Montague Druitt
Montague Druitt | |
---|---|
Born | Wimborne Minster, Dorset, England | 15 August 1857
Died | Early December 1888 (aged 31)[1] |
Body discovered | River Thames, near Thornycroft's torpedo works, Chiswick, on 31 December 1888 |
Resting place | Wimborne cemetery |
Alma mater | New College, Oxford (BA) Inner Temple |
Occupation(s) | Teacher and barrister |
Employer(s) | George Valentine's school, Blackheath |
Known for | Suspect in the Jack the Ripper murders |
Montague John Druitt (15 August 1857 – early December 1888)[1] was an English barrister and educator who is known for being a suspect in the Jack the Ripper murders of 1888.
Druitt came from an upper-middle-class English background, and studied at Winchester College and the University of Oxford. After graduating, he was employed as an assistant schoolmaster at a boarding school and pursued a parallel career in the law, qualifying as a barrister in 1885. His main interest outside work was cricket, which he played with many leading players of the time, including Lord Harris and Francis Lacey.
In November 1888, Druitt lost his post at the school for reasons that remain unclear. One month later his body was discovered drowned in the River Thames. His death, which was found to be a suicide, roughly coincided with the end of the murders attributed to Jack the Ripper. Private suggestions in the 1890s that he could have committed the crimes became public knowledge in the 1960s and led to the publication of books that proposed him as the murderer. The evidence against him was entirely circumstantial, however, and many writers from the 1970s onwards have rejected him as a likely suspect.
Early life
Montague Druitt was born in Wimborne Minster, Dorset, England. He was the second son and third child of prominent local surgeon William Druitt, and his wife Ann (née Harvey). William Druitt was a justice of the peace, a governor of the local grammar school, and a regular worshipper at the local Anglican church, the Minster.[2] Six weeks after his birth, Montague Druitt was christened at the Minster by his maternal great-uncle, Reverend William Mayo.[3] The Druitts lived at Westfield House, which was the largest house in the town, and set in its own grounds with stables and servants' cottages.[4] Druitt had six brothers and sisters,[2] including an elder brother William who entered the law, and a younger brother Edward who joined the Royal Engineers.[5]
Druitt was educated at Winchester College, where he won a scholarship at the age of 13, and excelled at sports, especially cricket and fives.[6] He was active in the school's debating society, an interest that might have spawned his desire to become a barrister.[7] In debates, he spoke in favour of French republicanism, compulsory military service, and the resignation of Benjamin Disraeli, and against the Ottoman Empire, the influence of Otto von Bismarck, and the conduct of the government in the Tichborne case.[8] He defended William Wordsworth as "a bulwark of Protestantism",[9] and condemned the execution of King Charles I as "a most dastardly murder that will always attach to England's fair name as a blot".[8] In a light-hearted debate, he spoke against the proposition that bondage to fashion is a social evil.[8][9]
In his final year at Winchester, 1875–76, Druitt was Prefect of Chapel, treasurer of the debating society, school fives champion, and opening
At New College, Druitt was popular with his peers and was elected Steward of the Junior Common Room.
Druitt gained a second class in
Career
On 17 May 1882, two years after graduation, Druitt was admitted to the
Druitt's father died suddenly from a
Druitt rented
To supplement his income and help pay for his legal training, Druitt worked as an assistant schoolmaster at George Valentine's
Cricket
In Dorset, Druitt played for the Kingston Park Cricket Club[33] and the Dorset County Cricket Club.[34] He was particularly noted for his skill as a bowler.[35][36] In 1882 and 1883 he toured the West Country with a gentleman's touring team called the Incogniti.[37] One of Druitt's fellow local players was Francis Lacey, the first man knighted for services to cricket.[38] Druitt played for another wandering team, the Butterflies, on 14 June 1883, when they drew against his alma mater Winchester College. The team included first-class cricketers A. J. Webbe, J. G. Crowdy, John Frederick, and Charles Seymour.[39]
While working at Blackheath, Druitt joined the local cricket club, Blackheath Morden, and became the club's treasurer.[40][41] It was a well-connected club: the president was politician Sir Charles Mills and one of its players was Stanley Christopherson, who later became president of the Marylebone Cricket Club.[42] After the merger of the club with other local sports associations to form the Blackheath Cricket, Football and Lawn Tennis Company, Druitt took on the additional roles of company secretary and director.[40][43]
The inaugural game of the new club was played against
On 26 May 1884, Druitt was elected to the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) on the recommendation of his fellow Butterflies player Charles Seymour, who proposed him, and noted fielder Vernon Royle, who seconded his nomination.[48] One of the minor matches he played for MCC was with England bowler William Attewell against Harrow School on 10 June 1886. The MCC won by 57 runs.[49] Druitt also played against MCC for Blackheath: on 23 July 1887, he bowled out Dick Pougher for 28 runs, but he only made 5 runs before bowled out by Arnold Fothergill with a ball caught by Pougher. The MCC won by 52 runs.[50]
In June 1888, Lord Harris played twice for Blackheath with Druitt and Stanley Christopherson; Blackheath won both matches easily, but Druitt was out of form and contributed neither runs nor wickets in either match.
In addition to cricket, Druitt also played field hockey.[55]
Death
On Friday 30 November 1888, Druitt was dismissed from his post at the Blackheath boys' school. The reason for his dismissal is unclear.[28][56] One newspaper, quoting his brother William's inquest testimony, reported that he was dismissed because he "had got into serious trouble" but did not specify any further.[57] In early December 1888 he disappeared, and on 21 December the Blackheath Cricket Club's minute book records that he was removed as treasurer and secretary in the belief that he had "gone abroad".[58]
On 31 December 1888, Druitt's body was found floating in the
Some modern authors suggest that Druitt was dismissed because he was a
As was usual in the district, the inquest was held at the Lamb Tap
It is not known why Druitt committed suicide in Chiswick. One suggested link is that one of his university friends, Thomas Seymour Tuke of the Tuke family, lived there. Tuke was a psychiatric doctor with whom Druitt played cricket, and Druitt's mother was committed to Tuke's asylum in 1890.[28][77] Another suggestion is that Druitt knew Harry Wilson, whose house, "The Osiers", lay between Hammersmith station and Thornycroft's wharf, where Druitt's body was found.[78]
Jack the Ripper suspect
On 31 August 1888, Mary Ann Nichols was found murdered in the impoverished Whitechapel district in the East End of London, with her throat slashed. During September, three more women (Annie Chapman on the 8th, and Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes on the 30th) were found dead with their throats cut. On 9 November 1888, the body of Mary Jane Kelly was discovered. Her throat had been severed down to the spine. In four of the cases the bodies were mutilated after death. The similarities between the crimes led to the supposition that they were committed by the same assailant, who was given the nickname "Jack the Ripper". Despite an extensive police investigation into the five murders, the Ripper was never identified and the crimes remain unsolved.[79]
Shortly after Kelly's murder, stories that the Ripper had drowned in the Thames began to circulate.
Assistant
In 1961, Farson investigated a claim by an Australian that Montague's cousin, Lionel Druitt, had published a pamphlet in Australia entitled "The East End Murderer – I knew him", but the claim has never been substantiated.[28][87] Journalist Tom Cullen revealed Druitt's full name in his 1965 book Autumn of Terror, which was followed by Farson's 1972 book Jack the Ripper.[88] Before the discovery of Macnaghten's memo, books on the Ripper case, such as those written by Leonard Matters and Donald McCormick, poured scorn on stories that the Ripper had drowned in the Thames because they could not find a suicide that matched the description of the culprit.[89] Cullen and Farson, however, supposed that Druitt was the Ripper on the basis of the Macnaghten memorandum,[90] the near coincidence between Druitt's death and the end of the murders, the closeness of Whitechapel to Druitt's rooms in the Inner Temple,[91] the insanity that was acknowledged by the inquest verdict of "unsound mind",[92] and the possibility that Druitt had absorbed the rudimentary anatomical skill supposedly shown by the Ripper through observing his father at work.[93]
Since the publication of Cullen's and Farson's books, other Ripper authors have argued that their theories are based solely on flawed circumstantial evidence, and have attempted to provide Druitt with alibis for the times of the murders.[28][94] On 1 September, the day after the murder of Nichols, Druitt was in Dorset playing cricket.[28][95] On the day of Chapman's murder, he played cricket in Blackheath, and the day after the murders of Stride and Eddowes, he was in the West Country defending a client in a court case.[96] While writers Cullen and Andrew Spallek argue that Druitt had the time and opportunity to travel by train between London and his cricket and legal engagements, or use his city chambers as a base from which to commit the murders,[28][97] others dismiss that as "improbable".[98] Many experts believe that the killer was local to Whitechapel,[99] whereas Druitt lived miles away on the other side of the River Thames.[100] His chambers were within walking distance of Whitechapel, and his regular rail journey would almost certainly have brought him to Cannon Street station, a few minutes' walk from the East End.[101] It seems unlikely, however, that he could have travelled the distance in blood-stained clothes unnoticed,[102] and a clue discovered during the investigation into the murder of Eddowes (a piece of her blood-stained clothing) indicates that the murderer travelled north-east from where she was murdered, whereas Druitt's chambers, and the railway station, were to the south-west.[103]
Macnaghten incorrectly described Druitt as a 41-year-old doctor[28][104] and cited allegations that he "was sexually insane" without specifying the source or details of the allegations.[105] Macnaghten did not join the force until 1889, after the murder of Kelly and the death of Druitt, and was not involved in the investigation directly.[106] Macnaghten's memorandum named two other suspects ("Kosminski" and Michael Ostrog) and was written to refute allegations against a fourth, Thomas Hayne Cutbush.[28][107] The three Macnaghten suspects – Druitt, Kosminski and Ostrog – also match the descriptions of three unnamed suspects in Major Arthur Griffiths' Mysteries of Police and Crime (1898); Griffiths was Inspector of Prisons at the time of the Ripper murders.[108]
Inspector
Legacy
Druitt was a favoured suspect in the Ripper murders throughout the 1960s, until the advent of theories in the 1970s that the murders were not the work of a single
The theories attempted to link Druitt with Clarence, Gull and Stephen through a network of mutual acquaintances and possible connections. Reginald Acland, the brother of Gull's son-in-law, had legal chambers in King's Bench Walk near Druitt's,[119] as did Harry Stephen, who was James Stephen's brother. Harry Stephen was good friends with Harry Wilson, who had a house in Chiswick, "The Osiers", near to where Druitt's body was found.[120] Wilson and James Stephen were close friends of Clarence, and were both members of an exclusive society called the Cambridge Apostles.[121] As a schoolboy, Druitt had played cricket against two of Wilson's friends, Kynaston Studd and Henry Goodhart, who was also one of the Apostles.[122] Another potential connection between Druitt and Wilson is through John Henry Lonsdale. Lonsdale's name and Blackheath address are written in a diary belonging to Wilson now in the possession of Trinity College, Cambridge. Lonsdale's address is a few yards from the school at which Druitt worked and lived, and Lonsdale had been a barrister and had also rented legal chambers in King's Bench Walk. In 1887, Lonsdale entered the church and was assigned as curate to Wimborne Minster, where the Druitt family worshiped. Lonsdale and Macnaghten were classmates at Eton, and so theorists argue that Lonsdale might have been in a position to provide "private information" to Macnaghten regarding Druitt.[123] The connections between the Apostles and Druitt led to the suggestion that he was part of the same social set.[124] Druitt, his mother, and his sister Georgiana, were invited to a ball in honour of Clarence at the home of Lord Wimborne on 17 December 1888, although they did not attend because by that time Montague was dead, his mother was in an asylum, and his sister was expecting her second child.[125] Clarence, Stephen, Wilson, Studd, and Goodhart are suggested to have been homosexual,[126] although this is contested by historians.[127] John Wilding's 1993 book Jack the Ripper Revealed used the connections between Druitt and Stephen to propose that they committed the crimes together, but reviewers considered it an "imaginative tale ... most questionable",[128] an "exercise in ingenuity rather than ... fact",[129] and "lack[ing] evidential support".[130]
In his 2005 and 2006 biographies of Druitt, D. J. Leighton concluded that Druitt was innocent,[131] but repeated some of Knight's and Wilding's discredited claims.[132] Leighton suggested that Druitt could have been murdered, either out of greed by his elder brother William or, as previously suggested by Howells and Skinner,[133] out of fear of exposure by Harry Wilson's homosexual cronies.[134] The propensity of some theorists to associate Ripper suspects with homosexuality has led scholars to assume that such notions are based on homophobia rather than evidence.[135]
The accusations against Clarence, Stephen, Gull and Druitt also draw on cultural perceptions of a decadent ruling class, and depict a high-born murderer or murderers preying on lower-class victims.[136] Because Druitt and the other upper-middle-class and aristocratic Ripper suspects were wealthy, there is more biographical material on them than on the residents of the Whitechapel slums.[136] Consequently, it is easier for writers to construct solutions based on a wealthy culprit rather than one involving a Whitechapel resident.[136] There is no direct evidence against Druitt,[28][136][137] and since the 1970s, the number of Jack the Ripper suspects has continued to grow, with the result that there are now over 100 different theories about the Ripper's identity.[138][139]
In fiction, Druitt is depicted as the murderer in the musical Jack the Ripper by Ron Pember and Denis de Marne. In John Gardner's Sherlock Holmes story The Return of Moriarty, Professor Moriarty's criminal exploits are hampered by increased police activity as a result of the Jack the Ripper murders. He discovers that Druitt is the murderer and so fakes his suicide in the hope that the police will lose interest once the murders cease.[140] In Alan Moore's graphic novel From Hell, Druitt is portrayed as a patsy for the royal family, made to look guilty of the Ripper murders in order to protect the real killer, Sir William Gull.
Notes
- ^ a b His body was discovered on 31 December 1888 about a month after his death. A train ticket dated 1 December was found in his pocket. His gravestone reads 4 December 1888; his death certificate gives the date his body was found. According to the probate records of his estate, he was last seen alive on 3 December (McDonald, p. 143).
- ^ a b Cullen, p. 224; Leighton, pp. 10–12
- ^ Leighton, p. 10
- ^ Cullen, p. 224; Leighton, pp. 10–12; McDonald, p. 80
- ^ Leighton, pp. 13, 31; McDonald, p. 80
- ^ Cullen, pp. 224–225; Leighton, pp. 15–18
- ^ Cullen, p. 225; Leighton, p. 20
- ^ a b c Spallek, Andrew (October 2008) "Young Montie: Montague Druitt at Winchester", Ripperologist 96: 4–5
- ^ a b c Cullen, p. 225
- ^ Leighton, p. 16
- ^ Cullen, p. 225; Leighton, p. 20; McDonald, p. 82
- ^ a b Cullen, p. 226; Leighton, p. 28; McDonald, p. 82; Rumbelow, p. 155
- ^ Leighton, p. 24; McDonald, p. 82
- ^ Leighton, pp. 24, 169
- ^ Oxford University Calendar 1895, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1895, pp. 228, 328
- ^ Foster, Joseph (ed.) (1888) Alumni Oxonienses, London: Parker and Co., vol. I: "Abbay–Dyson"
- ^ Leighton, p. 31; McDonald, p. 83
- ^ a b c d UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ^ Begg, The Definitive History, p. 259; Cullen, p. 227; Leighton, p. 32; McDonald, p. 89; Rumbelow, pp. 154–155
- ^ Begg, The Definitive History, p. 259; Begg, The Facts, p. 323; Leighton, pp. 41–47; Rumbelow, pp. 154–155
- ^ Cullen, p. 227; Leighton, pp. 43–44; McDonald, p. 90
- ^ Leighton, p. 44
- ^ Cullen, p. 227; Leighton, pp. 44–45; McDonald, p. 90
- ^ Begg, The Facts, p. 323; Cullen, p. 227; Leighton, p. 41
- George R. Simsquoted in Cullen, p. 228 and McDonald, p. 90; Leighton, p. 46
- ^ Cullen, p. 228; Knight, pp. 107, 129
- ^ Begg, The Facts, p. 323; Leighton, p. 47; McDonald, p. 91
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9759129-4-2, pp. 4–21
- ^ Begg, The Definitive History, pp. 259–260; Begg, The Facts, p. 323; Leighton, p. 47
- ^ Leighton, pp. 31–35; Rumbelow, p.155
- ^ Cullen, pp. 228–229; McDonald, pp. 83–85
- ^ Leighton, pp. 31–32, 36; McDonald, p. 83
- ^ Dorset County Chronicle and Somersetshire Gazette, 10 January 1889, quoted in Evans and Skinner, p. 590; Leighton, pp. 47, 56
- ^ Leighton, p. 56; McDonald, p. 82
- ^ "A Brief History Archived 7 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine", Blackheath Cricket Club, retrieved 26 November 2011
- ^ Leighton, pp. 18, 42
- ^ Leighton, p. 57; McDonald, p. 83
- ^ Leighton, pp. 62, 173, 175
- ^ Leighton, pp. 55, 177
- ^ a b Montague Druitt, CricInfo, ESPN EMEA Ltd, retrieved 26 November 2011
- ^ Begg, The Definitive History, p. 259; Leighton, p. 37
- ^ Leighton, p. 37
- ^ Begg, The Facts, p. 323; Leighton, p. 42; McDonald, p. 91
- ^ Leighton, pp. 45, 181
- ^ Leighton, pp. 45, 182
- ^ Leighton, pp. 45, 184
- ^ Leighton, pp. 48, 186
- ^ Leighton, p. 38
- ^ Leighton, pp. 61, 183
- ^ Leighton, pp. 62, 189
- ^ Leighton, pp. 84, 191–192
- ^ Gentlemen of Bournemouth v Parsees 3–4 August 1888, CricInfo, ESPN EMEA Ltd, retrieved 26 November 2011
- ^ Blackheath Club v Brothers Christopherson 8 September 1888, CricInfo, ESPN EMEA Ltd, retrieved 26 November 2011
- ^ Leighton, p. 193
- ^ Bristol Mercury and Daily Post, 9 March 1886
- ^ Begg, The Facts, p. 325; Fido, p. 203; Leighton, p. 90; McDonald, p. 92; Whitehead and Rivett, p. 106
- ^ Acton, Chiswick and Turnham Green Gazette, 5 January 1889, quoted in Begg, The Definitive History, p. 261; McDonald, p. 142 and Evans and Skinner, p. 588
- ^ Quoted in Begg, The Definitive History, p. 260; Leighton, p. 91 and McDonald, p. 147
- ^ Acton, Chiswick and Turnham Green Gazette, 5 January 1889, quoted in Begg, The Definitive History, p. 261; Evans and Skinner, p. 588; Leighton, pp. 93–94; and McDonald, p. 141; Thames Valley Times, 2 January 1889, quoted in Evans and Skinner, p. 589
- ^ The County of Middlesex Independent, Wednesday 2 January 1889, p. 3, quoted in Cullen, p. 222 and Leighton, p. 93, said the waterman's name was Winslow.
- ^ Whitehead and Rivett, p. 106
- ^ a b Southern Guardian, 5 January 1889, quoted in Cullen, p. 223; Dorset County Chronicle and Somersetshire Gazette, 10 January 1889, quoted in Evans and Skinner, p. 590
- ^ The Acton, Chiswick and Turnham Green Gazette, 5 January 1889, quoted in Begg, The Definitive History, p. 261; Leighton, p. 94; McDonald, p. 141; and Evans and Skinner, p. 588, says there were two cheques for £50 and £16 respectively and £2 17s 2d in cash.
- ^ Cullen, p. 231; Rumbelow, p. 156
- ^ Leighton, p. 96; Rumbelow, p. 156
- ^ Eddleston, p. 209; Marriott, pp. 233–234; McDonald, pp. 142–144
- ^ Rumbelow, p. 156
- ^ Begg, The Facts, pp. 324–328; Cornwell, pp. 184–185; Rumbelow, p. 155
- ^ Begg, The Definitive History, p. 260; Begg, The Facts, p. 324; Leighton, pp. 47, 84; McDonald, p. 91
- ^ Begg, The Definitive History, p. 260; Begg, The Facts, p. 324; Cullen, p. 230; Leighton, p. 87; McDonald, pp. 91, 142; Rumbelow, p. 156
- ^ McDonald, p. 144
- ^ Inquest testimony of William H. Druitt reported "to this effect", indicating that it is not an exact quotation of the letter, in Acton, Chiswick and Turnham Green Gazette, 5 January 1889, quoted in Begg, The Definitive History, p. 259; Evans and Skinner, p. 588; Leighton, p. 94; and McDonald, p. 141
- ^ Begg, The Definitive History, p. 259; County of Middlesex Independent, Saturday 5 January 1889, quoted in Cullen, p. 223
- ^ Cornwell, p. 185; Cullen, p. 234; Leighton, p. 94; Acton, Chiswick and Turnham Green Gazette, 5 January 1889, quoted in Evans and Skinner, p. 588 and McDonald, p. 141
- ^ Though suicides were not usually buried in consecrated ground, exceptions were made for people found insane (Leighton, p. 100).
- ^ Begg, The Facts, p. 324; McDonald, pp. 143–144
- ^ McDonald, pp. 91, 142–143
- ^ Leighton, pp. 70–74; McDonald, p. 143
- ^ Whittington-Egan and Whittington-Egan, pp. 91–92
- ^ Spallek, Andrew (February 2008) "The 'West of England MP' Identified", Ripperologist 88: 31–34
- ^ Cullen, p. 220
- ^ Quoted in Cullen, p. 215 and Knight, p. 122
- ^ Cullen, p. 215
- ^ Macnaghten's memo, quoted in Cullen, p. 219; Knight, p. 124; Leighton, p. 133; Marriott, pp. 231–234; McDonald, p. 139; Rumbelow, p. 157; and Whitehead and Rivett, p. 106
- ^ McDonald, p. 139
- ^ Woods and Baddeley, p. 125
- ^ Eddleston, p. 210; Fido, p. 205; Knight, pp. 129–134; Leighton, pp. 114–115; McDonald, p. 140; Whitehead and Rivett, pp. 106–107
- ^ Woods and Baddeley, p. 126
- ^ Cullen, p. 222
- ^ Cullen, p. 232
- ^ Cullen, p. 237
- ^ Cullen, pp. 234–235
- ^ Cullen, p. 238
- ^ Knight, pp. 121–138; Leighton, pp. 134, 138, 155; Marriott, p. 232; Whitehead and Rivett, p. 106
- ^ Begg, The Facts, p. 325; Leighton, p. 87; Marriott, p. 223
- ^ Leighton, p. 89
- ^ Cullen, pp. 236–237
- ^ Leighton, pp. 87–88
- ISBN 1-85227-078-0, p. 92; Rossmo, D. K., "Jack the Ripper", Center for Geospatial Intelligence and Investigation, Texas State University; Rossmo cited in Leighton, p. 162
- ^ Marriott, p. 233
- ^ Spallek, Andrew J. (2008) "Rail Service between Blackheath and London in 1888: Does it Place Druitt Near the East End?", Ripper Notes 28: 54–59
- ^ Leighton, p. 88
- ^ Fido, p. 204
- ^ Cullen, p. 221; Eddleston, p. 210; Leighton, p. 134; Marriott, p. 233; McDonald, p. 140; Rumbelow, p. 157
- ^ Cornwell, p. 184; Cullen, p. 219; Marriott, p. 232
- ^ Cornwell, p. 182; Leighton, p. 131; Marriott, p. 231
- ^ Macnaghten's notes quoted by Cullen, pp. 218–219; Evans and Skinner, pp. 584–587; Leighton, pp. 133, 138; McDonald, p. 139; Rumbelow, p. 142; and Whitehead and Rivett, p. 105
- ^ Evans and Skinner, pp. 623–624
- Pall Mall Gazette, 31 March 1903, quoted in Begg, The Definitive History, p. 264
- ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 207–209; Leighton, p. 125
- ^ For Abberline, see: Interview in Cassell's Saturday Journal, 28 May 1892, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 225. For Macnaghten, see: Macnaghten's notes quoted by Cook, p. 151; Evans and Skinner, pp. 584–587; Leighton, p. 157; and Rumbelow, p. 140. For others (the Head of the London Criminal Investigation Department Sir Robert Anderson and pathologist George Bagster Phillips), see: Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 208–209; Leighton, pp. 157–159; and Marriott, pp. 182–183.
- ^ Leighton, p. 125
- ^ Leighton, pp. 85, 157–158
- ^ Leighton, p. 158
- ^ Knight, p. 45; Woods and Baddeley, p. 246
- ^ e.g. Begg, The Definitive History, pp. x–xi; Cook, p. 9; Cornwell, pp. 133–135; Fido, pp. 185–196, 206; Hyde, p. 58; Marriott, pp. 267–268; Rumbelow, pp. 209–244
- ^ Knight, p. 121
- ^ Bennett, Catherine (2 October 1987) "Who was Jack the Ripper? And who really cares?", The Times
- ^ Knight, p. 140; Leighton, p. 70
- ^ Leighton, pp. 70–71, 93; McDonald, p. 143
- ^ Leighton, pp. 70–71
- ^ Leighton, p. 74
- ^ Spallek, Andrew (November 2007) "John Henry Lonsdale: A Possible Source of Macnaghten's 'Private Information'", Ripperologist 85: 3–10
- ^ Leighton, pp. 69–80
- ^ Leighton, p. 76
- ^ Leighton, p. 71
- ISBN 0-297-79667-4, p. 10; Hyde, p. 56
- ^ Leighton, p. 157
- ISSN 0010-7565
- ^ Begg, The Facts, p. 513
- ^ Leighton, pp. 160–162
- ISBN 978-0-9759129-3-5, pp. 95–96
- ^ Foreword by Colin Wilson in McDonald, p. 4
- ^ Leighton, p. 97
- ISBN 978-0-7546-7375-0, pp. 114–115
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7190-7494-3, p. 16
- ^ Cornwell, pp. 16, 184; Knight, p. 135; Leighton, p. 149; Marriott, pp. 232–234; Rumbelow, pp. 156, 163; Whitehead and Rivett, p. 106
- ^ Whiteway, Ken (2004). "A Guide to the Literature of Jack the Ripper". Canadian Law Library Review, vol. 29, pp. 219–229
- ^ Eddleston, pp. 195–244; Leighton, p. 157
- ^ Rumbelow, pp. 291–292
References
- Begg, Paul (2003) Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History. London: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-50631-X
- Begg, Paul (2006) Jack the Ripper: The Facts. London: Robson. ISBN 978-1-86105-870-6
- Cook, Andrew (2009) Jack the Ripper. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84868-327-3
- ISBN 0-7515-3359-9
- Cullen, Tom (1965) Autumn of Terror. London: The Bodley Head.
- Eddleston, John J. (2002) Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia. London: Metro Books. ISBN 1-84358-046-2
- Evans, Stewart P.; ISBN 0-7509-4228-2
- Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2000) The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Constable and Robinson. ISBN 1-84119-225-2
- ISBN 0-297-79136-2
- ISBN 0-491-01995-5
- ISBN 978-0-245-52724-1
- Leighton, D. J. (2006) Ripper Suspect: The Secret Lives of Montague Druitt. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-4329-1
- Marriott, Trevor (2005) Jack the Ripper: The 21st century Investigation. London: John Blake. ISBN 1-84454-103-7
- McDonald, Deborah (2007) The Prince, His Tutor and the Ripper. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Co. ISBN 978-0-7864-3018-5
- ISBN 0-14-017395-1
- Whitehead, Mark; Rivett, Miriam (2006) Jack the Ripper. Harpenden, Hertfordshire: Pocket Essentials. ISBN 978-1-904048-69-5
- Whittington-Egan, Richard; Whittington-Egan, Molly (1992). The Murder Almanac. Glasgow: Neil Wilson Publishing. ISBN 978-1-897-78404-4
- Woods, Paul; ISBN 978-0-7110-3410-5
External links
- The Druitt papers at the West Sussex Record Office
- Cuthbert Druitt papers at Georgetown University Library