Morchella rufobrunnea

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Morchella rufobrunnea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Pezizomycetes
Order: Pezizales
Family: Morchellaceae
Genus: Morchella
Species:
M. rufobrunnea
Binomial name
Morchella rufobrunnea
Guzmán & F.Tapia (1998)
Morchella rufobrunnea
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Smooth hymenium
Cap is conical or ovate
Stipe is bare
Spore print is cream to yellow
Ecology is
saprotrophic
Edibility is choice

Morchella rufobrunnea, commonly known as the blushing morel, is a

ascomycete fungus in the family Morchellaceae. A choice edible species, the fungus was described as new to science in 1998 by mycologists Gastón Guzmán and Fidel Tapia from collections made in Veracruz, Mexico. Its distribution was later revealed to be far more widespread after several DNA studies suggested that it is also present in the West Coast of the United States, Israel, Australia, Cyprus, Malta and Switzerland
.

M. rufobrunnea grows in disturbed soil or in

Olea europaea), however, suggest the fungus may also be able to form facultative tree associations. Young fruit bodies have conical caps with pale ridges and dark grayish pits; mature specimens are yellowish to ochraceous-buff. The surface of the fruit body often bruises brownish orange to pinkish where it has been touched or injured, a characteristic for which the fungus is named, the New Latin rufobrunnea signifying "rufus brown". Mature fruit bodies can grow to a height of 9.0–15.5 cm (3.5–6.1 in). M. rufobrunnea differs from other Morchella species by its urban or suburban habitat preferences, in the color and form of the fruit body, the lack of a sinus at the attachment of the cap with the stipe, the length of the pits on the surface, and the bruising reaction. A process to cultivate
morels now known to be M. rufobrunnea was described and patented in the 1980s.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The first scientifically

M. virginiana (=M. sceptriformis).[5]

Mediterranean region.[10]

The

Vernacular names used for the fungus include "western white morel",[12] "blushing morel",[4] and—accounting for the existence of subtropical species in the "blushing clade"—"red-brown blushing morel".[13]

Description

Tiny dark granules are on the apex of the stipe.
The translucent, egg-shaped spores are up to 24 μm long.

Morchella frustrata), or M. sceptriformis. The stipe and hymenophore often exhibit ochraceous, orange or reddish stains, although this feature is neither constant nor exclusive to M. rufobrunnea and can be seen in a number of Morchella species, such as M. anatolica,[10] M. esculenta,[15] M. fluvialis,[16] M. guatemalensis,[1] M. palazonii,[15] and M. tridentina.[17]

In

scanning electron microscope. The cylindrical asci (spore-bearing cells) are 300–360 by 16–20 μm with walls up to 1.5 μm thick. Paraphyses measure 90–184 by 10–18.5 μm (6–9 μm thick if immature); they are hyaline, have 1–2 (–3) septa in the lower half and slightly enlarged, subcapitate tips. The flesh is made of thin-walled, hyaline hyphae measuring 3–9 μm wide. The stipe is a textura globosa, with scattered or locally fasciculate, polymorphic terminal elements measuring 15–70 × 12–16 μm.[1][17][10]

Morchella rubobrunnea is an edible fungus;[18] it has been described variously as "one of the tastiest members of the morel family",[12] and alternately as "bland in comparison to other morel species".[19] Individual specimens over 1 pound (0.45 kg) have been reported.[12]

Similar species

Morchella anatolica is the sister-species of M. rufobrunnea and rather similar in appearance, but produces smaller and slender fruit bodies with very few or no transverse interconnecting ridges. Microscopically, both species have longitudinally grooved ascospores when viewed under a scanning electron microscope or in the appropriate staining medium, but the spores of M. anatolica are generally larger on average, measuring (22.5–)24–27(–32) by (12–)13–17(–20) μm. M. anatolica also has larger and differently shaped terminal hyphae ("hairs") on the stipe, frequently exceeding 100–200 μm.[10]

rufescent and very similar to M. rufobrunnea. It is found in mountainous forests and maquis and forms a marked sinus at the attachment of the cap with the stem, which is pure white. At maturity, it develops more or less parallel, ladderlike interconnecting ridges. Microscopically, it often has moniliform paraphyses with septa extending in the upper half and has more regularly cylindrical or clavate 'hairs' on the stem, up to 100 μm long.[17] M. guatemalensis, found in Central America, has a color ranging from yellow to yellowish-orange, but never grey, and it has a more distinct reddish to wine red bruising reaction. Microscopically, it has smaller paraphyses, measuring 56–103 by 6.5–13 μm. The New Guinean species M. rigidoides has smaller fruit bodies that are pale ochre to yellow, without any grey. Its pits are less elongated than those of M. rufobrunnea, and it has wider paraphyses, up to 30 μm.[1]

American tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera).[5] M. elata and M. semilibera are also similar.[14]

Habitat and distribution

A predominantly

saprophytic species, Morchella rufobrunnea fruit bodies grow solitary or in clusters in disturbed soil or woodchips used in landscaping. Large numbers can appear the year after wood mulch has been spread on the ground.[18] Typical disturbed habitats include fire pits, near compost piles, logging roads, and dirt basements.[20]
Fruiting usually occurs in the spring, although fruit bodies can be found in these habitats most of the year.

In the American continent, Morchella rufobrunnea ranges from Mexico through California and Oregon.[2] It has been hypothesised to have been introduced to central Michigan from California[5] and is one of seven Morchella species that have been recorded in Mexico.[1] In 2009, Israeli researchers used molecular genetics to confirm the identity of the species in northern Israel, where it was found growing in gravelly disturbed soil near a newly paved path at the edge of a grove. This was the first documented appearance of the fungus outside the American continent. Unlike North American populations that typically fruit for only a few weeks in spring, the Israeli populations have a long-season ecotype, fruiting from early November to late May (winter and spring). This period corresponds to the rainy season in Israel (October to May), with low to moderate temperatures ranging from 15–28 °C (59–82 °F) during the day and 5–15 °C (41–59 °F) at night.[21]

In

Olea europaea).[17][22] It has also been reported from the island of Malta and Switzerland.[10]

Cultivation

A collection of mature specimens from San Francisco, US

Morchella rufobrunnea is the morel that is

US patents 4594809[23] and 4757640.[5][24] This process was developed in 1982 by Ronald Ower with what he thought was Morchella esculenta;[23] M. rufobrunnea had not yet been described. The cultivation protocol consists of preparing a spawn culture that is mixed with nutrient-poor soil. This mixture is laid on nutrient-rich soil and kept sufficiently moist until fruiting. In the nutrient-poor substrate, the fungus forms sclerotia—hardened masses of mycelia that serve as food reserves. Under appropriate environmental conditions, these sclerotia grow into morels.[25]

The fruit bodies of Morchella rufobrunnea have been cultivated under controlled conditions in laboratory-scale experiments. Primordia, which are tiny nodules from which fruit bodies develop, appeared two to four weeks after the first watering of pre-grown sclerotia incubated at a temperature of 16 to 22 °C (61 to 72 °F) and 90% humidity. Mature fruit bodies grew to 7 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) long.[26]

The early stages of fruit body development can be divided into four discrete stages. In the first, disk-shaped knots measuring 0.5–1.5 mm (0.02–0.06 in) appear on the surface of the

paraphyses. Extracellular mucilage that covers the ridge layer imparts shape and rigidity to the tissue and probably protects it against dehydration.[27]

References

  1. ^
    JSTOR 3761230. Archived from the original
    on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  2. ^ a b Kuo M. (2008). "Morchella tomentosa, a new species from western North America, and notes on M. rufobrunnea" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 105: 441–6.
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0-472-03036-1
    .
  5. ^
    S2CID 45219627
    .
  6. PMID 20888422
    .
  7. S2CID 1394087
    .
  8. ISBN 978-1-57808-723-5
    .
  9. S2CID 207685509
    .
  10. ^
    S2CID 232298567
    .
  11. PMID 22503770
    .
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-1-77151-003-5
    .
  13. ^ Pilz D, McLain R, Alexander S, Villarreal-Ruiz L, Berch S, Wurtz TL, Parks CG, McFarlane E, Baker B, Molina R, Smith JE (2007). Ecology and Management of Morels Harvested From the Forests of Western North America. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-710 (PDF) (Report). Portland, Oregon: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. p. 4.
  14. ^
    OCLC 797915861
    .
  15. ^ a b Clowez P, Bellanger JM, Romero L, Moreau PA (2015). "Morchella palazonii sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales): une nouvelle morille méditerranéenne. Clé des Morchella sect. Morchella en Europe". Documents Mycologigues. XXXVI: 71–84.
  16. ^ Clowez P, Alvarado P, Becerra M, Bilbao T, Moreau PA (2014). "Morchella fluvialis sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Pezizales): A new but widespread morel in Spain". Boletín de la Sociedad Micológica de Madrid. 38 (2): 251–260.
  17. ^
    S2CID 16132175
    .
  18. ^
    ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4
    .
  19. ISBN 978-1-60961-987-9
    .
  20. ^ Wood M, Stevens F. "California Fungi—Morchella rufobrunnea". MykoWeb. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
  21. ISSN 1534-2581
    .
  22. S2CID 15163613
    .
  23. ^ a b US patent 4594809, Ower, Ronald D.; Mills, Gary L. & Malachowski, James A., "Cultivation of Morchella", published 17 June 1986, assigned to Neogen Corporation 
  24. ^ US patent 4757640, Ower, Ronald D.; Mills, Gary L. & Malachowski, James A., "Cultivation of Morchella", published 19 July 1988, assigned to Neogen Corporation 
  25. ISBN 978-1-58008-175-7
    .
  26. S2CID 9872942
    .
  27. PMID 15912939
    .

External links

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