Moonraker (film)
Moonraker | |
---|---|
Directed by | Lewis Gilbert |
Screenplay by | Christopher Wood |
Based on | Moonraker by Ian Fleming |
Produced by | Albert R. Broccoli |
Starring | |
Cinematography | Les Productions Artistes Associés |
Distributed by | United Artists |
Release dates |
|
Running time | 126 minutes |
Countries | United Kingdom[1] United States[2] France[2] |
Language | English |
Budget | $34 million |
Box office | $210.3 million |
Moonraker is a 1979
The story was intended by author Ian Fleming to become a film even before he completed the novel in 1954; he based it on a screenplay manuscript he had devised earlier. The film's producers had originally intended to make For Your Eyes Only, but chose Moonraker owing to the rise of the science fiction genre in the wake of the Star Wars phenomenon. Budgetary issues led to the film being shot primarily in France; other locations included Italy, Brazil, Guatemala and the United States. The soundstages of Pinewood Studios in England, traditionally used for the series, were only used by the special effects team.
Moonraker had a high production cost of $34 million,[5] more than twice as much as The Spy Who Loved Me (1977), and it received mixed reviews. However, the film's visuals were praised, with Derek Meddings being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, and it eventually became the highest-grossing film of the series at the time with $210.3 million worldwide,[5] a record that stood until 1995's GoldenEye.
This was Bernard Lee's final outing as M. Lee was scheduled to reprise his role in For Your Eyes Only, but was admitted to hospital in November 1980, diagnosed with stomach cancer. He then died in January 1981 before any of M's scenes could be filmed.[6]
Plot
A Drax Industries Moonraker
In Venice, Bond encounters Goodhead and observes her snooping around a door near the glass factory, then is chased through the canals by Drax's henchmen. He returns to the factory at night to investigate and discovers a secret biological laboratory, and learns that the glass vials are to hold a
Bond survives attacks by Jaws, Chang's replacement, during
Bond and Goodhead disable the
Cast
- Commander James Bond "007", an MI6 agent assigned to look into the theft of a shuttle from the "Moonraker" space programme.
- Lois Chiles as Holly Goodhead, an astronaut scientist on loan from NASA working at Drax Industries. She is later revealed to be a CIA agent.
- Michael Lonsdale as Hugo Drax, an industrialist who plans to poison all humans on Earth, then repopulate the planet from his space station.
- Richard Kiel as Jaws, Drax's new henchman who replaces Chang at Drax Industries. He is known for his giant stature and possessing a set of strong steel teeth.
- Corinne Cléry as Corinne Dufour, Drax's personal pilot.
- Emily Bolton as Manuela, 007's contact in Rio.
- Toshiro Suga as Chang, Drax's first henchman.
- Irka Bochenko as Blonde Beauty, Drax's lead henchwoman.
- Frederick Gray
- Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny, M's secretary.
- Bernard Lee as "M", the head of MI6. This was Bernard Lee's final appearance as M.
- Desmond Llewelyn as "Q", MI6's "quartermaster" who supplies Bond with multipurpose vehicles and gadgets useful for the latter's mission.
- Anne Lonnberg as a museum guide, and Drax's henchwoman.
- Jean-Pierre Castaldi as the pilot of the private jet from the opening sequence.
- Blanche Ravalec as Dolly, Jaws' girlfriend; her name is not given in dialogue but she is named in the closing credits.
- Michael Marshall as Colonel Scott, an American Space Marines commander.
- Leila Shenna as the hostess of the private jet from the opening sequence.
Production
The end credits for the previous Bond film, The Spy Who Loved Me, said, "James Bond will return in For Your Eyes Only," however, following the box office success of the 1977 space-themed film Star Wars, the producers chose the novel Moonraker as the basis for the next film.[7] For Your Eyes Only was postponed and ended up following Moonraker in 1981.[8]
Script
However, as with several previous Bond films, the story from Fleming's novel is almost entirely dispensed with, and little more than the idea of Hugo Drax as an industrialist who makes rockets was used in the film. Drax has a plan for a master race in the film, but in the novel actually had been a Nazi (unbeknownst to the British). The dramatic scene of Bond and his female companion being trapped in an exhaust duct under a rocket where they are nearly burned to death also appears in the film. Otherwise the film is more in keeping with contemporary trends in science fiction. The 2002 Bond film Die Another Day makes further use of some ideas and character names from the novel. Tom Mankiewicz wrote a short outline for Moonraker that was mostly discarded. According to Mankiewicz, footage shot at Drax's lairs was considerably more detailed than the edited result in the final version.[14] Some scenes from Mankiewicz's script were used in subsequent films, including the Acrostar Jet sequence, used in the pre-credit sequence for Octopussy, and the Eiffel Tower scene in A View to a Kill.[7]
In 1978 Steven Spielberg offered to direct the film after the release of Close Encounters of the Third Kind, but Albert R. Broccoli turned him down.[15]
In March 2004 rumours surfaced about a lost 1956 version of Moonraker by Orson Welles, and a James Bond web site repeated it on April Fool's Day in 2004 as a hoax. Supposedly, this recently discovered lost film consisted of 40 minutes of raw footage with Dirk Bogarde as Bond, Welles as Drax, and Peter Lorre as Drax's henchman.[16]
Novelization
The screenplay of Moonraker differed so much from Ian Fleming's novel that
Casting
Roger Moore had originally signed a three-film contract with Eon Productions, which covered his first three appearances: Live and Let Die in 1973, The Man with the Golden Gun in 1974 and The Spy Who Loved Me in 1977. From Moonraker onwards, Moore was contracted on a film-by-film basis.
Initially, the chief villain, Hugo Drax, was to be played by British actor James Mason, but once the decision was made that the film would be an Anglo-French co-production under the 1965–1979 film treaty, French actor Michael Lonsdale was cast as Drax and Corinne Cléry was chosen for the part of Corinne Dufour, to comply with qualifying criteria of the agreement.[18] Stewart Granger and Louis Jourdan were considered also for the role of Drax.[19][20] Jourdan later portrayed prince Kamal Khan, chief villain of Octopussy. American actress Lois Chiles had originally been offered the role of Anya Amasova in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977), but had turned down the part when she decided to take temporary retirement. Chiles was cast as Holly Goodhead by chance, when she was given the seat next to Lewis Gilbert on a flight and he believed she would be ideal for the role as the CIA scientist.[7] Jaclyn Smith was originally offered the role of Holly Goodhead but had to turn it down owing to scheduling conflicts with Charlie's Angels. Drax's henchman Chang was played by Japanese aikido instructor Toshiro Suga; he was recommended for the role by executive producer Michael G. Wilson, who was one of his pupils.[7] Wilson, continuing a tradition he started in the film Goldfinger, has a small cameo role in Moonraker: he appears twice, first as a tourist outside the Venini Glass shop and museum in Venice, then at the end of the film as a technician in the US Navy control room.
The Jaws character, played by Richard Kiel, makes a return, although in Moonraker the role is played more for comedic effect than in The Spy Who Loved Me. Jaws was intended to be a villain against Bond to the bitter end, but director Lewis Gilbert stated on the DVD documentary that he received so much fan mail from small children saying "Why can't Jaws be a goodie not a baddie", that as a result he was persuaded to gradually transform Jaws into Bond's ally by the end of the film.[7]
Originally Jaws's girlfriend was going to be portrayed as even more massive than him, but Kiel insisted on a rewrite.[10] Diminutive French actress Blanche Ravalec, who had recently begun her career with minor roles in French films such as Michel Lang's Holiday Hotel (1978) and Claude Sautet's A Simple Story (1978), was cast as the bespectacled Dolly, the girlfriend of Jaws. Originally, the producers were dubious about whether the audience would accept the height difference between them, and only made their decision once they were informed by Richard Kiel that his real-life wife was of the same height.[21] Lois Maxwell's 22-year-old daughter, Melinda Maxwell, was also cast as one of the "perfect" human specimens from Drax's master race.[9]
Filming
Production began on 14 August 1978. The main shooting was switched from the usual 007 Stage at the Pinewood Studios to France, because of the high taxation in Britain at the time. Only the cable car interiors and space battle exteriors were filmed at Pinewood. The massive sets designed by Ken Adam were the largest ever constructed in France and required more than 222,000 man-hours to construct (roughly 1,000 hours by each of the crew, on average).[7]
Drax's mansion, set in California, was actually filmed at the Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte, about 55 kilometres (34 mi) southeast of Paris, for the exteriors and Grand Salon. The remaining interiors, including some of the scenes with Corinne Defour and the drawing room, were filmed at the Château de Guermantes.[7]
Much of the film was shot in the cities of London, Paris, Venice, Palmdale, California, Port St. Lucie, Florida, and Rio de Janeiro. The production team had considered India and Nepal as locations, but after scouting trips these were rejected as impractical to work into the script, particularly considering the time constraints.[7] They decided on Rio de Janeiro relatively early on, a city that producer Albert R. Broccoli had visited on holiday, and a team was sent there in early 1978 to capture initial footage from the Carnival, which featured in the film.[7]
At the Rio de Janeiro location, many months later, Roger Moore arrived several days later than scheduled for shooting, owing to recurrent health problems and an attack of
The
The early scene in which Jaws pushes Bond out of the aircraft without a parachute took weeks of planning and preparation. The skydiving sequence was coordinated by Don Calvedt under the supervision of second unit director John Glen and was shot above Lake Berryessa in northern California. As Calvedt and skydiving champion B.J. Worth developed the equipment for the scene, which included a 1-inch-thick (25 mm) parachute pack that could be concealed beneath the suit to give the impression of the missing parachute, and equipment to prevent the freefalling cameraman from suffering whiplash while opening his parachute, they brought in stuntman Jake Lombard to test it all. Lombard eventually played Bond in the scene, with Worth as the pilot from whom Bond takes a parachute, and Ron Luginbill as Jaws. Both Lombard and Worth became regular members of the stunt team for aerial sequences in later Bond films.[7][24][25] When the stuntmen opened their parachutes at the end of every shoot, custom-sewn velcro costume seams separated to allow the hidden parachutes to open.[9] The skydiver cinematographer used a lightweight Panavision experimental plastic anamorphic lens, bought from an old pawn shop in Paris, which he had adapted, and attached to his helmet to shoot the entire sequence. The scene took a total of 88 skydives by the stuntmen to be completed.[7] The only scenes shot in studio were close-ups of Roger Moore and Richard Kiel.[24]
Since
As James Bond is arriving at the scene of the pheasant shoot, a trumpet is sounded playing the first three brass notes from
Music
Moonraker was the third of three Bond films for which the theme song was performed by Shirley Bassey (following Goldfinger and Diamonds Are Forever). Frank Sinatra was originally considered for the vocals, and Kate Bush was asked, but she declined.[29] Johnny Mathis was approached and offered the opportunity. However, Mathis—despite having started recording with Barry—was unable to complete the project, leaving producers to offer the song to Bassey just weeks before the premiere date in England.[30] Bassey made the recordings with very short notice and as a result, she never regarded the song 'as her own' as she had never had the chance to perform it in full or promote it first.[30] The film uses two versions of the title theme song, a ballad version heard over the main titles, and a disco version over the closing titles. The song made little impact on the charts, reaching #159, partly attributed to Bassey's failure to promote the single, given the last-minute decision to quickly record it to meet the schedule[31] and also confusion regarding the two versions of the track, when the United Artists single release labelled the tracks on the 7" single as "Moonraker (Main Title)" for the version used to close the film and "Moonraker (End Title)" for the track that opened the film.[32][33]
In 2005, Bassey sang the song for the first time outside James Bond on stage as part of a medley of her three Bond title songs.[30] An instrumental strings version of the title theme was used in 2007 tourism commercials for the Dominican Republic.
The soundtrack of Moonraker was composed by
Release and reception
Moonraker premiered on 26 June 1979 at the
With Moonraker, we went too far in the outlandish. The audience did not believe any more and Roger spoofed too much.
Moonraker received a mixed reception by critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 60% approval rating based on 57 reviews, with an average rating of 5.50/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Featuring one of the series' more ludicrous plots but outfitted with primo gadgets and spectacular sets, Moonraker is both silly and entertaining."[41] On Metacritic the film has a score of 66% based on reviews from 13 critics.[42]
The New York Times film critic Vincent Canby called Moonraker "one of the most buoyant Bond films of all. Almost everyone connected with the movie is in top form, even Mr. Moore. Here he's as ageless, resourceful, and graceful as the character he inhabits."[43] Canby subsequently said the film was, alongside Goldfinger, the best of the series.[44]
The Globe and Mail critic Jay Scott said Moonraker was second only to Goldfinger. "In the first few minutes – before the credits – it offers more thrills than most escapist movies provide in two hours." During the title sequence, "the excitement has gone all the way up to giddy and never comes down." Scott admired the film's theme song and cited with approval the film's location work. He also singled out Ken Adam's sets, dubbing them "high-tech Piranesi."[45]
Frank Rich of Time felt "The result is a film that is irresistibly entertaining as only truly mindless spectacle can be. Those who have held out on Bond movies over 17 years may not be convinced by Moonraker, but everyone else will be."[46]
Reviewers such as James Berardinelli praised the visual effects and stunts,[47] and film scholar James Monaco designated the film a "minor masterpiece" and declared it the best Bond film of them all.[48]
However, other critics consider Moonraker one of the lesser films in the series, largely because of the extent and absurdity of the plot which takes James Bond into space, some of the ploys used in the film for comedic effect, and its extended dialogue. In November 2006, Entertainment Weekly ranked Moonraker fourteenth among the Bond films, describing it as "by far the campiest of all 007 movies" with "one of the worst theme songs."[49] IGN listed it eleventh, calling it outlandish and saying that despite the actors "trying what they can to ground the film in reality, the laser gun/space station finale pretty much undercuts their efforts."[50] Norman Wilner of MSN chose it as the fourth worst film of the series, considering that the film "just flat-out sucks."[51]
Critic Nicholas Sylvain said "Moonraker seems to have more than its share of little flaws and annoyances which begin right from the opening pre-credit sequence. The sheer idiocy (and impossibility) of having a fully fueled shuttle on the back of the Boeing during the trans-Atlantic crossing should be evident, and later in the film, the whole Jaws-falls-in-love and becomes a 'good guy' routine leaves me rather cold, and provides far too much cheesy comedy moments, as does the gondola driving through the square scene."[52]
In a review of the film from 1979, Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune took a critical view of its amount of product placement, and observed:
In the beginning of the Bond series, before they were thought of as a series, each film was a good action picture with a colourful, entertaining hero.
Today, they come off as conglomerate business enterprises rather than movies. How else does one explain the intrusive commercial plugs in "Moonraker" for
Bollinger champagne, Glastron boats, and Seikowatches? Truly, money derived from these plugs can't be worth the loss of story continuity when the products are flashed in front of the camera. Someone is being awfully cheap about the plugs, which borders on incredibility because the James Bond series is one of the surest moneymakers in the film business. Maybe the producers of "Moonraker" are blind to story construction?That certainly would explain the film's failure.[53]
In a review of the film from the same year, the Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert, while clearly expressing his approval of the advanced special effects and Ken Adam's extravagant production sets, criticised the pace in which the locations of the film evolved, remarking, "it's so jammed with faraway places and science fiction special effects that Bond has to move at a trot just to make it into all the scenes."[54]
Reviewing Moonraker, film critic Danny Peary wrote, "The worst James Bond film to date has Roger Moore walking through the paces for his hefty paycheck and giving way to his double for a series of unimaginative action scenes and 'humorous' chases. There's little suspense and the humor falls flat. Not only is Jaws so pacified by love that he becomes a good guy, but the filmmakers also have the gall to set the finale in outer space and stage a battle right out of Star Wars."[56]
The exaggerated nature of the plot and space station sequence has seen the film parodied on numerous occasions. Of note is the
Sean Connery, who had played James Bond in six of the first seven films in the series, stated in an interview that: "I went in London to see Moonraker with Roger and I think it's departed so much from any sort of credence from the reality that we had [in my six films]." He also criticized the film for having "such a dependence on the effects" and that it had "no substance".[58]
Jim Smith and Stephen Lavington, in their 2002 retrospective Bond Films, thought the movie shared too many similarities with its predecessor (The Spy Who Loved Me), and faulted Bond's "patronizing" attitude towards women and Holly Goodhead's ineptitude. They summarize Moonraker as "ghastly, painful viewing."[59]
However, the opening skydiving sequence, in which Bond is pushed out of an aeroplane by Jaws, and must obtain a parachute from the pilot skydiving below him, has come to be considered one of the series best pre-title sequences.[60] It is frequently lauded by critics and fans as one of the most spectacular action sequences in the Bond series.[61]
Television
Moonraker had its US television premiere on the
Accolades
Derek Meddings, Paul Wilson and John Evans were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects,[64] and the film was nominated for three Saturn Awards, Best Science Fiction Film, Best Special Effects, and Best Supporting Actor (Richard Kiel).[65]
Mandela effect debate
Significant debate and discussion surrounds a scene in Moonraker, potentially the result of the
Many fans of the film claim that they recall Dolly having metal braces during her smile, in what would have been a joke about both individuals possessing metal teeth. However, in the VHS, DVD, & Blu-ray releases of the film, Dolly clearly does not possess braces. Some fans believe that Dolly possessed braces in the theatrical run of the film, which have been removed since, while opponents of the theory claimed that she never possessed braces, with the notion that she did being the result of the Mandela effect. Online articles have generally agreed that braces did not exist and are the result of a Mandela effect.[66][67]
Some fans have pointed to a 1979 review for the film from the Los Angeles Times, film critic Charles Champlin wrote: "Kiel...even acquires a love interest, a small, voluptuous blonde named Blanche Ravalec. It would be a relationship made in heaven if only she wore braces."[68] The braces have been widely reported by the media, with a 2014 BBC News article even referring to Dolly as having had braces.[69]
Conversely, actress Blanche Ravalec, who played Dolly, wrote in 2016 that she never wore braces in the film.[70]
See also
References
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- ^ a b Moonraker at the American Film Institute Catalog
- ^ "The Official 1979 Moonraker Magazine". The James Bond 007 Dossier. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
- ^ "The Official 1979 Moonraker Magazine" (PDF). The James Bond 007 Dossier. 26 July 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
- ^ a b c Block & Autrey Wilson 2010, p. 428.
- ^ Elvy, Craig (21 March 2022). "Why For Your Eyes Only Is The Only Bond Movie Without M". Screen Rant. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
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- ^ For Your Eyes Only Special Edition, Region 2 (DVD). MGM. 1981.
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- ^ a b c "The Filming of Another Audience With Shirley Bassey". Bassey.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^ "Moonraker:Music written by John Barry and lyrics by Hal David". Songs of Shirley Bassey. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
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- ^ Brown, Chris (7 July 1979). "Bond goes sky high". Screen International. p. 2.
- ^ "Strong Bond". Screen International. 19 December 1997. p. 31.
- Daily Variety. p. 1.
- Daily Variety. 6 August 1979. p. 1.
- ^ a b "Latest Bond Caper, 17 Weeks Out, Reaches $126,706,985 (World)". Variety. 31 October 1979. p. 3.
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- ^ "Moonraker". Metacritic.
- ^ Canby, Vincent (29 June 1979). "Moonraker". The New York Times. Vol. 128, no. 44263.
- ^ Canby, Vincent (26 June 1981). "For Your Eyes Only". The New York Times. Vol. 130, no. 44991.
- ^ Scott, Jay (30 June 1979). "MOONRAKER:007 in space as good as ever". The Globe and Mail. p. 29.
- ^ Rich, Frank (2 July 1979). "Agent 007 Goes into Orbit". Time.
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- ^ Norman Wilner. "Rating the Spy Game". MSN. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
- ^ Sylvain, Nick. "Verdict on Moonraker". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
- ^ Siskel, Gene (29 June 1979). "General mediocrity, sorry story mar 'Moonraker'". Chicago Tribune.
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- ^ "The Best Sequels Ever!". Film Review: 25. 2002.
- ^ Sean Connery: Did he like Roger Moore as Bond? His reaction to on screen kissing!. YouTube. 13 May 2017. Event occurs at 4 minutes. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021.
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- ^ "Sir Roger Moore's best Bond moments". Evening Standard. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
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- ^ Cronin, Brian (12 August 2020). "How James Bond's Moonraker Spurred a Strange Dental Legend". CBR.
- ^ MI6 Staff (7 November 2016). "Dolly Never Wore Braces". MI6-HQ.com.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Champlin, Charles (29 June 1979). "James Bond Goes to Space". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "In pictures: Richard Kiel". BBC News. 11 September 2014.
- ^ Vaughn (2019). "Dolly Has Braces". DebunkingMandelaEffects.
Sources
- Block, Alex Ben; Autrey Wilson, Lucy (2010). George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-by-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success. London: ISBN 978-0-06-177889-6.
External links
- Moonraker at IMDb
- Moonraker at the TCM Movie Database
- Moonraker at AllMovie
- Moonraker at Box Office Mojo
- MGM's official site for Moonraker