CCL2

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
)
CCL2
Gene ontology
Molecular function
Cellular component
Biological process
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_002982

NM_011331

RefSeq (protein)

NP_002973

NP_035461

Location (UCSC)Chr 17: 34.26 – 34.26 MbChr 11: 81.99 – 81.99 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is also referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) and small inducible cytokine A2. CCL2 is a small

dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection.[6][7]

Genomics

In the human genome, CCL2 and many other CC chemokines are located on chromosome 17 (17q11.2-q21.1).[8] The gene span is 1,927 bases and the CCL2 gene resides on the Watson (plus) strand. The CCL2 gene has three exons and two introns. The CCL2 protein precursor contains a signal peptide of 23 amino acids. In turn, the mature CCL2 is 76 amino acids long.[9][10] The CCL2 predicted weight is 11.025 kilodaltons (kDa).

Population genetics

In humans, the levels of CCL2 can vary considerably. In the white people of European descent, the multivariable-adjusted heritability of CCL2 concentrations is as much as 0.37 in the blood plasma and 0.44 - in the serum.[11][12]

Molecular biology

CCL2 is a monomeric

molecular weight of approximately 13-15 kDa depending on levels of glycosylation.[13] CCL2 is anchored in the plasma membrane of endothelial cells by glycosaminoglycan side chains of proteoglycans. CCL2 is primarily secreted by monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells
. Platelet derived growth factor is a major inducer of CCL2 gene.

CCR2 and CCR4 are two cell surface receptors that bind CCL2.[14]

CCL2 exhibits a chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils. However, it does not attract neutrophils or eosinophils. After deletion of the N-terminal residue, CCL2 loses its attractivity for basophils and becomes a chemoattractant of eosinophils. Basophils and mast cells that are treated with CCL2 release their granules to the intercellular space. This effect can be also potentiated by a pre-treatment with IL-3 or even by other cytokines.[15][16] CCL2 augments monocyte anti-tumor activity and it is essential for formation of granulomas. CCL2 protein become a CCR2 antagonist when it is cleaved by metalloproteinase MMP-12.[17]

CCL2 can be found at the sites of tooth eruption and bone degradation. In the bone, CCL2 is expressed by mature

differentiation.[18]

The CCL2 chemokine is also expressed by neurons, astrocytes and microglia. The expression of CCL2 in neurons is mainly found in the cerebral cortex, globus pallidus, hippocampus, paraventricular and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei, lateral hypothalamus, substantia nigra, facial nuclei, motor and spinal trigeminal nuclei, gigantocellular reticular nucleus and in Purkinje cells in the cerebellum.[19]

Clinical importance

CCL2 is implicated in pathogeneses of several diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis.[20]

Administration of anti-CCL2 antibodies in a model of glomerulonephritis reduces infiltration of macrophages and T cells, reduces crescent formation, as well as scarring and renal impairment.[21]

CCL2 is involved in the neuroinflammatory processes that takes place in the various diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), which are characterized by neuronal degeneration.

glial cells is increased in epilepsy,[23][24] brain ischemia[25] Alzheimer's disease[26] experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE),[27] and traumatic brain injury.[28]

Hypomethylation of CpG sites within the CCL2 promoter region is affected by high levels of blood glucose and TG, which increase CCL2 levels in the blood serum. The later plays an important role in the vascular complications of type 2 diabetes.[29]

CCL2 induces

AP1 and NF-κB related signaling pathways independent of CCR2. Amylin upregulation by CCL2 contributes to the elevation of the plasma amylin and insulin resistance in obesity.[30]

myocytes. CCL2 may represent a molecular link in the negative cross-talk between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle assigning a completely novel important role to CCL2 besides inflammation.[31]

Incubation of HL-1

BNP and CCL2 genes, while native LDL (N-LDL) had no effect.[32]

Treatment with melatonin in old mice with age related liver inflammation decreased the mRNA expression of

IL-1β was also decreased and IL-10 increased with melatonin treatment. Exogenous administration of melatonin was able to reduce inflammation.[33]

References

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000108691 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000035352 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. PMID 34988399
    .
  6. .
  7. .
  8. .
  9. .
  10. .
  11. .
  12. .
  13. .
  14. .
  15. .
  16. .
  17. .
  18. .
  19. .
  20. .
  21. .
  22. .
  23. .
  24. .
  25. .
  26. .
  27. .
  28. .
  29. .
  30. .
  31. .
  32. .
  33. .

External links

Further reading