at Monmouth and Chepstow.[92][93]
Waterways
In its industrial heyday in the 18th and 19th centuries, the western part of the county was served by the
Tourism
Tourism became prominent in Monmouthshire at the end of the 18th century, when the French Revolution, and the subsequent Napoleonic Wars precluded travel to Continental Europe.[96] The focus of activity was the Wye Tour, first popularised by the Rev. William Gilpin, in his Observations on the River Wye and several parts of South Wales, etc. relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty; made in the summer of the year 1770. Although his efforts were sometimes satirised, Gilpin established what became the conventional route down the "mazy course" of the River Wye, with visitors embarking at Ross-on-Wye, and sailing past Symonds Yat, and Monmouth, before the highlight of the tour, Tintern Abbey.[97] Voyages concluded at Chepstow. The abbey at Tintern inspired artists and writers; J. M. W. Turner painted it;[98] William Wordsworth committed it to verse;[99] while Samuel Taylor Coleridge almost died there.[100]
Tourism remains an important element of the county's economy. It generated just under £245 million in income in 2019, from 2.28 million visitors. The sector also provides employment for over 3,000 inhabitants of the county,[83] approximately 10 per cent of the total working population.[82]
Education and health
Higher, further, secondary, primary and special education
The county has neither a university nor any satellite campus.[i][101] The former University of Wales, Newport operated a campus at Caerleon which closed in 2016, following the 2013 merger which created the University of South Wales.[102] Higher education courses in the county are provided through the campus of Coleg Gwent at Rhadyr, near Usk.[103]
There are four
Health services
The Aneurin Bevan University Health Board is the Local health board for Gwent within NHS Wales and has responsibility for health care within the county.[108] The largest hospital in the county is the Nevill Hall Hospital at Abergavenny. Its range of services has reduced following the opening of the specialist critical care centre at the Grange University Hospital in Torfaen in 2020. The Grange is also the designated trauma centre for Gwent, which covers Monmouthshire.[109] The Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 established Public Services Boards throughout Wales to oversee health and well-being, and following reorganisation in 2021 a Gwent public services board was created to have oversight for Monmouthshire, Blaenau Gwent, Caerphilly, Newport and Torfaen.[110]
Culture
Flag
The flag of Monmouthshire was officially adopted in 2011.[111] It features three gold fleur-de-lis on a black/blue background.[112]
Built and landscape heritage
Monmouthshire has 2,428
Media, the arts and local history
Monmouthshire has three local newspapers, the Abergavenny Chronicle, the Forest of Dean and Wye Valley Review and the Monmouthshire Beacon. All are published by Tindle, a regional media group.[123] Digital reporting is provided by the Monmouthshire Free Press Series.[124] Sunshine Radio (Herefordshire and Monmouthshire) is the only local radio station, although it is based in Hereford.[125] Rockfield Studios is a major residential recording studio which has seen bands and artists such as Coldplay, Oasis and the Manic Street Preachers record material. Queen recorded most of "Bohemian Rhapsody" at Rockfield in 1975.[126]
There are two theatres in Monmouthshire, the Borough Theatre in Abergavenny,[127] and the Savoy Theatre, Monmouth. Operated by a charitable trust, the Savoy claims to be the oldest theatre in Wales.[128] Museums of local life are located at Abergavenny,[129] Chepstow,[130] Usk[131] and Monmouth. The Monmouth Museum, which is currently closed prior to relocation from the Market Hall to the Shire Hall, also contains an important collection of memorabilia related to Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, donated to the town by Georgiana, Lady Llangattock.[132] The Monmouth Regimental Museum, located at Great Castle House in Monmouth, contains material related to the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers, the second-oldest regiment in the British Army.[133]
Sport and leisure
Monmouthshire has rugby union clubs at Abergavenny and Monmouth,[134][135] and an invitational county team, Monmouthshire County RFC. It has football clubs at Abergavenny,[136] Caldicot,[137] Chepstow[138] and Monmouth.[139] The football clubs play in the Ardal Leagues[140] and the Gwent County League.[141] Monmouthshire County Cricket Club was established in the 19th century and achieved a notable victory in 1858 when a Monmouthshire XXII beat an All-England XI at a match on Newport Marshes. The club suffered financial difficulties in the 1930s and merged with Glamorgan County Cricket Club in 1934.[142] Monmouthshire has a rowing tradition on the River Wye, with the Monmouth Rowing Club, founded in 1928,[143] and all three of the town's secondary schools having their own rowing clubs.[144][145][146]
A number of long-distance footpaths pass through the county, including the Marches Way, the Three Castles Walk, Offa's Dyke Path, the Usk Valley Walk, the Monnow Valley Walk and the Wye Valley Walk.[150] Chepstow is a terminus for two long-distance cycle routes which for part of the National Cycle Network, National Cycle Route 8 which runs from either Chepstow of Cardiff in the south to Holyhead in the north, and the Celtic Trail cycle route which runs east to west, from Chepstow to Fishguard.[151]
Cuisine
The cuisine of Monmouthshire traditionally focussed on its local produce; including
Historiography
The development of tourism in the late 18th century saw the writing of a number of histories of the area, which frequently combined the features of a guidebook with a more formal historical approach. Among the first was William Gilpin's Observations on the River Wye and several parts of South Wales, etc. relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty; made in the summer of the year 1770, published in 1782.[164] Among the most notable was William Coxe's two-volume An Historical Tour in Monmouthshire, published in 1801. Coxe's preface explains the Tour's genesis: "The present work owes its origin to an accidental excursion in Monmouthshire, in company with my friend Sir Richard Hoare, during the autumn of 1798."[165] A detailed county history was undertaken by Sir Joseph Bradney, in his A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time, published over a period of 30 years in the early 20th century.[166]
The 20th century saw the publication of two lesser histories: Hugo Tyerman and Sydney Warner's Monmouthshire volume of Arthur Mee's The King's England series in 1951;[121] and Arthur Clark's two-volume The Story of Monmouthshire, published in 1979–1980.[167][168] The history of the county was covered in more anecdotal form by the Monmouthshire writer and artist Fred Hando, who chronicled the highways and byways of the county in some 800 newspaper articles written between the 1920s and the 1960s and published in the South Wales Argus, focusing on "the little places of a shy county".[169]
The 21st century saw the publication of the county's most important history, the five-volume Gwent County History. The series, modelled on the Victoria County History, had Ralph A. Griffiths as editor-in-chief, and was published by the University of Wales Press between 2004 and 2013. It covered the history of the county from prehistoric times to the 21st century.[170][171]
Studies of the architecture of the county include
See also
- Monmouthshire (historic)
- Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire
- Lord Lieutenant of Gwent
- Sheriff of Monmouthshire
- High Sheriff of Gwent
Notes
- ^ Much the most important Roman site in the area is Isca Augusta, at Caerleon, founded as the headquarters of the Augustan Second Legion in around AD75. The site was historically in Monmouthshire, but is now part of Newport.[15]
- ^ Modern scholarship suggests a greater role for migration, co-existence, and inter-marriage between the incoming Anglos-Saxons and the native inhabitants, and a lesser role for invasion and combat, as recounted by chroniclers from Gildas onwards.[citation needed]
- ^ Henry’s statue is generally considered to be of poor quality; John Newman considered it "incongruous",[24] Jo Darke called it "decidedly-bad",[25] while the local historian Keith Kissack attacked it in two separate books, describing it as, "rather deplorable",[26] and "pathetic...like a hypochondriac inspecting his thermometer".[27]
- ^ Coflein's entry for the battle site notes the traditional ascription to the hill but records that archaeological investigations have not uncovered evidence to support the claim.[30]
- ^ The pollution of the River Wye is primarily attributed to the large-scale battery farming of poultry, with an estimated 23 million birds being bred in the river catchment area in 2023.[64][65]
- Roger Evans, but opposed by Paul Murphy, MP for Torfaen (inside the historic county of Monmouthshire but being reconstituted as a separate unitary authority).[67]
- ^ The Department for Transport notes that the decline in road traffic usage between 2016 and 2022 was almost entirely due to the dramatic fall in usage due to movement restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.[89]
- ^ The closest university to Monmouthshire is the campus of the University of South Wales at Newport.
References
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- ^ "Clause 256 (Hansard, 20 July 1972)". api.parliament.uk. HMSO. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
- ^ "Local Government (Wales) Act 1994". UK Government. 1994. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
- ^ Clark 1979, p. 207.
- ^ Clark 1980, p. 42.
- ^ a b McCloy 2013, p. 126.
- ^ "Historic Landscape Characterisation - The Gwent Levels". Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ "Severn Estuary Levels Research Committee". Retrieved 17 January 2015.
- ^ "Items found in Monmouth shed light on Mesolithic man". BBC News. 8 November 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "Llanmelin Wood Hillfort (301559)". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "BBC Wales - History - Themes - Wales and the Romans". www.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "Caerwent Roman City - Venta Silurum (93753)". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "Monmouth Roman fort (409995)". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ Davies 1992, pp. 100–102.
- ^ Wood, Hugh. "Marcher Lordships".
- ^ Nelson 1966, p. ?.
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- ^ Ormrod 2005.
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- ^ Darke 1991, p. 141.
- ^ Kissack 2003, p. 33.
- ^ Kissack 1978, p. 94.
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- ^ Jenkins 1986, p. 574.
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- ^ "Monmouthshire". County-Wise. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- ^ "Home - Lord Lieutenant of Gwent". 1 May 2018.
- ^ "Meet the Team". Office of the High Sheriff of Gwent. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
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- ^ "Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty - Management Plan 2004-2009" (PDF). Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ "The Sugar Loaf walk, Abergavenny". Brecon Beacons National Park. 26 March 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
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- ^ "Magor Marsh | Gwent Wildlife Trust". www.gwentwildlife.org.
- ^ "Wildlife - Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty". Wye Valley AONB.
- ^ "Fish - Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty". Wye Valley AONB.
- ^ "River Wye pollution leads chicken firm Avara to be sued". www.bbc.com.
- ^ Laville, Sandra (7 February 2024). "Environment Agency failed to protect River Wye from chicken waste, court hears". The Guardian.
- ^ "Station: Usk, Monmouthshire". Meteorological (Met) Office. 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
- ^ "Hansard, House of Commons, March 15, 1994, Column 782". Parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ "Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, Schedule 1". Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "Monmouthshire County Council press release, "This council is coming home", 12 January 2010". Monmouthshire.gov.uk. 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ "Monmouthshire move into new HQ". Willmott Dixon. 21 May 2013.
- ^ Gabriel, Clare (18 April 2013). "'Agile working' office savings aim". BBC News. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ "Yourc councillors". Monmouthshire County Council. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "Boundary Review 2023 - which seats will change". House of Commons Library. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ "The Rt Hon David TC Davies MP". UK Government. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
- ^ Ruth Mosalski; Sian Burkitt (7 May 2021). "Monmouth Conservative candidate for Senedd Election Peter Fox". Wales Online. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ "Emotional Peter Fox closes "huge chapter" in his life as he stands down as council leader". Free Press Series. 14 May 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ "Home". South Wales Fire and Rescue Service. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ "Monmouthshire". Gwent Police. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ "Your Police and Crime Commissioner". Office of the Gwent Police and Crime Commissioner. 3 August 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ "Usk and Prescoed - continuing high standards at two Welsh prisons". His Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons. 30 September 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "How life has changed in Monmouthshire: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Facts about Monmouthshire". Visit Monmouthshire.
- ^ a b c "The Baseline Characteristics of Monmouthshire June 2021" (PDF). Monmouthshire County Council. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
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