Montenegro
Montenegro
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Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro (English: "Oh, Bright Dawn of May") | ||
Capital and largest city | Podgorica[1] 42°47′N 19°28′E / 42.783°N 19.467°E | |
Official languages | Montenegrin[2] | |
Languages in official use[3] | ||
others | ||
Religion (2011[4] ) |
| |
Demonym(s) | Montenegrin | |
Government | Unitary parliamentary republic | |
Jakov Milatović | ||
Milojko Spajić | ||
Andrija Mandić | ||
Legislature | Independence referendum | 21 May 2006 |
5 June 2017 | ||
Area | ||
• Total | 13,812 km2 (5,333 sq mi) (156th) | |
• Water (%) | 2.6 | |
Population | ||
• 2023 census | 633,158[5] | |
• Density | 43.6/km2 (112.9/sq mi) (133rd) | |
GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate | |
• Total | $17.431 billion[6] (149th) | |
• Per capita | $28,002[6] (63rd) | |
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate | |
• Total | $7.058 billion[6] (153rd) | |
• Per capita | $11,338[6] (73rd) | |
Gini (2020) | 32.9[7] medium | |
HDI (2021) | 0.832[8] very high (49th) | |
Currency | Euro (€)a (EUR) | |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) | |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Date format | dd.mm.yyyy. | |
Driving side | right | |
Calling code | +382 | |
ISO 3166 code | ME | |
Internet TLD | .me | |
|
Montenegro (
During the
Montenegro has an upper-middle-income economy,[22] and ranks 49th in the Human Development Index.[23] It is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the World Trade Organization, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Council of Europe, and the Central European Free Trade Agreement.[24] Montenegro is also a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean,[25] and has been in the process of joining the European Union since 2012.[26]
Etymology
The country's English name derives from a
Modern-day Montenegro was more and more known by that name in the historical period following the fall of the Serbian Despotate in 1459.[30] Originally, it had referred to only a small strip of land under the rule of the Paštrovići tribe, but the name eventually came to be used for the wider mountainous region after the Crnojević noble family took power in Upper Zeta.[29] The aforementioned region became known as Stara Crna Gora 'Old Montenegro' by the 19th century to distinguish the independent region from the neighbouring Ottoman-occupied Montenegrin territory of Brda (the "Highlands"). Montenegro further increased its size several times by the 20th century, as the result of wars against the Ottoman Empire, which saw the annexation of Old Herzegovina and parts of Metohija and southern Raška. Its borders have changed little since then, losing Metohija and gaining the Bay of Kotor.
After the second session of the
History
Antiquity
Modern-day Montenegro was part of Illyria and populated by the Indo-European-speaking Illyrians.[32][33] The Illyrian kingdom was conquered by the Roman Republic in the Illyro-Roman Wars and the region was incorporated into the province of Illyricum (later Dalmatia and Praevalitana).[34][35][36]
Arrival of the Slavs
Three principalities were located on the territory: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half, Travunia, the west, and Raška, the north.[16][17] Duklja gained its independence from the Byzantine Roman Empire in 1042. Over the next few decades, it expanded its territory to neighbouring Rascia and Bosnia, and also became recognised as a kingdom. Its power started declining at the beginning of the 12th century. After King Bodin's death (in 1101 or 1108), civil wars ensued. Duklja reached its zenith under Vojislav's son, Mihailo (1046–1081), and his grandson Constantine Bodin (1081–1101).[37]
As the nobility fought for the throne, the kingdom was weakened, and by 1186, the territory of modern-day Montenegro became part of the state ruled by
By the 13th century, Zeta had replaced Duklja when referring to the realm. In the late 14th century, southern Montenegro (
In 1421, Zeta was annexed to the
Early modern period
From 1392, numerous parts of the territory were controlled by Republic of Venice, including the city of Budva, in that time known as "Budua". The Venetian territory was centred on the Bay of Kotor, and the Republic introduced governors who meddled in Montenegrin politics. Venice controlled territories in present-day Montenegro until its fall in 1797.[19][38][39] Large portions fell under the control of the Ottoman Empire from 1496 to 1878. In the 16th century, Montenegro developed a unique form of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire that permitted Montenegrin clans freedom from certain restrictions. Nevertheless, the Montenegrins were disgruntled with Ottoman rule, and in the 17th century, repeatedly rebelled, which culminated in the defeat of the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War at the end of that century.
Montenegrin territories were controlled by warlike clans. Most clans had a chieftain (knez), who was not permitted to assume the title unless he proved to be as worthy a leader as his predecessor. An assembly of Montenegrin clans (Zbor) was held every year on 12 July in Cetinje, and any adult clansman could take part.
People from Montenegro in this historical period were described as Orthodox Serbs.[41]
Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro
In 1858, one of the major Montenegrin victories over the Ottomans occurred at the
In the
The first Montenegrin constitution (also known as the Danilo Code) was proclaimed in 1855. Under Nicholas I (ruled 1860–1918), the principality was enlarged several times in the Montenegro-Turkish Wars and was recognised as independent in 1878. Nicholas I established diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire.[citation needed] Minor border skirmishes excepted, diplomacy ushered in about 30 years of peace between the two states until the deposition of Abdul Hamid II in 1909.[42]
The political skills of Abdul Hamid II and Nicholas I played a major role in the mutually amicable relations.
In 1910, Montenegro became
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
In 1922, Montenegro formally became the
Nicholas's grandson, the Serb King Alexander I, dominated the Yugoslav government. Zeta Banovina was one of nine banovinas that formed the kingdom; it consisted of the present-day Montenegro and parts of Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia.
World War II and Socialist Yugoslavia
In April 1941, Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and other Axis allies attacked and occupied the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Italian forces occupied Montenegro and established a puppet Kingdom of Montenegro.
In May, the Montenegrin branch of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia started preparations for an uprising planned for mid-July. The Communist Party and its Youth League organised 6,000 of its members into detachments prepared for guerrilla warfare. According to some historians, the first armed uprising in Nazi-occupied Europe happened on 13 July 1941 in Montenegro.[44]
Unexpectedly, the uprising took hold, and by 20 July, 32,000 men and women had joined the fight. Except for the coast and major towns (Podgorica, Cetinje, Pljevlja, and Nikšić), which were besieged, Montenegro was mostly liberated. In a month of fighting, the Italian army suffered 5,000 dead, wounded, and captured. The uprising lasted until mid-August, when it was suppressed by a counter-offensive of 67,000 Italian troops brought in from Albania. Faced with new and overwhelming Italian forces, many of the fighters laid down their arms and returned home. Nevertheless, intense guerrilla fighting lasted until December.
Fighters who remained under arms fractured into two groups. Most of them went on to join the Yugoslav Partisans, consisting of communists and those inclined towards active resistance; these included
War broke out between Partisans and Chetniks during the first half of 1942. Pressured by Italians and Chetniks, the core of the Montenegrin Partisans went to Serbia and Bosnia, where they joined with other Yugoslav Partisans. Fighting between Partisans and Chetniks continued through the war. Chetniks with Italian backing controlled most of the country from mid-1942 to April 1943. Montenegrin Chetniks received the status of "anti-communist militia" and received weapons, ammunition, food rations, and money from Italy. Most of them were moved to
During German operation Schwartz against the Partisans in May and June 1943, Germans disarmed many Chetniks without fighting, as they feared they would turn against them in case of an Allied invasion of the Balkans. After the capitulation of Italy in September 1943, Partisans managed to take hold of most of Montenegro for a brief time, but Montenegro was soon
Montenegro became one of the six constituent republics of the communist Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Its capital became Podgorica, renamed Titograd in honour of President Josip Broz Tito. After the war, the infrastructure of Yugoslavia was rebuilt, industrialization began, and the University of Montenegro was established. Greater autonomy was established until the Socialist Republic of Montenegro ratified a new constitution in 1974.[45][46]
Montenegro within FR Yugoslavia
After the formal dissolution of the SFRY in 1992, Montenegro remained part of a smaller
During the 1991–1995
Montenegrin General Pavle Strugar was convicted for his part in the bombing of Dubrovnik.[54] Bosnian refugees were arrested by Montenegrin police and transported to Serb camps in Foča, where they were subjected to systematic torture and executed.[55]
In 1996, Milo Đukanović's government severed ties between Montenegro and its partner Serbia, which was led by Slobodan Milošević. Montenegro formed its own economic policy and adopted the German Deutsche Mark as its currency and subsequently adopted the euro, although not part of the Eurozone. Subsequent governments pursued pro-independence policies, and political tensions with Serbia simmered despite political changes in Belgrade.
Targets in Montenegro were bombed by NATO forces during
In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro came to a new agreement for continued cooperation and entered into negotiations regarding the future status of the
Independence
The status of the union between Montenegro and Serbia was decided by a
The 2006 referendum was monitored by five international observer missions, headed by an OSCE/ODIHR team, and around 3,000 observers in total (including domestic observers from CDT (OSCE PA), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe (CLRAE), and the European Parliament (EP) to form an International Referendum Observation Mission (IROM). The IROM—in its preliminary report—"assessed compliance of the referendum process with OSCE commitments, Council of Europe commitments, other international standards for democratic electoral processes, and domestic legislation." Furthermore, the report stated that the competitive pre-referendum environment was marked by an active and generally peaceful campaign and that "there were no reports of restrictions on fundamental civil and political rights."
On 3 June 2006, the Montenegrin Parliament declared the independence of Montenegro,[58] formally confirming the result of the referendum.
On 28 June 2006, Montenegro joined the United Nations as its 192nd member state.[59]
Montenegro has been dominated since the breakup of Yugoslavia by Milo Đukanović (four-time prime minister and also twice president), accused of having established an authoritarianism and clientelist regime, while maintaining close relations with organized crime.[60] The massive privatizations of the Đukanović era lead to the enrichment of him and oligarchs close to him. His brother Aleksandar, owner of Montenegro's first private bank, oversaw the privatizations, while his sister, Ana Kolarevic, has long controlled the judiciary. The clientelist networks of the ruling party dominated all segments of social life. A party card was required to start a business or obtain a position in the administration. This policy also contributed to the reinforcement of regional disparities and social inequalities. Unemployment climbs to 36.6 per cent in the northern part of the country, compared to 3.9 per cent in the coastal region, while a quarter of the population lives below the poverty line (2018).[61]
The
In 2015, the investigative journalists' network OCCRP named Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister Milo Đukanović "Person of the Year in Organized Crime".[62] The extent of Đukanović's corruption led to street demonstrations and calls for his removal.[63][64]
In October 2016, for the day of the
Recent history
Montenegro formally became a member of NATO in June 2017, despite attempts by Russia to sabotage it,[67] an event that triggered a promise of retaliatory actions from Russia's government.[68][69][70]
Montenegro has been in negotiations with the EU since 2012. In 2018, the earlier goal of acceding by 2022[71] was revised to 2025.[72] Legislation is being passed bringing Montenegro law in line with EU membership requirements.
In April 2018, Milo Djukanovic, the leader of the ruling Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS), won Montenegro's presidential election. The veteran politician had served as Prime Minister six times and as president once before. He had dominated Montenegrin politics since 1991.[73]
As of late December 2019,[update] the newly adopted Law on Religion, which de jure transferred the ownership of church buildings and estates built before 1918 from the Serbian Orthodox Church to the Montenegrin state,[76][77] sparked large[78] protests and road blockages.[79] Seventeen opposition Democratic Front MPs were arrested prior to the voting for disrupting the vote.[80] Demonstrations continued into March[81] 2020 as peaceful protest walks, mostly organised by the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral and the Eparchy of Budimlja and Nikšić in the majority of Montenegrin municipalities.[82][83][84]
In its political rights and civil liberties worldwide report in May 2020, Freedom House marked Montenegro as a hybrid regime rather than a democracy because of declining standards in governance, justice, elections, and media freedom.[85][86] For the first time in three decades, in the 2020 parliamentary election, the opposition won more votes than Đukanović's ruling party.[87] In February 2022, that very same government was voted out in the first successful vote of no-confidence in the country's history.[88]
In September 2022 an investigation linked six Russian diplomats with twenty eight Russian citizens holding temporary visas for Montenegro and two local citizens in a spy investigation. The diplomats were expelled.[89] The Russian citizens were later banned from Montenegro and the two locals, one an ex-diplomat, face charges of illegal weapons, organising a criminal organisation and espionage.[90]
In March 2023, Jakov Milatovic, a pro-western candidate of the Europe Now movement, won the presidential election run-off over incumbent Milo Djukanovic to succeed him as the incumbent president of Montenegro.[91] The Europe Now movement won the highest number of seats in the 2023 Montenegrin parliamentary election.[92][93] On 31 October 2023, Milojko Spajic of the Europe Now Movement became Montenegro's new prime minister, leading a coalition of both pro-European and pro-Serb parties.[94]
Geography
Montenegro features high peaks along its borders with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Serbia. Its geography also includes a segment of the
Montenegro's large karst region lies generally at elevations of 1,000 metres (3,280 ft) above sea level; some parts, however, rise to 2,000 m (6,560 ft), such as
The mountains of Montenegro include some of the most rugged terrains in Europe, averaging more than 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) in elevation. One of the country's notable peaks is
Internationally, Montenegro borders Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Albania and Croatia. It lies between latitudes 41° and 44°N, and longitudes 18° and 21°E.
This section is in prose. is available. (June 2022) |
Name | Established | Area |
---|---|---|
Durmitor National Park | 1952 | 390 square kilometres (39,000 ha) |
Biogradska Gora National Park | 1952 | 54 square kilometres (5,400 ha) |
Lovćen National Park | 1952 | 64 square kilometres (6,400 ha) |
Lake Skadar National Park | 1983 | 400 square kilometres (40,000 ha) |
Prokletije National Park
|
2009 | 166 square kilometres (16,600 ha) |
Montenegro is a member of the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, as more than 2,000 km2 (772 sq mi) of the country's territory lie within the Danube catchment area.
Biodiversity
The diversity of the geological base, landscape, climate, and soil, and the position of Montenegro on the Balkan Peninsula and Adriatic Sea, created the conditions for high biological diversity, putting Montenegro among the "hot-spots" of European and world biodiversity. The number of species per area unit index in Montenegro is 0.837, the highest in any European country.[97]
Biological estimates suggest that over 1,200 species of freshwater algae, 300 species of marine algae, 589 species of moss, 7,000–8,000 species of vascular plants, 2,000 species of fungi, 16,000–20,000 species of insects, 407 species of marine fish, 56 species of reptile, 333 species of regularly visiting birds and a high species diversity of mammals are found in Montenegro.[98]
Montenegro can be divided into two main biogeographic regions, which include the Mediterranean Biogeographic Region and the Alpine Biogeographic Region.[98] It is also home to three terrestrial ecoregions: Balkan mixed forests, Dinaric Mountains mixed forests, and Illyrian deciduous forests.[99] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.41/10, ranking it 73rd globally out of 172 countries.[100]
The total share of protected areas in Montenegro is 9.05% of the country's area, which mainly comes from the five national parks of Montenegro.[98]
Politics
Since the breakup of the political union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2006, Montenegro has been an independent, sovereign state.
Montenegro is a parliamentary representative democratic republic with a codified constitution established in 2007. The constitution describes Montenegro as a "civic, democratic, ecological state of social justice, based on the reign of Law".[101] Montenegro is a multi-party system.
The President of Montenegro is the representative head of state, elected for a period of five years through direct election. The President promotes the country internationally through diplomatic engagements, promulgates laws by ordinance, calls elections for the Parliament, and ceremonially proposes candidates for Prime Minister, president and justices of the Constitutional Court to the Parliament. The President also ceremonially proposes the calling of a referendum to Parliament, grants amnesty for criminal offences prescribed by the national law, confers decoration and awards and performs other constitutional duties and is a member of the Supreme Defence Council. The official residence of the President is in Cetinje. The incumbent president is Jakov Milatović who has held the position since May 2023.
The Government of Montenegro is the executive branch of government authority of Montenegro and led by the Prime Minister.[102] The role of Prime Minister is the most politically powerful office in Montenegro. All of Montenegro's governments since 2006 have been coalitions comprising a minimum of three political parties. The government is primarily based in Podgorica.
The
In 2019, Montenegro was described as a
Đukanović's pro-European and pro-NATO Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS) narrowly lost the 2020 parliamentary election which ended the party's 30-year rule[104] and the pro-Serbia "For the Future of Montenegro" (ZBCG) parliamentary group, composed mainly of Serb nationalist parties, formed a government under Prime Minister Zdravko Krivokapic.[105] Prime Minister Krivokapic's government was toppled in a no-confidence vote after just 14 months in power.[106]
In April 2022, a new minority government, led by Prime Minister Dritan Abazović, brought together moderate parties that are both pro-European and pro-Serb. However, his government lost a confidence vote after only 113 days. Since Montenegro had been unable to find a government which could command the confidence of the Parliament,[107] Abazović remained in his post until the Spajić Cabinet had been formed after the Parliamentary election which took place on 11 June 2023, where the Europe Now! party led by Milojko Spajić won the most seats.[108] In October 2023, a new minority government with confidence and supply support from ZBCG enabled Milojko Spajić to become the new prime minister.[109]
Foreign relations
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was given the task of defining the foreign policy priorities and activities needed for their implementation in cooperation with other state administration authorities, the President, the Speaker of the Parliament, and other relevant stakeholders.[110]
The country joined NATO on 5 June 2017.[111] Integration into the European Union remains a high-priority for Montenegro and has been the focus of Montenegrin foreign policy since its independence from Serbia.[112] In June 2023, newly elected President Milatović stated that he expects Montenegro to join the European Union by 2027 or 2028.[113]
Military and law enforcement
The
Montenegro is a NATO member[114] and a member of Adriatic Charter.[115] The government planned to have the army participate in peacekeeping missions through the UN and NATO such as the International Security Assistance Force.[116]
Civil law enforcement in Montenegro is primarily the responsibility of the Police Directorate, the national police force. Municipal police, known as Communal Police in Montenegro, enforce local laws in their respective municipalities.[117]
An agreement signed with the
Symbols
The flag includes a border and arms in gold and a golden lion in the center.
The national day of
In 2004, the Montenegrin legislature selected a popular Montenegrin traditional song, "Oh, Bright Dawn of May", as the national anthem. Montenegro's official anthem during the reign of King Nicholas I was Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori ("To Our Beautiful Montenegro").
Administrative divisions
Montenegro is divided into twenty-five municipalities (opština).[120] Each municipality can contain multiple cities and towns. Historically, the territory of the country was divided into nahije and during the beginning of SR Montenegro was divided into counties (srez).
Regions of Montenegro—designed for statistical purposes by the Statistical Office—have no administrative function. Note that other organizations (i.e. Football Association of Montenegro) use different municipalities as a part of similar regions.
Municipalities
Northern Region
Municipality | Area | Population | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Km² | Rank | Total | Rank | |
Andrijevica | 283 | 12 | 5,117 | 10 |
Berane | 544 | 6 | 28,305 | 3 |
Bijelo Polje | 924 | 2 | 46,676 | 1 |
Gusinje | 486 | 8 | 13,108 | 6 |
Kolašin | 897 | 3 | 8,420 | 8 |
Mojkovac | 367 | 11 | 8,669 | 7 |
Petnjica | 173 | 13 | 6,686 | 9 |
Plav | 486 | 7 | 13,549 | 5 |
Plužine | 854 | 4 | 3,286 | 12 |
Pljevlja | 1,346 | 1 | 31,060 | 2 |
Rožaje | 432 | 10 | 23,312 | 4 |
Šavnik | 553 | 5 | 2,077 | 13 |
Žabljak | 445 | 9 | 3,599 | 11 |
Central Region
Municipality | Area | Population | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Km² | Rank | Total | Rank | |
Cetinje | 899 | 3 | 16,757 | 4 |
Danilovgrad | 501 | 4 | 17,678 | 3 |
Nikšić | 2,065 | 1 | 72,824 | 2 |
Podgorica | 1,399 | 2 | 187,085 | 1 |
Tuzi | 236 | 5 | 12,096 | 5 |
Coastal Region
Municipality | Area | Population | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Km² | Rank | Total | Rank | |
Bar | 598 | 1 | 42,368 | 1 |
Budva | 122 | 5 | 19,170 | 5 |
Herceg Novi | 235 | 4 | 30,992 | 2 |
Kotor | 335 | 2 | 22,799 | 3 |
Tivat | 46 | 6 | 14,111 | 6 |
Ulcinj | 255 | 3 | 20,265 | 4 |
Economy
The economy of Montenegro is mostly
Montenegro joined the
Infrastructure
The Montenegrin road infrastructure is not at Western European standards. No roads meet full motorway standards. Construction of new motorways is considered a national priority, as they are important for uniform economic development and the development of Montenegro as an attractive tourist destination.
The
.The backbone of the Montenegrin rail network is the
Montenegro has two international airports, Podgorica Airport and Tivat Airport.
The
In 2023 there is a plan to install an
Tourism
A total of 2.1 million visitors visited Montenegro in 2022 spending 12.4m nights there.[124] The majority of foreign visitors to Montenegro come from the neighbouring countries of Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, as well as Russia.[125]
The Montenegrin
National Geographic Traveler (edited once a decade) ranks Montenegro among the "50 Places of a Lifetime". Montenegrin seaside town Sveti Stefan was once used as the cover for the magazine.[128] The coast region of Montenegro was considered one of the great "discoveries" among world tourists. In January 2010, The New York Times ranked the Ulcinj South Coast region of Montenegro, including Velika Plaža, Ada Bojana, and the Hotel Mediteran of Ulcinj, among the "Top 31 Places to Go in 2010" as part of a worldwide ranking.[129]
Demographics
Ethnic structure
The 2011 census reported 620,029 citizens.[131] Montenegro is a multiethnic state with no ethnic majority.[132][133] Major ethnic groups include Montenegrins (Црногорци/Crnogorci), consisting of 45% of the population. and Serbs (Срби/Srbi), consisting of 28.7% of the population. Minor ethnic groups include Bosniaks (Bošnjaci), Muslims (Muslimani), Albanians (Albanci – Shqiptarët) and Croats (Hrvati). The number of "Montenegrins" and "Serbs" fluctuates widely from census to census due to changes in how people perceive, experience, or choose to express their identity and ethnic affiliation.[134][135][136] The Montenegrin Roma population is estimated to be 20,000.[137]
Languages
The official language in Montenegro is
Religion
Montenegro has historically stood at the crossroads of multiculturalism, and over centuries this has shaped its unique co-existence between its Christian and Muslim populations.[140] Montenegrins have throughout history been Eastern Orthodox Christians that are members of the Serbian Orthodox Church, which is governed by the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral and the Eparchy of Budimlja and Nikšić.[141] Eastern Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion in Montenegro, with 72.1% of the population adhering to the religion.[142] Meanwhile, the Serbian Orthodox Church is the largest and most popular church, with approximately 90% of Orthodox Christians in Montenegro following the church.[143] A schismatic church called The Montenegrin Orthodox Church, which broke off from the Serbian Orthodox church in 1993, is followed by the remaining 10% of Orthodox Christians in the country. It also has not been officially recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and is not in communion with any other canonical Orthodox Christian Church.[144]
Despite tensions between religious groups during the
Culture
Montenegrin culture has been shaped most importantly by Orthodox, Ottoman (Turk), Slavic, Central European, and seafaring Adriatic cultures (notably parts of Italy, like the Republic of Venice).
Montenegro has many significant cultural and historical sites, including heritage sites from the pre-
One cultural dimension is the ethical ideal of Čojstvo i Junaštvo, "Humaneness and Gallantry".
Media
Television, magazines, and newspapers are operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations that depend on advertising,
Sport
Sport in Montenegro revolves mostly around
Among women sports, the national handball team is the most successful, winning the country's first Olympic medal, claiming silver at the 2012 Summer Olympics. This was followed by the 2012 European Championship which Montenegro won, becoming European champions. ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica has twice won the EHF Champions League. Montenegro was one of the host countries for the 2022 European Women's Handball Championship and came third.
Chess is another popular sport and notable global chess players such as Slavko Dedić were born there.
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Nikola Vučević, basketball player
-
Stevan Jovetić, football player
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Danka Kovinić, tennis player
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Football fans at Podgorica City Stadium.
Cuisine
The first major influences to Montenegrin cuisine came from the
See also
Explanatory notes
Citations
- ^ Podgorica is the administrative capital while Cetinje is considered the old royal capital
- WIPO. 19 October 2007.
The official language in Montenegro shall be Montenegrin. Cyrillic and Latin alphabet shall be equal.
- WIPO. 19 October 2007.
Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.
- ^ a b "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011" (PDF). Monstat. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ "Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT".
- ^ a b c d e f "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Montenegro)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ "Eurostat". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
- ^ "Влада Црне Горе". Vlada Crne Gore (in Montenegrin). Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ "Vlada Crne Gore". Влада Црне Горе (in Montenegrin). Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ "Montenegro – The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. 19 October 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ "Montenegro – History". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ "Montenegro / Crna Gora – Country Profile". Montenegro. 12 October 1992. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ Plavi dvorac, Cetinje, waytomonte.com
- ^ ISBN 9780521414111.
- ^ ISBN 9780295800646.
- ISBN 9780472100255.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-486-56569-0.
- ^ "Serbia ends union with Montenegro". The Irish Times. 5 June 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
- ^ Taylor, Adam (14 September 2014). "The 9 newest countries in the world". Washington Post.
- ^ "Montenegro Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption". The Heritage Foundation. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ United Nations. "Country Insights".
- ^ "Membership of Montenegro in International Organizations". mvp.gov.me. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ "Montenegro". European Western Balkans. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ "European Neighbourhood Policy And Enlargement Negotiations – European Commission". European Neighbourhood Policy And Enlargement Negotiations – European Commission. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ "Montenegro History – Part I". visit-montenegro.com. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- ^ "Crna Gora: Istorijski razvoj". Eurydice – European Commission. 9 October 2017. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
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General and cited sources
- ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
- ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- ISBN 978-1-85065-895-5.
- Pope, Stephen; Wheal, lizabeth-Anne; Robbins, Keith (2003). Dictionary of the First World War. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Military Classics. ISBN 9780850529791.
- ISBN 978-3-486-56569-0.
Further reading
- Banac, Ivo. The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics ISBN 0-8014-9493-1
- Fleming, Thomas. Montenegro: The Divided Land (2002) ISBN 0-9619364-9-5
- Longley, Norm. The Rough Guide to Montenegro (2009) ISBN 978-1-85828-771-3
- Morrison, Kenneth. Montenegro: A Modern History (2009) ISBN 978-1-84511-710-8
- Özcan, Uğur II. Abdulhamid Dönemi Osmanlı-Karadağ Siyasi İlişkileri [Political relations between the Ottoman Empire and Montenegro in the Abdul Hamid II era] (2013) Türk Tarih Kurumu Turkish Historical Society ISBN 978-975-16-2527-4
- Roberts, Elizabeth. Realm of the Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro (Cornell University Press, 2007) 521pp ISBN 978-1-85065-868-9
- Stevenson, Francis Seymour. A History of Montenegro 2002) ISBN 978-1-4212-5089-2
External links
- Official website of the Government of Montenegro (English)
- Montenegro in The World Factbook of the Central Intelligence Agency
- Montenegro from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Montenegro at Curlie
- Montenegro profile from the BBC News
- Culture Corner – leading Montenegrin web portal for culture
- Official website National Parks Montenegro
- Wikimedia Atlas of Montenegro
- Geographic data related to Montenegro at OpenStreetMap