Montenegrins
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2020) |
Montenegrin: Crnogorci | |
---|---|
Total population | |
c. 1+ million[a] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Montenegro: 278,865 (2011)[b][1] Diaspora: c. 600,000[2][3] | |
Diaspora | |
United States | c. 40,000 (2014)[4] |
Argentina | c. 30,000 (2001)[4] |
Germany | c. 30,000[4] |
France | c. 30,000[5] |
Serbia | 20,238 (2022)[6] |
Luxembourg | c. 12,000 (2001)[4] |
Chile | c. 7,000 (2015)[7] |
Italy | 4,588 (2010)[8] |
Canada | 4,160 (2016)[9] |
Croatia | 3,127 (2021)[10] |
Netherlands | 2,721 (2022)[11] |
Slovenia | 2,667 (2002)[12] |
Switzerland | 2,593 (2014)[13] |
Bolivia | c. 2,000 (2017)[14] |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1,883 (2013)[15] |
Australia | 1,554 (2013)[16] |
Sweden | 1,551 (2022)[17] |
United Kingdom | 1027 (2011)[18] |
North Macedonia | 1,023 (2021)[19] |
Mexico | 800 (2013)[20] |
Norway | 764 (2023)[21] |
Denmark | 684 (2023)[22] |
Albania | 366 (2011)[23] |
Russia | 181 (2010)[24] |
Belgium | 129 (2010)[25] |
Languages | |
Montenegrin language, Serbian language | |
Religion | |
Majority: Eastern Orthodoxy (51% Serbian Orthodoxy, 10% Montenegrin Orthodoxy) Minority: Islam, Roman Catholicism and Irreligion | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other South Slavs |
Montenegrins (
Montenegrins are mostly Orthodox Christians, but also Catholics, Muslims and irreligious. The Montenegrin language is the official language of Montenegro.
Historically, the Montenegrin nation was made up of many tribes. Most tribes were formed in the 15th and 16th centuries, during and after the Ottoman conquest of the medieval state of Zeta. Today they are mainly studied within the frameworks of social anthropology and family history, as they have not been used in official structures since the time of the Principality of Montenegro, although some tribal regions overlap with contemporary municipal areas. The kinship groups give a sense of shared identity and descent.
Outside of Montenegro and Europe, Montenegrins form diaspora groups in the United States, Canada, Australia and Argentina. It is estimated that around 600,000 Montenegrins reside outside of Montenegro, according to descent.[26][27] In 2023 there are 152,649 Montenegrins holding Montenegrin citizenship who reside outside of Montenegro.
Genetics
According to one triple analysis –
Y-DNA genetic study done in 2010 on 404 male individuals from Montenegro gave the following results: haplogroup
History
Middle Ages
Slavs settled in the Balkans during the 6th and 7th centuries. According to De Administrando Imperio, there existed three Slavic polities on the territory of modern Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half; Travunia, the west; and Principality of Serbia, the north. Duklja emerged as an independent state during the 11th century, initially held by the Vojislavljević dynasty, later to be conquered and incorporated into the state of the Nemanjić dynasty. De Administrando Imperio does not mention which Slavic people lived in Duklja,[32] but Duklja was considered to be one of the first Serb states, alongside Raška formed chiefly under the Vlastimirović and Vojislavljević dynasties respectively.[33][34] Who exactly were the Slavic inhabitants of Duklja differs among authors, as other historians maintain that it is not possible to equate the people of Duklja with either Serbs or Croats, considering most historical Byzantian documents from that time.[35]
By forming the first country under the rule of
With the descent of
The region previously known as Duklja later became known as "
In the late 14th century, southern Montenegro (
The Montenegrins maintained their de facto independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman's reign over most of the Balkan region (Bosnia, Serbia, Bulgaria, etc.). The Montenegrins were gathered around the Metropolitans of the Cetinje Metropolitanate, which led to further national awakening of the Montenegrins all around. The creation of a theocratic state and its advancement into a secular and independent country was even more evident in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.
19th century
The rule of the
In 1878, the Congress of Berlin recognised Montenegro as the 26th independent state in the world. Montenegro participated in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, as well as in World War I on the side of the Allies.
With the arrival of the Turks, because of the inaccessibility of the terrain, and because of the lack of interest of the Ottomans for the "Montenegrin karst and fracture" (inaccessible terrain), the tribes in Montenegro enjoyed more than autonomy, and less than independence, but even this did not prevent the Montenegrin tribes from raising various revolts against Turkish conquest . The people were divided into tribes, and shortly thereafter bloody accounts of "brotherly" tribes turned bloody. The most serious causes of these accidents were the lack of food in the then-Montenegro, and the few resources were left, were taken away by the Turks, and the conflicts were inevitable. At the beginning of the 18th century. From then on, to Prince Danilo Petrovic, Montenegrins are under the theocratic rule of the Petrović dynasty. Due to the impossibility of approach, due to the terrain of Montenegro, Bishop Petar I Petrović Njegoš cursed the tribes he was ruling, using their piety to inspire unity, and thus attempted to prevent the further slaughter of the fraternal people. After his death in 1830, Petar of Cetinje was buried in Cetinje Monastery and was proclaimed a saint.
His adopted son Petar II Petrović Njegoš ruled from 1830 until 1851. It is recorded as one of the greatest educators of the people in general. He wrote one of the most important works of the romantic epoch "Mountain Wreath" (regarded as one of the artistic foundations of Serbian nationalism), and he was also credited with bringing the final look of a Montenegrin hat, which is decorated with a black frame and represents the crown, more precisely, sorrow for the slavery of the Yugoslavian people under Ottoman yoke. The top of the cap is red, symbolising blood, where 5 golden threads are engraved, thought to signify 5 centuries of slavery under the Turks. Within these golden threads there is a "Cross" with four Cyrillic letters (scores) S, a variant of the Byzantine Palaiologos tetragrammic cross, sometimes referred to as the variant of the cross.
He ruled as a bishop, but he also stood firm to see that Montenegro must be modernised. He built schools, roads, raised the Church, expanded the capital of
A couple of years before the war, Prince
Yugoslav era
This section may require copy editing. (February 2023) |
After the liberation of the Yugoslav (South Slavic) peoples, the
Montenegro unconditionally joined Serbia on November 26, 1918 in a controversial decision of the
Between the two world wars, the
When the second Yugoslavia was formed in 1945, the Communists who led the Partisans during the war formed the new régime. They recognised, sanctioned, and fostered a national identity of Montenegrins as a people distinct from the Serbs and other South Slavs. The number of people who were registered as Montenegrins in Montenegro was 90% in 1948; it had been dropping since, to 62% in 1991. With the rise of Serbian nationalism in the late 80's the number of citizens who declared themselves Montenegrin dropped sharply from 61.7%, in the 1991 census, to 43.16% in 2003. For a detailed overview of these trends, see the Demographic history of Montenegro.
Though Montenegrins comprised one of the smallest ethnic groups in the state (2.5% in 1971), they were by far the most overrepresented ethnic group in the Yugoslav bureaucracy, military, and communist party organs. In the
Initially, after the fall of Communism in the early 1990s, the idea of a distinct Montenegrin ethnic identity had been taken over by independence-minded Montenegrins. The ruling Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS) (rebranded Communist Party), led by Prime Minister Milo Đukanović and President Momir Bulatović, was firmly allied with Slobodan Milošević throughout this period and opposed such movements.
During the
Seeking independence
At the beginning of the Yugoslav crisis in the 1990s, the Yugoslav People's Army was trying to prevent the break up of Yugoslavia by military attacks. Part of the army from the then SR of Montenegro was attacking Herzegovina and Dubrovnik, and kept Dubrovnik under siege for almost eight months. In this period, the Montenegrins had an old sense of national affiliation, and at a referendum almost 100% of the respondents voted to declare that they wanted to stay in the Yugoslav rump state, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the siege of Dubrovnik, the Serbian (Montenegrin) paramilitary formation invented the saying: "From Lovćen a fairy salutes, where are you Serbian Dubrovnik!" (Serbian: "Са Ловћена вила кличе, ђе си српски Дубровниче!"), which has been taken many times as a verse with a negative connotation, because of the city being besieged for such a long time. After the abolition of communism and the creation of a new state, the federal unit of the Republic of Montenegro received a new flag and the coat-of-arms, where the flag was a classic Montenegrin national flag (a Serbian tricolour with blue colour), while the coat of arms of the Coat of Arms was taken from the historical emblem of Petrović. Then, the great fighters for the joint FRY, Momir Bulatović and Milo Đukanović, together with Slobodan Milošević, ruled the state union. The paths of Milo Đukanović and Momir Bulatović diverged before the start of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, and Milo Đukanović begins to change attitudes drastically, starting first with the political attitudes and afterwards the national and religious. In 1997 a full-blown rift occurred within DPS, and Đukanović's faction won over Bulatović's, who formed a new Socialist People's Party of Montenegro (SNP). The DPS distanced itself from Milošević and gradually took over the independence idea from the Liberal Alliance of Montenegro and the SDP, and has won all elections since. In the fall of 1999, shortly after the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, the Đukanović-led Montenegrin leadership came out with a platform for the re-definition of relations within the federation that called for more Montenegrin involvement in the areas of defence and foreign policy, though the platform fell short of pushing for independence. After Milošević's overthrow on October 5, 2000, Đukanović for the first time came out in support of full independence. Montenegro started increasingly moving away from Serbia, and in 2003, the Parliament of Montenegro sought amendments to the Constitution. With these amendments, the Federal Unit of Montenegro was allowed to call a referendum on independence, which took place on 21 May 2006.
When the referendum was announced, independence was obtained by a narrow majority. However, the bar was set high in order to avoid any dispute after the vote, with the requirement for a 55% of votes in favour of independence. Since the proclamation of independence, the policy of making a new ethnic identity is even more intensified by official government policy, often used for political purposes, whereas the citizens still remain divided on the issue of ethnic identity.
Language
Montenegrins speak
The Zeta dialect features additional sounds: a voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative (/ɕ/), voiced alveolo-palatal fricative *(/ʑ/, (occurring in other jekavian dialects as well) and a voiced alveolar affricate (dz, shared with other old-štokavian dialects). Both sub-dialects are characterised by highly specific accents (shared with other old-štokavian dialects) and several "hyper-ijekavisms" (i.e. nijesam, where the rest of shtokavian area uses nisam) and "hyper-iotations" (đevojka for djevojka, đeca for djeca etc.) (these features, especially the hyper-iotation, are more prominent in the Zeta sub-dialect), that are common in all Montenegrin vernaculars.
On the
Religion
Most Montenegrins are Eastern Orthodox, majoritarily adhering to the Serbian Orthodox Church while a minority adhere to the Montenegrin Orthodox Church, which is canonically unrecognised by the Eastern Orthodox Church.[44][45] The former majoritarily adhere to the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral of the Serbian Orthodox Church as well as its four other eparchies (dioceses) that are active in parts of Montenegro and neighbouring countries, namely the Eparchy of Budimlja and Nikšić, the Eparchy of Mileševa, and the Eparchy of Zahumlje and Herzegovina.
According to the census of 2011, people that declared Montenegrin as their ethnicity declared the following religious identity:
- Eastern Orthodox: 248,523 (88.7%)
- Islam: 12,931 (4.6%)
- Catholic: 5,667 (2.0%)
- Protestantism: 921 (0.3%)
- Atheism/Agnosticism: 6,393 (2.3%)
- Others: 5,883 (2.1%)
Culture
The most important dimension of Montenegrins' culture is widely considered to be the
This ethos is still an important part of most Montenegrins' ethical belief system, and understanding it is essential in order to understand Montenegrin identity and self-perception. Most of extraordinary examples of Montenegrin conduct during its long history can be traced to the code.
Montenegrins' long-standing history of fighting for independence is invariably linked with strong traditions of folk epic poetry. A prominent feature of Montenegrin culture is the gusle, a one-stringed instrument played by a story-teller who sings or recites stories of heroes and battles in decasyllabic verse. These traditions are stronger in the northern parts of the country and are also shared with people in eastern Herzegovina, western Serbia, northern Albania, and central Dalmatia.
On the substratum of folk epic poetry, poets like
On the other hand, Adriatic cities like
Diaspora
Identity
Slavs have lived in the area of Montenegro since the 6th and 7th centuries in the medieval state of
Vlahović (2008) noted many anthropological studies which showed that Montenegrin people have strong Dinaric type (with seaboard, central, Durmitor, mountain and other subtypes) autochthonous on the Dinaric Alps since the Mesolithic period. Dinaric peoples, including Montenegrins, are among the tallest people in the world. The type, particularly in Montenegro, is distinguished by brachiochepal shape, broad forehead, wide relief and strong face, wide jaw and noticeably flat notched head, while arms and legs are proportional to the body height. Hair is commonly of black color, with black or blue eyes.[48]
Anthropologist Božina Ivanović considered that the development of the Montenegrin Dinaric variety was influenced by gracilisation and brachycephalisation; they have characteristics which were not found in other Slavic and non-Slavic European populations, nor morphological properties from paleo-anthropological series originating from the Slavic necropolis from other South Slavic area. Also, the brachycephalisation and width of the face in the last five centuries is growing in Montenegrin, while among other Slavic and European communities decreasing, showing anthropological issues in Montenegro have deeper roots and broader scientific importance.[48] Montenegrin historian Dragoje Živković (1989) noted that modern multidisciplinary research disagrees with older consideration how Sklavinias and Slavic states had ethnical identification, example Serb ethnos, until the 12th century.[49] Slavs mixing with native population (in case of Komani culture necropolis in Pukë) made a new cultural-historical drift of Albanian-Illyrian and Slavic built upon extinct and present La Tène, Greek-Illyrian, Illyrian-Roman, and Byzantine.[50] He argued that the Slavs from Duklja promptly blended in social-economical of the natives who historically had a more developed society, as was in their interest to approach the Roman-Illyrian natives.[51]
See also
- Montenegro
- Montenegrin diaspora
- Montenegrin language
- List of Montenegrins
- Demographics of Montenegro
- Ethnic groups in Europe
Explanatory notes
- ^ Note: The total figure is merely an estimation and as such might be misleading or exaggerated. This includes all nationals of Montenegro and Montenegrin diaspora, including those of partial Montenegrin ancestry.
- ^ Note: The term "Montenegrins" in a wider sense can also be used to denote all the peoples from the Montenegro (population of 621,873), regardless of their ethnic and religious affiliation.
Citations
- ^ "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011" (PDF). Monstat.org. 12 July 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ^ "Širom svijeta pola miliona Crnogoraca" (in Montenegrin). RTCG. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ "U dijaspori živi još jedna Crna Gora" (in Montenegrin). Montenegrina. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d Širom svijeta pola miliona Crnogoraca Archived 29 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine Radio i Televizija Crne Gore
- ^ "Présentation du Monténégro". Archived from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "RZS objavio rezultate popisa o nacionalnoj pripadnosti stanovnika". N1. 29 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ^ "Stojović: U Čileu živi 7000 potomaka Crnogoraca". Montengrina.net. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ "2016 Census of Population". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ^ "Census of population, households and dwellings in 2021 - Population by towns/municipalities". Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 7 October 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS). Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ "Statistini urad RS - Popis 2002". Stat.si. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ "Who are the two million foreigners in Switzerland?". 19 November 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
- ^ "Bolivija: Po prvi put se okupili potomci iseljenika iz Crne Gore". cdm.me (in Montenegrin). 26 March 2018. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ "1. Stanovništvo prema etničkoj/nacionalnoj pripadnosti - detaljna klasifikacija". Popis.gov.ba. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
- ^ "Montenegro Crna Gora Montenegro". 2013 Census. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018. Total responses: 25,451,383 for total count of persons: 19,855,288.
- ^ "Population by country of birth and country of Origin". Statistics of Sweden. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ "2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ "Dabase". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- ^ "Census 2011 Data: Resident population by ethnic and cultural affiliation". The Institute of Statistics of Republic of Albania. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
- ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents". Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ DST statistics, DST statistics. "DST statistics". DST statistics. Archived from the original on 18 December 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ "Census 2011 Data: Resident population by ethnic and cultural affiliation". The Institute of Statistics of Republic of Albania. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
- ^ Всероссийская перепись населения 2010. Национальный состав населения Archived 6 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ "Population par nationalité, sexe, groupe et classe d'âges au 1er janvier 2010" (in French). Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ "Širom svijeta pola miliona Crnogoraca" (in Montenegrin). RTCG. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ "U dijaspori živi još jedna Crna Gora" (in Montenegrin). Montenegrina. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- PMID 26332464.
- PMID 33148044.
- ^ Mirabal 2010, p. 380–390.
- from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- OCLC 11970692.
- ISBN 978-0-31334-437-4. Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
- . Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ Budak, Neven (1994). "Prva stoljeća Hrvatske" (in Croatian). p. 46. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023.
- ^ Roberts 2007, p. 9.
- ^ "Interesting things about the royal order of Montenegro - Untitled". Orderofdanilo.org. Archived from the original on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ISBN 978-0160873607.
- ISBN 0521774012.
- ISBN 978-1487530723.
- ISBN 978-1139503303.
- ISBN 978-0786456284.
- ^ "Većina mladih do 18 godina govori crnogorskim jezikom". Vijesti.me. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ISBN 9780761479031. Archivedfrom the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ISBN 9781598843033. Archivedfrom the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ "Hrvatski jezični portal". hjp.znanje.hr. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ^ John V. A. Fine (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 532.
- ^ ISSN 1820-7936.
- ^ Živković 1989, p. 97, 103.
- ^ Živković 1989, p. 94–95.
- ^ Živković 1989, p. 96, 124.
General and cited references
- Mirabal, Sheyla; et al. (July 2010). "Human Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats: A Tale of Acculturation and Migrations as Mechanisms for the Diffusion of Agriculture in the Balkan Peninsula". PMID 20091845.
- Roberts, Elizabeth (2007). Realm of the Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801446016.