Monte Burney

Coordinates: 52°20′S 73°24′W / 52.33°S 73.4°W / -52.33; -73.4[1]
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A white mountain rising over a forested bay with a ship
Monte Burney, painting of 1871

52°20′S 73°24′W / 52.33°S 73.4°W / -52.33; -73.4[1] Monte Burney is a

Austral Volcanic Zone which consists of six volcanoes with activity during the Quaternary. This volcanism is linked to the subduction of the Antarctic Plate beneath the South America Plate and the Scotia Plate
.

Monte Burney is formed by a caldera with a glaciated stratovolcano on its rim. This stratovolcano in turn has a smaller caldera. An eruption is reported for 1910, with less certain eruptions in 1970 and 1920.

Tephra analysis has yielded evidence for many eruptions during the Pleistocene and Holocene, including two large explosive eruptions during the early and mid-Holocene. These eruptions deposited significant tephra layers over Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.

Name

The volcano is named after James Burney, a companion of James Cook.[2] It is one of the many English language placenames in the region, which are the product of the numerous English research expeditions such as these by Robert FitzRoy and Phillip Parker King in 1825–1830.[3]

Geography and geomorphology

Monte Burney is on the northwest Muñoz Gomera Peninsula.[4] This area lies in the Patagonian region of Chile,[1] which is known for its spectacular fjords.[4] The volcano lies in the commune of Natales[2] 200 kilometres (120 mi) northwest of Punta Arenas,[1] and approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) southwest of Puerto Natales.[5] The area is unpopulated and remote.[6] The mountain was first ascended in March 1973 by Eric Shipton, Roger Perry and Peter Radcliffe.[7]

Regional

The Andes feature about four areas of volcanic activity from north to south: the

Austral Volcanic Zone. Aside from the main belt, so-called "back-arc" volcanism occurs as far as 250 kilometres (160 mi) behind the volcanic arc. These volcanic zones are separated by gaps lacking volcanic activity.[8]

Volcanism in the region occurs because of the Southern Volcanic Zone and the Austral Volcanic Zone. These contain about 74 volcanoes with

volcanic complexes. Llaima and Villarrica are among the most active of these volcanoes.[9] The Southern and Austral volcanic zones are separated by a gap without volcanic activity, close to the Chile Triple Junction.[10]

The strongest volcanic eruption in the region occurred 7,750 years

Cerro Hudson volcano,[11] which deposited tephra all over southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.[12] This eruption probably caused a major depopulation of Tierra del Fuego, the temporary disappearance of long-range obsidian trade, and a change in the prevalent lifestyles of the region.[13]

Local

Monte Burney seen from space

Monte Burney is the most southern stratovolcano of the Austral Volcanic Zone.

strike-slip faulting.[17][10] In terms of composition, Lautaro, Aguilera and Viedma form one group distinct from Burney, and Reclus lies between these two.[18] 420 kilometres (260 mi) southeast of Monte Burney lies Fueguino, a volcanic field with possible historical activity in 1820 and 1712. Fueguino is the southernmost Holocene volcano in the Andes.[19] Large explosive eruptions have occurred at Aguilera, Reclus and Burney but due to the long distance between these volcanoes and critical infrastructure they are considered a low hazard.[20][14]

A 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) wide

Glacial erosion has left a rugged landscape, which close to the volcano is smoothed by deposits coming from the volcano.[4] The landscape east of the caldera is buried by pyroclastic flows, and some outcrops in them may be remnants of a pre-Burney volcano.[10]

Composition

The flank vents have erupted

clinopyroxene and olivine crystals as well as granite xenoliths stemming from the Patagonian batholith.[20]

Magnesium-poor adakites have been found at Monte Burney.[16] Fueguino volcanic rocks also include adakites but these are richer in magnesium.[27] These adakitic magmas reflect the subduction of a relatively hot and young Antarctic Plate.[20] In the case of Monte Burney, these magmas then underwent some fractionation during ascent, as it was retarded by the tectonic regimen, which is somewhat compressive.[28]

Climate

The climate of the Patagonian region is influenced both by the close distance to

orographic precipitation and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current further affect the regional climate.[29]

About four stages of glaciation have been recognized in the area during the Pleistocene, although the glacial history is poorly known.

last glacial maximum.[20] During the early Holocene, glaciers retreated quickly then slowed down during the Antarctic Cold Reversal. A slight expansion is noted during the Little Ice Age.[31]

Eruptive history

Eruptions occurred at Monte Burney during the Pleistocene. Two eruptions around 49,000 ± 500 and 48,000 ± 500 years before present deposited tephra in

marine isotope stage 3.[34] Holocene tephras from Monte Burney have also been found in this lake.[35] According to the Potrok Aike record, Monte Burney may be the most active volcano in the region during the late Quaternary.[36]

BCE large Plinian eruptions with a volcanic explosivity index of 5 generated the MB2 and MB1 tephras, respectively.[37] The date of the MB2 eruption is also given as 4,260 years before present;[38] a more recent estimate is 4216+93
−193 years before present.[39] Other dates are 8,425 ± 500 years before present for MB1 and 3,830 ± 390 or 3,820 ± 390 for MB2, both by radiocarbon dating.[40][41][14]

These tephras have volumes exceeding 3 cubic kilometres (0.72 cu mi) for MB1 and 2.8 cubic kilometres (0.67 cu mi) for MB2

Falklands Islands about 950 kilometres (590 mi) away from Monte Burney.[60] Tephras from Monte Burney and other volcanoes are important for tephrostratigraphy in the region of the Andes.[61]

Further eruptions occurred 90 ± 100, 800 ± 500, 3,740 ± 10, 7,390 ± 200 BCE,

peat bog 70 kilometres (43 mi) away from Monte Burney.[63] One tephra around 1805 BCE found at the Siple Dome in Antarctica may be linked to Monte Burney but the timing of the tephra is problematic.[64] Two tephras at Fiordo Vogel and Seno Skyring have been linked to Monte Burney; they are dated 4,254 ± 120 and 9,009 ± 17 - 9,175 ± 111 years before present.[65][66] The younger of these two eruptions influenced sedimentation in these water bodies and the adjacent vegetation.[67] A reworked tephra identified at Hooker's Point, East Falkland, may come from a mid-Holocene eruption that took place between the MB1 and MB2 events.[68] Reports from natives, mentioned in 1847, of a volcano at the end of a bay that makes the ground tremble probably refer to Monte Burney, which is visible on clear days from Almirante Montt Gulf [es].[69] In 1910 a researcher concluded that the volcano had been active in postglacial time, given that pumice formations found around the volcano would not have survived glaciation.[70]

Only one historical eruption is known from Burney, which occurred in 1910.

seismic activity occurs to this day at Monte Burney.[71]

Research history

The mountain was already known before 1871; a book written in that year by Robert Oliver Cunningham records the following travel report mentioning Monte Burney:[72]

the entire mass of a magnificent solitary mountain a little to the northward, in general shrouded more or less in mist, and the summit of which we had never seen, was revealed, without a cloud to dim the dazzling splendour of its jagged snowy peaks, the extensive snow-fields which clothed its sides and the deep blue crevassed glaciers which filled its gorges.

— Robert Oliver Cunningham[73], [72]

The appearance of the mountain was considered "majestic" in 1899.

volcano monitoring equipment on Monte Burney, the first volcano in the Magallanes Patagonia region to be monitored.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Monte Burney". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  2. ^ a b c "Sernageomin comienza marcha blanca para monitoreo del volcán Burney". Intendencia Región de Magallanes y de la Antárctica Chilena (in Spanish). 6 November 2015.
  3. ISSN 0071-1713
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  4. ^ a b c "Monte Burney". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution., Photo Gallery
  5. ^ Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013, p. 5.
  6. ^
    ISSN 0718-2244
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  7. ^
    OCLC 633820956
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  8. ^ a b Fontijn et al. 2014, p. 73.
  9. ^ Fontijn et al. 2014, p. 71.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-1-86239-220-5
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  11. ^ Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013, p. 3.
  12. ^ Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013, p. 9.
  13. ^ Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013, p. 11,12.
  14. ^ a b c Stern 2007, p. 435.
  15. ^ Fontijn et al. 2014, p. 71,73.
  16. ^ a b Rapp et al. 1999, p. 337.
  17. ^ a b Harmon & Barreiro 1984, p. 33.
  18. ^ Wastegård et al. 2013, p. 83.
  19. S2CID 55859653
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  20. ^ a b c d e Fontijn et al. 2014, p. 74.
  21. ^
    ISSN 0716-0208
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  22. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.09.010
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  23. ISSN 0719-5370
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  24. ISBN 9782709909938. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  25. ^ Kliem et al. 2013, p. 134,135.
  26. ^ a b Kliem et al. 2013, p. 135.
  27. ^ Rapp et al. 1999, p. 351.
  28. ^ Harmon & Barreiro 1984, p. 44.
  29. ^ a b Anselmetti et al. 2009, p. 874.
  30. ^ Kilian et al. 2007, p. 50.
  31. ^ Kilian et al. 2007, p. 64.
  32. ^ Kliem et al. 2013, p. 134.
  33. ^ Wastegård et al. 2013, p. 82,86.
  34. ^ Wastegård et al. 2013, p. 87.
  35. ^ Anselmetti et al. 2009, p. 884.
  36. ^ Smith et al. 2019, p. 149.
  37. ^ a b c "Monte Burney". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution., Eruptive History
  38. ^ a b Prieto, Stern & Estévez 2013, p. 11.
  39. ^
    S2CID 235547337
    .
  40. ^ Coronato et al. 2011, p. 132.
  41. ^ Wastegård et al. 2013, p. 81.
  42. ^ Stern 2007, p. 449.
  43. ^ Smith et al. 2019, p. 142.
  44. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.011
    .
  45. PMID 36797309
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  46. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.12.006
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  47. ^ Stern 2007, p. 452.
  48. ^ Ozán & Pallo 2019, p. 311.
  49. ^ Ozán & Pallo 2019, p. 312.
  50. ^ Ozán & Pallo 2019, p. 315.
  51. S2CID 134259978
    .
  52. S2CID 240202492
    .
  53. ^ Fontijn et al. 2014, p. 77.
  54. ^ Coronato et al. 2011, p. 126.
  55. ^ Coronato et al. 2011, p. 133.
  56. S2CID 238671508
    .
  57. S2CID 201284995
    .
  58. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00053-4
    .
  59. ^ Stern 2007, p. 441.
  60. ^ Smith et al. 2019, p. 139.
  61. ^ Wastegård et al. 2013, p. 82.
  62. ^ Stern 2007, p. 443,446.
  63. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00734-3
    .
  64. ISSN 2156-2202.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  65. ^ Kilian et al. 2007, p. 58.
  66. ^ Kilian et al. 2007, p. 59.
  67. ^ Kilian et al. 2007, p. 60.
  68. S2CID 133857028
    .
  69. ^
    ISSN 0718-2244
    .
  70. S2CID 129247933
    .
  71. ISSN 0718-2244.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link
    )
  72. ^ a b Cunningham 1871, p. 483.
  73. ^ Cunningham 1871, p. 9.
  74. JSTOR 1774726
    .
  75. ^ Stern 2007, p. 435,436.

Sources

External links
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