Moravia
Moravia
Morava | |
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Lednice Castle | |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Primary airport | Brno–Tuřany Airport |
Highways |
Moravia[a] (Czech: Morava [ˈmorava] ⓘ; German: Mähren) is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic and one of three historical Czech lands, with Bohemia and Czech Silesia.
The medieval and early modern
Its area of 22,623.41 km2
Toponymy
The region and former margraviate of Moravia, Morava in Czech, is named after its principal river Morava. It is theorized that the river's name is derived from Proto-Indo-European *mori: "waters", or indeed any word denoting water or a marsh.[13]
The German name for Moravia is Mähren, from the river's German name March. This could have a different etymology, as march is a term used in the Medieval times for an outlying territory, a border or a frontier (cf. English march). In Latin, the name Moravia was used.
Geography
Moravia occupies most of the eastern part of the
Moravia occupies an exceptional position in Central Europe. All the
Moravia borders
Today Moravia includes the South Moravian and Zlín regions, vast majority of the Olomouc Region, southeastern half of the Vysočina Region and parts of the Moravian-Silesian, Pardubice and South Bohemian regions.
Geologically, Moravia covers a transitive area[
The fluvial system of Moravia is very cohesive, as the region border is similar to the watershed of the Morava river, and thus almost the entire area is drained exclusively by a single stream. Morava's far biggest tributaries are Thaya (Dyje) from the right (or west) and
History
Pre-history
Evidence of the presence of members of the human genus,
Attracted by suitable living conditions, early modern humans settled in the region by the
Roman era
Around 60 BC, the
In the 2nd century AD, a
Ancient Moravia
A variety of Germanic and major
Union with Bohemia
Following the defeat of the Magyars by Emperor
Throughout the Přemyslid era, junior princes often ruled all or part of Moravia from
The main line of the
After his death followed the
The subsequent 21-year period of a divided kingdom was decisive for the rising awareness of a specific Moravian identity, distinct from that of Bohemia. Although Moravia was reunited with Bohemia in 1490 when
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Bohemia and Moravia in the 12th century
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Church of St. Thomas in Brno, mausoleum of Moravian branch House of Luxembourg, rulers of Moravia; and the old governor's palace, a former Augustinian abbey
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12th century Romanesque St. Procopius Basilica in Třebíč
Habsburg rule (1526–1918)
After the death of King
Brno and Olomouc served as Moravia's capitals until 1641. As the only city to successfully resist the Swedish invasion, Brno become the sole capital following the capture of Olomouc. The Margraviate of Moravia had, from 1348 in Olomouc and Brno, its own Diet, or parliament, zemský sněm (Landtag in German), whose deputies from 1905 onward were elected separately from the ethnically separate German and Czech constituencies.
The oldest surviving theatre building in Central Europe, the Reduta Theatre, was established in 17th-century Moravia. Ottoman Turks and Tatars invaded the region in 1663, taking 12,000 captives.[35] In 1740, Moravia was invaded by Prussian forces under Frederick the Great, and Olomouc was forced to surrender on 27 December 1741. A few months later the Prussians were repelled, mainly because of their unsuccessful siege of Brno in 1742. In 1758, Olomouc was besieged by Prussians again, but this time its defenders forced the Prussians to withdraw following the Battle of Domstadtl. In 1777, a new Moravian bishopric was established in Brno, and the Olomouc bishopric was elevated to an archbishopric.[36] In 1782, the Margraviate of Moravia was merged with Austrian Silesia into Moravia-Silesia, with Brno as its capital. Moravia became a separate crown land of Austria again in 1849,[37][38] and then became part of Cisleithanian Austria-Hungary after 1867. According to Austro-Hungarian census of 1910 the proportion of Czechs in the population of Moravia at the time (2.622.000) was 71.8%, while the proportion of Germans was 27.6%.[39]
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Moravia's status
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Administrative division of Moravia as crown land of Austria in 1893
20th century
Following the break-up of the
During World War II, the Germans operated multiple forced labour camps in the region, including several subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs,[40] a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp in Brno for mostly Polish prisoners,[41] and a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Bílá Voda for Jewish women.[42] The occupiers also established several POW camps, including Heilag VIII-H, Oflag VIII-F and Oflag VIII-H, for French, British, Belgian and other Allied POWs in the region.[43]
In 1945 after the Allied defeat of Germany and the end of World War II, the German minority was
After the fall of the Soviet Union and the whole Eastern Bloc, the Czechoslovak Federal Assembly condemned the cancellation of Moravian-Silesian land and expressed "firm conviction that this injustice will be corrected" in 1990. However, after the breakup of Czechoslovakia into Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, Moravian area remained integral to the Czech territory, and the latest administrative division of Czech Republic (introduced in 2000) is similar to the administrative division of 1949. Nevertheless, the federalist or separatist movement in Moravia is completely marginal.
The centuries-lasting historical Bohemian-Moravian border has been preserved up to now only by the
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Jan Černý, president of Moravia in 1922–1926, later also Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia
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A general map of Moravia in the 1920s
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In 1928, Moravia was merged into Moravia-Silesia, one of four lands of Czechoslovakia, together with Bohemia, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus.
Economy
An area in
The Czech automotive industry also had a large role in the industry of Moravia in the 20th century; the factories of Wikov in Prostějov and Tatra in Kopřivnice produced many automobiles.
Moravia is also the centre of the Czech firearm industry, as the vast majority of Czech firearms manufacturers (e.g.
The
Aircraft production in the region started in 1930s; after a period of low production post-1989, there are signs of recovery post-2010, and production is expected to grow from 2013 onwards.[46]
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The Tatra 77 (1934)
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WIKOV Supersport (1931)
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Thonet No. 14 chair
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The speed train Tatra M 290.0 Slovenská strela 1936
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Zlín XIII aircraft on display at the National Technical Museum in Prague
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Zetor 25A tractor
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Electron microscope Brno
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Aeroplane L 410 NG byLet Kunovice
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Precise rifle scope by MeOpta
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The (modern) BREN gun M 2 11
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The modern EVO 2 tram
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Diesel railway coach class Bfhpvee295
Machinery industry
The machinery industry has been the most important industrial sector in the region, especially in
Electrical industry
The beginnings of the electrical industry in Moravia date back to 1918. The biggest centres of electrical production are Brno (VUES, ZPA Brno, EM Brno), Drásov, Frenštát pod Radhoštěm and Mohelnice (currently Siemens).
Cities and towns
Cities
- Brno, c. 396,000 inhabitants, former land capital and nowadays capital of South Moravian Region; industrial, judicial, educational and research centre; railway and motorway junction
- Moravská Ostrava, lies historically in Moravia, most of the outskirts are in Czech Silesia), capital of Moravian-Silesian Region, centre of heavy industry
- Olomouc, c. 102,000 inh., capital of Olomouc Region, medieval land capital, seat of Roman Catholic archbishop, cultural centre of Hanakia and Central Moravia
- Bata Shoescompany
- Frýdek-Místek, c. 54,000 inh., twin-city lying directly on the old Moravian-Silesian border (the western part, Místek, is Moravian), in the industrial area around Ostrava
- Moravian Highlands
- Prostějov, c. 44,000 inh., former centre of clothing and fashion industry, birthplace of Edmund Husserl
- Přerov, c. 42,000 inh., important railway hub and archeological site (Předmostí)
Towns
- Třebíč (35,000), another centre in the Highlands, with exceptionally preserved Jewish quarter
- Znojmo (34,000), historical and cultural centre of southwestern Moravia
- Kroměříž (28,000), historical town in southern Hanakia
- Vsetín (25,000), centre of the Moravian Wallachia
- Šumperk (25,000), centre of the north of Moravia, at the foot of Hrubý Jeseník
- Uherské Hradiště (25,000), cultural centre of the Moravian Slovakia
- Břeclav (25,000), important railway hub in the very south of Moravia
- Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
- Nový Jičín (23,000), historical town with hatting industry
- Valašské Meziříčí (23,000), centre of chemical industry in Moravian Wallachia
- Kopřivnice (22,000), centre of automotive industry (Tatra), south from Ostrava
- Žďár nad Sázavou (21,000), industrial town in the Highlands, near the border with Bohemia
- Vyškov (20,000), local centre at a motorway junction halfway between Brno and Olomouc
- Blansko (20,000), industrial town north from Brno, at the foot of the Moravian Karst
People
The Moravians are generally a Slavic ethnic group who speak various (generally more archaic) dialects of Czech. Before the expulsion of Germans from Moravia the Moravian German minority also referred to themselves as "Moravians" (Mährer). Those expelled and their descendants continue to identify as Moravian.
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
9th c. | 500,000 | — |
13th c. | 580,000 | +16.0% |
15th c. | 650,000 | +12.1% |
1775 | 1,134,674 | +74.6% |
1800 | 1,656,397 | +46.0% |
1810 | 1,346,802 | −18.7% |
1820 | 1,443,804 | +7.2% |
1830 | 1,643,637 | +13.8% |
1840 | 1,703,995 | +3.7% |
1850 | 1,793,674 | +5.3% |
1878 | 2,103,847 | +17.3% |
1880 | 2,160,471 | +2.7% |
1890 | 2,285,321 | +5.8% |
1900 | 2,447,121 | +7.1% |
1910 | 2,693,027 | +10.0% |
1921 | 2,662,884 | −1.1% |
1930 | 2,827,648 | +6.2% |
1950 | 2,610,650 | −7.7% |
2014 | 3,125,000 | +19.7% |
Source: Růžková, J., Josef Škrabal, J.; et al. (2006). Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2005 [Historical lexicon of municipalities in the Czech Republic 1869–2005] (PDF) (in Czech). Vol. Díl I. Český statistický úřad. pp. 51–54. ISBN 978-80-250-1311-3. ){{cite book}} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link |
Moravia historically had a large minority of
Moravians
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Comenius
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Gregor Mendel
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František Palacký
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Jaromír Mundy
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Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
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Leoš Janáček
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Sigmund Freud
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Edmund Husserl
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Alphonse Mucha
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Adolf Loos
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Tomáš Baťa
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Kurt Gödel
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Emil Zátopek
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Milan Kundera
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Ivan Lendl
Notable people from Moravia include (in order of birth):
- Anton Pilgram (1450–1516), architect, sculptor and woodcarver
- Jan Ámos Komenský (Comenius) (1592–1670), educator and theologian, last bishop of Unity of the Brethren
- Jesuit missionary to the Philippines, pharmacist and botanist
- Leni Lenape, "Apostle to the Indians"
- Georgius Prochaska (1749–1820), ophthalmologist and physiologist
- František Palacký (1798–1876), historian and politician, "The Father of the Czech nation"
- Gregor Mendel (1822–1884), founder of genetics
- Ernst Mach (1838–1916), physicist and philosopher
- Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk(1850–1937), philosopher and politician, first president of Czechoslovakia
- Leoš Janáček (1854–1928), composer
- Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), founder of psychoanalysis
- Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), philosopher
- Alfons Mucha(1860–1939), painter
- Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková (1868–1915), women's rights activist
- Adolf Loos (1870–1933), architect, pioneer of functionalism
- Karl Renner (1870–1950), Austrian statesman, co-founder of Friends of Nature movement
- Bata Shoescompany
- Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), economist and political scientist
- Marie Jeritza(1887–1982), soprano singer
- Hans Krebs (1888–1947), Nazi SS Brigadeführer executed for treason
- I Czechoslovak Army Corps, seventh president of Czechoslovakia
- Klement Gottwald (1896–1953), first Czechoslovak communist president
- Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897–1957), composer
- George Placzek (1905–1955), physicist, participant in Manhattan Project
- Kurt Gödel (1906–1978), theoretical mathematician
- Oskar Schindler (1908–1974), Nazi Germany entrepreneur, saviour of almost 1,200 Jews during the WWII
- R. Heydrich
- Bohumil Hrabal (1914–1997), writer
- Thomas J. Bata (1914–2008), entrepreneur, son of Tomáš Baťa and former head of the Bata shoe company
- Emil Zátopek (1922–2000), long-distance runner, multiple Olympic gold medalist
- Karel Reisz (1926–2002), filmmaker, pioneer of the British Free Cinema movement
- Milan Kundera (1929–2023), writer
- Václav Nedomanský (born 1944), ice hockey player
- Karel Kryl (1944–1994), poet and protest singer-songwriter
- Karel Loprais (1949–2021), truck race driver, multiple winner of the Dakar Rally
- Ivana Trump (1949–2022), socialite and business magnate, former wife of Donald Trump
- Ivan Lendl (born 1959), tennis player
- Petr Nečas (born 1964), politician, Czech Prime Minister 2010–2013
- Paulina Porizkova (born 1965), model, actress, writer
- Jana Novotná (1968–2017), tennis player
- Jiří Šlégr (born 1971), ice hockey player, member of the Triple Gold Club
- social-democratic politician, Czech Prime Minister2014–2017
- Magdalena Kožená (born 1973), mezzo-soprano
- Academy awardedsinger-songwriter
- Petra Kvitová (born 1990), tennis player
- rock climber
- Barbora Krejčíková (born 1996), tennis player
Ethnographic regions
Moravia can be divided on dialectal and lore basis into several ethnographic regions of comparable significance. In this sense, it is more heterogenous than Bohemia. Significant parts of Moravia, usually those formerly inhabited by the German speakers, are dialectally indifferent, as they have been resettled by people from various Czech (and Slovak) regions.
The principal cultural regions of Moravia are:
- Hanakia (Haná) in the central and northern part
- Lachia (Lašsko) in the northeastern tip
- Highlands (Horácko) in the west
- Moravian Slovakia (Slovácko) in the southeast
- Moravian Wallachia (Valašsko) in the east
Places of interest
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2016) |
World Heritage Sites
- Gardens and Castle at Kroměříž
- Historic Centre of Telč
- Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc
- Jewish Quarter and St Procopius' Basilica in Třebíč
- Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape
- Pilgrimage Church of St John of Nepomuk at Zelená Hora
- Tugendhat Villa in Brno
Other
- Hranice Abyss, the deepest known underwater cave in the world
See also
- Extreme points of Moravia
- Flag of Moravia
- German South Moravia
- Moravian traditional music
Notes
- ^ /məˈreɪviə/ mə-RAY-vee-ə,[6] also UK: /mɒˈ-/ morr-AY-,[7] US: /mɔːˈ-, moʊˈ-/ mor-AY-, moh-RAY-;[7][8]
- ^ Including Moravian enclaves in Silesia.[9][10]
References
- ^ a b "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023". Czech Statistical Office. 23 May 2023.
- ^ Royal Frankish Annals (year 822), pp. 111–112.
- ^ Morava, Iniciativa Naša. "Fakta o Moravě – Naša Morava".
- S2CID 161655879.
- ^ a b "Encyklopedie dějin města Brna". 2004.
- ^ "Moravia". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.; "Moravia". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ^ a b "Moravia". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ^ "Moravia". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ^ "Dodatek I. Přehled Moravy a Slezska podle žup". Statistický lexikon obcí v republice Československé. Morava a Slezsko (in Czech). Prague: Státní úřad statistický. 1924. p. 133.
- ^ "Dodatek IV. Moravské enklávy ve Slezsku". Statistický lexikon obcí v republice Československé. Morava a Slezsko (in Czech). Prague: Státní úřad statistický. 1924. p. 138.
- ^ a.s., Economia (18 February 2000). "Jsem Moravan?".
- ^ "Říkáte celé ČR Čechy? Pro Moraváky jste ignorant". 8 February 2010.
- ^ ŠRÁMEK, Rudolf, MAJTÁN, Milan, Lutterer, Ivan: Zeměpisná jména Československa, Mladá fronta (1982), Praha, p. 202.
- ^ .
- ^ Administrator. "About the multipurpose water corridor Danube-Oder-Elbe". Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
- ISBN 9789004119581.
- PMID 18242606.
- ^ Viegas, Jennifer (7 October 2011). "Prehistoric dog found with mammoth bone in mouth". Discovery News. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
- ^ Jonathan Jones: Carl Andre on notoriety and a 26,000-year-old portrait – the week in art. The Guardian 25 January 2013
- ^ "Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov sites".
- ^ Oldest homes were made of mammoth bone. The Times 29.8.2005
- ^ "Detašované pracoviště Dolní Dunajovice – Hradisko u Mušova".
- ^ "Opevnění – Detašované pracoviště Dolní Dunajovice, AÚ AV ČR Brno, v. v. i."
- ISBN 9788400088545– via Google Books.
- ^ "Lázeňská a obytná budova – Detašované pracoviště Dolní Dunajovice, AÚ AV ČR Brno, v. v. i."
- ^ Florin Kurta. The history and archaeology of Great Moravia: an introduction. in: "Early Medieval Europe", 2009 volume 17 (3)
- ^ Reuter, Timothy. (1991). Germany in the Early Middle Ages, London: Longman, page 82
- ISBN 978-3-7749-3730-7. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-86516-426-0.
- ^ The exact dating of the conquest of Moravia by Bohemian dukes is uncertain. Czech and some Slovak historiographers suggest the year 1019, while Polish, German and other Slovak historians suggest 1029, during the rule of Boleslaus' son, Mieszko II Lambert.
- ^ There are no primary testimonies about creating a margraviate (march) as distinct political unit
- ^ Svoboda, Zbyšek; Fojtík, Pavel; Exner, Petr; Martykán, Jaroslav (2013). "Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce" (PDF). Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169. Brno: Česká vexilologická společnost. pp. 3319, 3320.
- ^ Pícha, František (2013). "Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského" (PDF). Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169. Brno: Česká vexilologická společnost. pp. 3320–3324.
- ^ Evan Rail (23 September 2011). The Castles of Moravia. NYT 23.9.2011
- ^ Lánové rejstříky (1656–1711) Archived 12 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Czech)
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Moravia".
- ^ Czechoslovakia: A Country Study. US Army. 1898. p. 27.
- ^ "Moravia | historical region, Europe | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ISBN 3-7001-0075-2, p. 109.
- ^ "Working Parties". Lamsdorf.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- ^ "Brünn". Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- ^ "Subcamps of KL Gross-Rosen". Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoźnica. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
- S2CID 189878438.
- ^ "Jelínek's 400-Year Tradition of Making Slivovitz Bears Fruit in the U.S." OU Kosher Certification. 5 October 2010.
- ISSN 1213-7693.
- ^ Bill Lehane: ČSÚ (Czech statistical office) plays down census disputes – Campaign want to include Moravian language in count (Moravian identity). The Prague Post 9.3.2011 20
- Mladá fronta DNES(in Czech). iDnes. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
- ^ Zemanová, Barbora (12 November 2008). "Moravané tvoří spisovnou moravštinu". Brněnský Deník (in Czech). denik.cz. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
- ^ O spisovné moravštině a jiných "malých" jazycích (Naše řeč 5, ročník 83/2000) (in Czech)
- ^ Kolínková, Eliška (30 December 2008). "Amatérský jazykovědec prosazuje moravštinu jako nový jazyk". Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). iDnes. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
- ISBN 978-1-85359-813-5.
- ISBN 978-1-137-30877-1.
- ISBN 978-1-4330-7727-2.
Further reading
- The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful ... (1877), volume 15. London, Charles Knight. Moravia. pp. 397–398.
- ISBN 0-85229 961-3.
- Filip, Jan (1964). The Great Moravia exhibition. ČSAV (Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences).
- Galuška, Luděk, Mitáček Jiří, Novotná, Lea (eds.) (2010) Treausures of Moravia: story of historical land. Brno, ISBN 978-80-7028-371-4.
- Dolni Věstonice, 24,000 B.C." In section titled: "The Potter's Art", pp. 246–253.
- Dekan, Jan (1981). ISBN 0-89893-084-7.
- Hugh, Agnew (2004). The Czechs and the ISBN 0-8179-4491-5.
- ISBN 963-9116-48-3.
- Wihoda, Martin (2015), ISBN 9789004250499.
- Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1996) A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival ISBN 0-312-16125-5.
- R. J. H. Jenkins, Dumbarton Oaks Edition, Washington, D.C. (1993)
- Hlobil, Ivo, Daniel, Ladislav (2000), The last flowers of the middle ages: from the gothic to the renaissance in Moravia and Silesia. Olomouc/Brno, ISBN 9788085227406
- David, Jiří (2009). "Moravian estatism and provincial councils in the second half of the 17th century". Folia historica Bohemica. 1 24: 111–165. ISSN 0231-7494.
- Svoboda, Jiří A. (1999), Hunters between East and West: the paleolithic of Moravia. New York: Plenum Press, ISSN 0231-7494.
- Absolon, Karel (1949), The diluvial anthropomorphic statuettes and drawings, especially the so-called Venus statuettes, discovered in Moravia New York, Salmony 1949. ISSN 0231-7494.
- Musil, Rudolf (1971), G. Mendel's Discovery and the Development of Agricultural and Natural Sciences in Moravia. Brno, Moravian Museum.
- Šimsa, Martin (2009), Open-Air Museum of Rural Architecture in South-East Moravia. ISBN 9788087261194.
- Miller, Michael R. (2010), The Jews of Moravia in the Age of Emancipation, Cover of Rabbis and Revolution edition. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804770569.
- ISBN 9780773724167.
- Knox, Brian (1962), Bohemia and Moravia: An Architectural Companion. Faber & Faber.
External links
- Moravské zemské muzeum official website
- Moravian gallery official website
- Moravian library official website
- Moravian land archive official website Archived 26 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Czech)
- Province of Moravia – Czech Catholic Church – official website
- Welcome to the 2nd largest city of the CR (in Czech, English, and German)
- Welcome to Olomouc, city of good cheer... (in Czech, English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Russian, Japanese, and Chinese)
- Znojmo – City of Virtue Archived 8 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in Czech, English, and German)
- Texts on Wikisource:
- "New International Encyclopedia. Vol. XIII. 1905.
- "Moravia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XVI (9th ed.). 1883.
- "Moravia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Moravia". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. 1911.
- "